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Taylor & Francis Journals Standard Reference Style Guide:
American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (APA-7)
This reference guide details methods for citing and formatting reference entries in accordance with
principles established by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition
(2020). For more information about APA style, visit https://apastyle.apa.org/ and
https://apastyle.apa.org/blog
If you have access to the software, a corresponding EndNote output style can be downloaded from
http://endnote.com/downloads/style/tf-standard-apa by searching for the style named TF-Standard APA.
Version 3.1
Date of original release: 5 December 2014
Date of current version’s release: 28 September
2021
Updated to include new models for
1. FORCE11-compliant software reference entry (with version number)
2. FORCE11-compliant software reference entry (without version number)
Table of Contents
Citations .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Journal article models ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
Book models .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Book chapter models ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Conference models ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Dissertation and thesis models ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Report models ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Newspaper models ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Magazine models .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
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Web models .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Software, app, and data set models ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Audiovisual models ............................................................................................................................................................... 31
Unpublished and informally published model ...................................................................................................................... 34
Archival material models ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
Patent, legal case, and statute models ................................................................................................................................. 35
Citations
Placement
Citations appear in narrative form or fully parenthetical form. In a narrative
citation, the author surname or surnames appear as part the sentence. The
publication year may either be set apart in parentheses after the surname(s) or be
integrated into the sentence.
This phenomenon occurs frequently in nature, according to Singh and Harris
(2018).
In 2018, Singh and Harris reported on the frequency with which this phenomenon
occurs in nature.
In a parenthetical citation, the author surname(s) and the publication year appear
together in parentheses, with a comma separating the two elements. Parenthetical
citations should usually be placed at the end of a sentence, before the terminal
punctuation (e.g., period).
This phenomenon occurs frequently in nature (Singh & Harris, 2018).
If positioned elsewhere in a sentence, the citation precedes any nonterminal
punctuation (e.g., comma, semicolon).
This phenomenon occurs frequently in nature (Singh & Harris, 2018); however,
other phenomena occur more frequently.
Quoted
passages and
citations
A citation with a page number accompanies a quoted passage. A parenthetical
citation is situated after a shorter quoted passage outside the quotation marks. In
the citation, a comma is inserted after the publication year, followed by “p.” and
the page number, if the passage occurs on a single page of the original text, or by
“pp.” and the page numbers, if the passage or passages fall on multiple pages of
the original text.
Few would dispute the claim that “science education can promote a valuable—
indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” (Liu et al., 2009, p. 124).
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Few would dispute the claim that “science education can promote a valuable—
indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults who are coming of age in an era
of pervasive gullibility” (Liu et al., 2009, pp. 124–125).
Few would dispute the claim that “science education can promote a valuable—
indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” or the claim that “public
investment in science education pays dividends” (Liu et al., 2009, pp. 124, 127).
With narrative citations, location information appears after the shorter quoted
passage in parentheses separate from those which enclose the publication year.
Liu et al. (2009) make the indisputable claim that “science education can promote
a valuable—indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” (p. 124).
Liu et al. (2009) make the indisputable claim that “science education can promote
a valuable—indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults who are coming of
age in an era of pervasive gullibility” (pp. 124–125).
Liu et al. (2009) make the indisputable claims that “science education can promote
a valuable—indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” and that “public
investment is science education pays dividends” (pp. 124, 127).
A quoted passage containing 40 or more words is set in indented “block” form,
without enclosing quotation marks. A parenthetical citation appears after the
terminal punctuation that closes the block.
Vermin—always the negative, the “inedible” in the vermin/livestock dichotomy—
are taboo cuisine because their behavior in human domiciles, suggestive of
licentious freedom and an amoral proclivity to revel in the unclean matter their
cohabitants strive to keep secret, offends. (Outis, 2006, p. 71)
The page number of a narrative citation is, similarly, placed after the terminal
punctuation that closes the block.
Authors
One author
Citations of a reference with one credited author include the author’s surname and
the publication year. [Example]
Two authors
Citations of a reference with two credited authors include the surnames of both
authors and the publication year. The surnames are separated by “and” in
narrative citations and by an ampersand (“&”) in parenthetical citations. [Example]
Three or more authors
Citations of a reference with three credited authors include the surname of the
first author, followed by “et al.” and the publication year. [Example]
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Organizational authors
The first citation of a reference with a credited organizational author may spell out
the organization’s name and introduce an abbreviation that is used in lieu of the
name in subsequent citations. [Example]
No credited author
Citations of a reference with no credited author display a short title in title case
(headline capitalization), instead of an author name. Quotation marks enclose
journal article and book chapter titles in citations. [Example]
Book, report, and website titles in citations are italicized. [Example].
“Anonymous” is used in an entry only if the reference is credited to an otherwise
unnamed author under this moniker.
First authors with the same surnames
Citations of references by different first authors who share the same surname are
distinguished by inserting the first authors’ given-name initials to the citations. The
initials are inserted even when subsequent authors and publication years in
citations differ.
Narrative: G. R. Smith et al. (2001) and T. J. Smith and Gladwell (2012)
Parenthetical: (G. R. Smith et al., 2001; T. J. Smith & Gladwell, 2012)
Same first authors and same publication years
If multiple references with (a) three or more authors, (b) the same first authors,
and (c) the same publication years exist, the references are not cited in the usual
contracted form. The surname lists in citations are extended to feature the
surnames of enough authors, beyond the first author, to show the differences
among these references.
