!
!
!
Definition!
!"#$%&'( )*+$,-./0( 1#.23.14-#.)( $.%( 1# ..+14#")( %+)1"-5+( 46+( "+&$4-#.)6-*( 5+47++.( 47#( )4$4+8+.4)9( :6+)+(
)4$4+8+.4)( 1$.( 5+( 7"-44+.( 7-46#34( &-.,-./( 7#"%)0( 534( #;4+.( 8#"+( -.;#"8$4-#.( 1 $.( 5+( )311-.14&'( 1#. <+'+%( 3)-./(
46+)+( 7#"% )9( =#.23.14-#.)( /"$88$4-1$&&'( 2#-.( 47#( 1&$3)+)( >-.%+*+.%+.4( #"( %+* +.%+.40( %+*+. %-./( #.( 46+(
1#.23.14-#.?()#(46$4(-4("+$%)($)(#.+()+.4+.1+9(=#..+14#")($"+(3)+%(5+47++.(47#()+*$"$4+()+.4+.1+)9(
Type!of!conjunctions!
:6+"+( $"+(;#3"( 4'*+)(#;(1#.23.14-#.)@(1##"%-.$4-./0(1#""+&$4-<+0()35#"%-.$4-./0($. % (1# . 23.14-<+ ($% < + " 5)(>%-)13 ))+%(
+&)+76+"+?9((A.+()+.4+.1+(1$.(1#.4$-.(83&4-*&+(4'*+)(#;(1#.23.14-#.)0($.%(#;4+.(%#+)9(
Coordinating!Conjunction!
Definition!
:6+)+(&-.,-./(7#"%)(give%equal%value%4#(46+(47#(+&+8+.4) (>. #3. )0($%2+14-<+)0(1&$3)+ )0(+419?(
76-16(46+'(1##"%-.$4+(
Words!used!
(limited!list)!
• And$(add ition)(
• or$(alternative)(
• but$(contrastive)$
• yet$(contrastive)$
• nor$(negative)$
B#4+@(For($.%(so($"+()#8+4-8+)(8+.4-#.+%($)(1##"%-.$4-./(
1#.23.14-#.)0(534(8#%+".(C./&-)6("$"+&'(3)+)(46+8(
$.'8#"+(;#"(46$4(*3"*#)+9(:6+'($"+(8#"+(1#88#.&'(3)+%(
$)()35#"%-.$4-./(1#.23.14-#.)9$
Grammar!rules!
• =#.23.14-#.)(83)4(/#(5+47++.(47#(+&+8+.4)(>.#3.)0(1&$3)+)0(+419?(46+'(&-.,(
• =#88$)($"+(#*4-#.$&(CD=CE:(;#"(and$$.%(but@(
o and@(-;(46+"+($ "+ (8#"+(46 $ . (F (+& +8+.4)(5+-./(%+)1"-5+%0($(1#88$(83)4(;#&&#7(
+$16(+&+8+.4(5+-./(1#..+14+%9(:6+(and$83)4(1#8+(5+47++.(46+()+1#.%(4#(&$)4(
$.%(&$)4(+&+8+.4(-4(&-.,)9(G#"(#.&'(F(+&+8+.4)0(.#(1#88$(-)(.+1+))$"'(
o but@($(1#88$(83 ) 4($ &7$')(* "+ 1 + %+ (but(
• H6+.(4#(3)+(nor$<)9$or@(
o or@(&-.,)(.# 3 . ) 0($% 2+ 1 4-< + )0($ % < +" 5 (* 6 "$ ) + )0(# "(* # ) -4-< + (< +" 5 (* 6 " $) + )9(
o nor@(&-.,)($(.+ / $ 4-< + (< + "5 (* 6 " $ )+ )9(
! Nor(-)($&)#(#;4+ . (3 )+ % (7 -46 (I. + -46 + "9J(K ++ (46 + (&$) 4(+ L$ 8*&+()+. 4+ . 1+ (
5+&#7($)(7+&&($)(46+(1#""+&$4-<+(1#.23.14-#.)()+14-#.(;#"(8#"+(%+4$-&)9(
Example!
Sentences!
• :6+(/"$%3$4+()43%+.4(6$%(4#(4+$16()+14-#.(and$4$,+(1&$))+)9(
• :6+(/"$%3$4+()43%+.4(6$%(4#(4+$16()+14-#.0(4$,+(1&$))+)0(and$1#.%314("+)+$"169(
• :6+()+"<-1+($.-8$&(7$)(.#4($(*#.'0(but($(8-.-$43"+(6#")+9(
• M+(7$)(+L6$3)4+%(yet(<+"'(6$**'9(
• N$"'(6$%(.#4(/#.+(4#(46+()4#"+(nor(6$%()6+(<-)-4+%(46+(/'89(
o B#4+@(B#4-1+(6+"+(46$4(I.#4J(1#3&%(5+("+*&$1+%(7-46(I.+-46+"J($.%(6$<+(46+()$8+(
8+$.-./9(:6-)(-)($(/##%(7$'(4#(16+1,(-;('#3O<+(3)+%(nor$1#""+14&'9(
Graduate!Writing!Center!
P$&+(=+.4+"(;#"(:+$16-./($.%(Q+$".-./(
Linking&Words&(Conjunctions&and&Connectors)!
R$"-$(M3$./(SN$'(FTUV(
Quick!Practice:!
correct!the!
sentences!
⊗ :6+(-.<+)4-/$4#")(;#3.%($(6$-"(1&-*($(5#44&+(#;(.$-&(*#&-)60($.%($(1"+%-4(1$"%(5+&#./-./(4#(
46+(,-%.$**-./(<-14-89(
⊗ K6+(6$%($()16#&$")6-*(4#(5$&&+4()16##&(534(&#./+%(4#(5+($(%#14#"9(
⊗ K-.1+('#3(1$..#4()7-80('#3($"+(.#4($&&#7+%(#.(46+(5#$4(.#"(.+$"(46+(%#1,)9(
Correlative!Conjunction!
Definition!
:6+)+($"+(pairs%of%coordinating%conjunctions;%46+)+(*$-")%must$be$used$together9(Q-,+(
1##"%-.$4-./(1#.23.14-#.)0(1#""+&$4-<+(1#.23.14-#.)(describe%equal%elements.(
Words!used!
(limited!list) !
• both…and,$not$only…but$also$>1#85-.-./(#"($% %-4-#.?(
• either…or,$whether…or$not(>5-.$"'(16#-1+?(
• neither…nor(>.+/$4-<+?(
Grammar!rules!
• :6+(;-")4(7#"%(#;(46+(1#.23.14-#.(83)4(/#(%-"+14&'(5+;#"+(46+(;-")4()352+14(#"(1&$3)+W(46+(
)+1#.%(7#"%(#;(46+(1#.23.14-#.(8 3)4(/#(%-"+14&'(5+;#"+(46+()+1#.%9(
• both…and(1$.(#.&'(5+(3)+%(7-46()-8*&+()352+14)(
o M#7+<+"0(not$only…but$also$1$.(5+(3)+%(7-46()-8*&+()352+14)($.%(1&$3)+)((
Example!
Sentences!
• :6+(*$*+"O)("+)3&4)(7+"+(both(-8*"+))-<+(and(-..#<$ 4-< +9(
• X(7-&&(not$only(/"#7(46+(1+&&)(;#"(46+($))$'0(but$also(-.4+"*" +4 (46 +(" +) 3 &4) 9(
• :6+(%$3/64+"(5#3/64(not$only($(%+)-/.+"(*3")+0(but$also($(13)4#8(7$&&+49(
• M$""'(7-&&(either(/#(4#(46+(8$",+4(or(46+(8$&&(46-)($;4+".##.9(
• X(neither(7$.4(4#(1&+$.(8'("##8(nor(%+)-"+(4#(/#(1$"#&-./9((
Quick!Practice:!
correct!the!
sentences!
⊗ Y-&&(.+-46+"(7 $ . 4+ %(# "(. + +% + %() -./ -. /(5 $ ))(. # <+ &4' 9(
⊗ :6+(16-&%(5#46($4+($.(+.4-"+(1$,+($.%(%"$.,($(&-4+"(#;()#%$W()6+()##.(<#8-4+%9(
⊗ N$",(7$.4+%(+-46+"(=6++"-#)($.%(Z$-)-.(!"$.9(
Subordinating!Conjunction!
Definition!
:6+)+(&-.,-./(7#"%)($"+(#;4+.(3)+%(4#(expand%or%further%describe%the%main%clause/element%
>46+(+L*&$.$4-#.(1&$3) +(-)()35#"% -.$4+ ?9(
Words!used!
(limited!list)!
• as,$because,$since(>1$3)+?(
• so,$so$that(>*3"*#)+?(
• although,$though(>1#.4"$)4-<+?(
• after,$before,$until,$while(>4+8*# "$&?(
• if,$unless,$pro vid e d,$w h ich ev er ,$w he n ev er( >1 #.% -4-#.$&?(
Grammar!rules!
• :6+(1#.23.14-#.(83)4(/#(5+;#"+(46+()35#"%-.$4-./(1&$3)+(>46+(+L*&$.$4-#.(1&$3)+?(
• =#88$)(83)4(/#($4(46+(+.%(#;(46+(;-")4(1&$3)+0(76-1 6 (1 $ . (5 + (+ - 46+"(46+ () 3 5 #"%-.$ 4-. /(#"(
8$-.(1&$3)+(
Example!
Sentences!
• Before(/#-./(4#(46+(/$8+(>)35#"%-.$4+?0(7+(#;4+ . ( +$4($4(46+(*3 5(>8$-.?9(
• Although(<+"'(134+(>)35?0(*$.%$)($ " + (. #4()3-4$ 5 & + (* + 4 ) (>8$-.?9(
• =$.%-1+(7$)(;++&-./(&#.+&'(>8$-.?0(so$)6+($%#*4+%($.#46+"(1$4(>)35 ?9(
• E+$.34(5344+"(-)(%+&-1 -# 3 )(>8$-.?0(provided$'#3(%#.O4(6$<+($(.34($&&+"/'(>)35?9(
Quick!Practice:!
correct!the!
sentences!
⊗ N$"'(7$)(63./"'(76-&+($4(46+(/"#1+"'()4#"+()#()6+(5#3/64(16-*)(-1+(1"+$8($.%($.(+.4-"+(
1$,+9(
⊗ :6+(1$5&+(:[(-)(&$//-./0(46+(-.4+".+4(-)(;$)40(46#3/69(
⊗ !+1$3)+(46+(-)&$.%(7$)(5+$34-;3&0(-4(6$%($.(-.;+)4$4-#.(#;(1#1#.34(1"$5)9(
Types!of!connectors!
H+(1$.( 46-.,( #;(1#..+14#")($)( ;3.14-#.$&&'()-8-&$"( 4#( 1##"%-.$4-./($.%( )35#"%-.$4-./(1#.23.14-#.)0(534(46+(;#"8+ "(
1#..+14)( 1#8*&+4+()+.4+.1+)(>-.)4+$%(#;?(.#3.)0(1&$3)+)0(+419(!+1$3)+(1#..+14#")(#;4+.(3)+( %-;;+"+.4(7#"%)(46$.(
1#.23.14-#.)0(7 +(.++%(4#(5+(1$"+;3&(46$4(7+(%#(.#4(3)+($(1#.23.14-#.(7 6+"+($(1#..+14#"()6#3&%(5+($.%(<-1+(<+")$9(
!+&#7( $"+( )#8+( 1#88#.( 1#..+14#")( $.%( 46+-"( 1#""+)*#.%-./( 1#.23.14-#.9( X;( '#3( #;4+.( )4"3//&+( 7-46( "3.\#.(
)+.4+.1+)0(4"'("+*&$1-./(46+(1#.23.14-#.(7-46(46+(1#""+14(1#..+1 4#"](
(
Grammar!
rules!
• =#..+14#")(83)4(/#(between(46+(47#(
)4$4+8+.4)(76-16(46+'(1#.. +149(
• =#..+14#")(1$.(/#(5+;#"+(#"($;4+"(46+(
)352+14(#;(46+()+1#.%()+.4+.1+9(
o CL9(N#3.4(^-&-8$.2$"#(-)(#.(46+(
C_3$4#"9(X40(however0(6$)($ (
1#<+"-./(#;().#7($.%(-1+9(
• `(1#88$(83)4(;#&&#7($(1#..+14#"(-;(-4(-)(
46+(U
)4
(7#"%(-.(46+()+.4+.1+9(X;(-4O)(.#4@(
o X;(46+(1#..+14#" (/#+ )($;4+"(46 +(
)352+14(#;(46+()+.4+.1+(534(5+;#"+(
46+(<+"50(3)+($(1#8 8 $ (5+;#"+($.%(
$;4+"(46+(1#..+14#"(>)++($5#<+?9(
• =#..+14#")(1$.()#8+4-8+)(/#($;4+"(46+(
)352+14($.%(<+"5(#;(46+()+.4+.1+0(534(46+'(
;#&&#7(%-;;+ "+ . 4(/" $88$"("3 &+ )(>. # 4(
%-)13))+%?9(a)3$&&'0(46#3/60(46+)+(
1#..+14#")(%#(.#4("+_3-"+(1#88$)9(
!Conjunction(
Corresponding!!
Connector(
(($.%!
$&)#0(-.($%%-4-#.0(
$%%-4-#.$&&'0(8#"+#<+"0((
;3"46+"8 # "+ !
((534!
6#7+<+"0(+<+.()#0(46#3/60(
.+<+"46+&+))0(.#.+46+&+))0(
)4-&&0('+40(-.((
1#.4"$)40(#.(46+(#46+"(6$.%0(
#.(46+(1#.4"$"'!
(((()#0(5+1$3)+((
(>1$3)+\+;;+14?!
46+"+;#"+0(463)0(
1#.)+_3+.4&'0(6+.1+0(;#"(
46-)("+$)#.0($)($("+)3&40(46$4(
-)(76'!
((((((((((()#(((((((
(((>)-8-&$"-4'?!
)-8-&$"&'0(&-,+7-)+!
Example!
Sentences!
• `(/6#)4(.$8+%(=$)*+"(6$3.4+%(46+(6#3)+9(
X40(though0(7 $ ) (. #4(;"-+.% & ' 9(
• H+(6$%(4#(/+4(4#(46+(5+$16(+$"&'9(
Otherwise0(7+(6$ < + (8-))+% (4 6 + () 3 ."-)+9(
• :6+(7-.%#7)(7+"+(<+"'(#&%9(
Consequently0(46+("##8(7$) (1 # & % ($ . % (
%"$;4'9(
• K4+*6(&#<+)(-1+(1"+$89(M+"()-)4+"0(
likewise 0($%#"+)(/ + & $ 4# 9 (
((((((((((((((
5+;#"+(
5+;#"+6$.%0(5+;#"+(46-)0(
;-")40(46+.0(.+L40($;4+"7 $ "%)(
(((((#"(
$&4+".$4-<+&'0(#46+"7-)+(
76-&+((((
>)$8+(4-8+?(
8+$.76-&+0($4(46+()$8+(
4-8+b8# 8 +. 4(
Quick!
Practice:!
correct!the!
sentences!
⊗ N+$.76-&+0(:-88'(6$%(;$&&+.(-.(46+(7+&&9(Q$))-+(7$)($4(46+(<+49(
⊗ :6+(8+$%#7()++8+%(531#&-1($.%(-..#13 # 3 )9(: 6 +(* + # * &+ (#;(46 + (<-& &$/ + (.# . + 46 + &+) )(, . + 7 (-4) (
%$",()+1"+49(
⊗ EC:`(&#<+)()$<-./($.-8$&)9(:6+'(&#<+()6#1,-./(46+(*35&-10($&)#9(
!
!
When!to!use!conjunction!vs.!connector!
:7#(8$-.(1#.)-%+"$4-#.)()6#3&%(5+(4$,+.(-.4#($11#3.4@(
U9 H6+.(1#.23.14-#.)($"+(3)+%0(46-)(-8*&-+)(46$4(46+()4$4+8+.4($;4+"(46+(1#.23.14-#.(-)("+&$'-./(,.#7&+%/+(
$&"+$%'(,.#7.(4#(46+("+$%+"9(=#..+14#")($"+(3)+%(76+.(46+(-.;#"8$4-#.(-)(*"+)+.4+%(-.(46+(*"+1+%-./(
)+.4+.1+)($.%(-)(.#4($))38+%(,. #7 &+%/+9(
If(-4().#7 ) (4# 8 # " "# 7 0(46 + (1-4 '(7-&&()+.%(46+(*&# 7 )9(
X4(8$'().#7 (4#8#""#79(If$so 0(46 + (1 -4 ' (7-&&()+.%(46 +(*&#7 )9(
X.(46+(&+;4(+L$8 *&+0(46+()4$4+8+.4(46$4(;#&&#7)(46+(1#.23.14-#.(-8*&-+)(46$4(46+("+$%+"($&"+$%'(,.#7)(46$4(46+"+(
-)($(16$.1 +(# ;(). # 79(:6+(+L$8 *&+(#.(46+("-/64(83)4()4$4+(;-")4(46$4(-4(8$'().#7($.%(46+.(46+(1#..+14#"(%+)1"-5+)(
46+(+;;+14(#;(46+().#7 9(
F9 Y#-.-./(46+()4$4+8+.4(7-46($(1#.23.14-#.(-8*&-+)(46$4(46+'($"+(*$"4(#;(46+()$8+(-%+$9(!'(3)-./($(1#..+14#"0(
46+()+*$"$4-#.(5 +47 ++. (47 #()4$4+ 8 +. 4)($&&#7 )(46+-"("+&$4-#.)6-*(4#(5+(8#"+ (*"+1-)+&'(%+;-.+%0(76-16(-)(
+)*+1-$&&'(-8*#"4$.4(;#"(*"#;+))-#.$&(7"-4-./9(
=$")(1$.(5+(%$./+"#3)(and(46+'(*#&&34+9(
=$")(1$.(5+(%$./+"#3)9(Moreover0(46+'(*#&&34+ 9(
:6+(&+;4()+.4+.1+(-)()4"3143"+%()#(46$4(I%$./+"#3)J($.%(I*# &&34+J($"+(47#(+_3$ &(*#-.4)(46$4(+8* 6$)-c+(#. +(
5"#$%+"(8+))$/+@(1$")($"+(5$%9(:6+(+L$8*&+(#.(46+("-/64(-)()4"3143"+ % (4# (8 $ , +(47#()+* $" $4 +(* # -. 4) 0($. % (
I8#"+#<+"J(-.%-1$4+)(46$4(I*#&&34+J(-)(8#"+(-8 *#"4$. 49(
!
d9 K6+(-)($;"$-%(#;(%#/)(e(K6+(7$)(5-44+.(5'(6+"(
.+-/65#")O(=6-63$63$($)($(16-&%(
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff(
(
g9 :)3.$8-) ($"+(6-/6 &'(%+)4"31 4-<+(+<+.4)(e(:6+ '(
$"+("$"+($.%(#;4+.(3.*"+%-14$5&+(
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff(
V9 =6-1,+.)(6$<+(7-./)(e(:6+'(1$..#4(;&'(
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff(
(
(
U9 E+..'(%-%(.#4(*$))(46+(1&$))(e(K6+(.+<+"(%-%(6+"(
6#8+7#" ,(
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff(
F9 :6+(N$ '$.)( 7+"+ (#.+(#;(46+ (8#)4($1$%+8- 1$ &&'(
$%<$.1 +%(13&43"+)(-.(*"+\=#&#85-$. (B#"46(
`8+"-1$(e(:6+(1$ 3)+(;#"(46+(1#&&$*)+(#;(46+-"(
1-<-&-c $4-#.(-)()4-&&(3.,.#7.(
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff(
(
Practice!
Z+\ 7" -4+(4 6+() +.4+.1+(7 -46(46+($**"#*"-$4+(*3.143$4-#. ($.%(&-.,-./(7#"%9(>:6+"+($" +(8 3&4-* &+(1#""+ 14(
$.)7+")?(
Sources!and!Further!Reading/Practice:!!
(
h"$88$"($.%([#1$53&$"'(-.(`1$%+8-1(i(E"#;+))-#.$&(C./&-)69(I=#.23.14-#.)(<+")3)(1#..+14#")9J(
644*)@bb/3-.&-)497#"%*"+)) 91#8b FTUFbUUbFjbgT\1#.23.14-#.)\<+")3)\1#..+14#")b(
Q-./3$*"+))9(I=#.23.14-#.)0(1##"%-.$4-#.($.%()35#"%-.$4-#.9J(
644*@bb&-./3$*"+))91#8b/"$88$ "b1#.23.14-#.)9648(
`/+.%$(H+59(I=#.23.14-#.)(CL+"1-)+)9J(644*@bb7779$/+.%$7+59#"/b/"$88$"b1#.23.14-#.)9648&(