Narrative: Parnell, Foster, et al. (2018) and Parnell, Klein, et al. (2018)
Parenthetical: (Parnell, Foster, et al., 2018; Parnell, Klein, et al., 2018)
Publication
years
Year without month and day
Some types of reference entries require the inclusion of a month and/or day as
part of the publication date. Citations of such references, though, exclude the
month and/or day; they only display the publication year. [Example]
Range
Citations of a reference that features a publication date range show the range of
years linked by an en dash (“–”). The second year appears in full. [Example]
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In press
The phrase “in press” replaces the publication year in citations of a reference that
has been accepted for publication but has not yet been published in any form
(online or print). [Example]
No date
The abbreviation “n.d.” (for “no date”) replaces the publication year in citations of
a reference with no identified publication date. [Example]
Circa
In citations of a reference with an estimated, “circa” publication date, the
abbreviation “ca.” precedes the publication year or year range. [Example]
Original publication/Republication
In citations of a translated or republished work whose reference entry includes an
“Original work published” comment, the original publication year and the
republication year both appear, separated by a virgule (“/”). [Example]
Same authors with same publication years
Alphabetical designators (“a,” “b,” “c”) are affixed to the publication years in
entries for references with identical author listings published in the same year.
Citations of such references carry the same designators.
Narrative: Murakami (n.d.-a, 2003a, 2003b, in press-a)
Parenthetical: (Murakami, n.d.-a, 2003a, 2003b, in press-a)
Multiple
citations
Multiple citations in the same parenthetical unit are arranged alphabetically by
author surname(s) first. Semicolons separate citations with different author lists.
When citations with the same author lists exist, the author surname or surnames
appear once, followed by the references’ publication years, separated by commas
and ordered among themselves in chronological order: (a) no date/“n.d.” citations,
(b) dated citations, and (c) “in press” citations.
(Abbas & Ludden, 2018; Carlyle, 1997, 2015a, 2015b; Carlyle et al., 1997;
Federation of State Medical Boards, n.d., 2000; Piquant, 2019, in press)
When multiple narrative citations with the same author list exist, the author
surname or surnames appear once, followed by parenthetical units in which
publication years are ordered chronologically and separated by commas.
Carlyle (1997, 2015a, 2015b), Federation of State Medical Boards (n.d., 2000),
Abbas and Ludden (2018), Carlyle et al. (1997), and Piquant (2019, in press)
The publication year is included with the first narrative citation in a paragraph but
omitted from later narrative citations within the same paragraph.
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Secondary
resource
citations
The citation of a secondary resource—a work cited within a primary resource but
not itself consulted—features the surname and year (when available) of the work
cited within the primary resource and, following the phrase “as cited in,” a citation
of the primary resource. Only the primary resource is included as an entry in the
reference list.
Narrative: Huang and Zoller (1995, as cited in Zhu, 2010)
Parenthetical: (Huang & Zoller, 1995, as cited in Zhu, 2010)
Personal
communication
Personal communication, such as a personal e-mail, personal interview, private or
unarchived letter, or telephone conversation, is documented through citations
only, without associated reference entries.
Narrative: T. J. Adeyemi (personal communication, September 3, 2014)
Parenthetical: (T. J. Adeyemi, personal communication, September 3, 2014)
Tables and
figures
Citations are usually included in table footnotes, rather than in the table body. If
they do appear in the table body, the citations are placed in a separate column or
row with an appropriate heading. Citations are best incorporated into figure
captions, rather than into graphics.
References
Placement and
order
The reference section is positioned at the end of the main text under the heading
“References.” The section includes entries for all works cited throughout the text.
The following rules apply to the arrangement of entries in the section:
1. Reference entries are ordered alphabetically by their first authors’ surnames.
2. Reference entries credited to first authors who share surnames are ordered
alphabetically by the first authors’ given-name initials.
3. Reference entries credited to the same first authors, with identical surnames
and given-name initials, are ordered alphabetically by the subsequent authors’
surnames and given-name initials.
4. Reference entries featuring the same full author lists are ordered
chronologically by their publication dates (no date/“n.d.” entries, first; then,
dated entries; finally, “in press” entries).
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5. Reference entries featuring the same full author lists and the same publication
dates are ordered alphabetically by their titles, with introductory articles ("A,"
"An," "The") ignored. Lowercase alphabetical designators ("a," "b," "c," etc.)
are affixed to the publication years of entries in this subset of references.
6. Reference entries with organizational authors are ordered alphabetically
among the other entries by the organizations' names. Introductory articles
("A," "An," "The") are ignored.
7. Reference entries with no credited authors are ordered alphabetically among
the other entries by their titles. Introductory articles ("A," "An," "The") are
ignored.
The list below illustrates application of these rules.
Dewey, J. (1997).
Dewey, J. (2015).
Freud, S. (1989a). Civilization and its discontents.
Freud, S. (1989b). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis.
Goodwin, P. (Ed.). (2005).
Goodwin, W. (2005).
International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care & Pain & Policy Studies
Group. (2012).
Kariagina, T. D., & Ivanova, A. V. (2017).
The Qur'an (T. Khalidi, Trans.). (2009).
Stahl, J. (Writer), Frost, M. (Writer), Peyton, H. (Writer), Engels, R. (Writer), &
Holland, T. (Director). (1990).
Young, C., Durham, P., Miller, M., Rasinski, T. V., & Lane, F. (2019).
Young, C., & Pellas, R. (2000).
All reference entries in the section are set with a hanging indent.
Authors and
other credited
individuals
Author lists
In a reference entry, the names of individuals credited as authors or principal
creators (e.g., film directors) are presented in inverted, surname-first format. Given
names are set as initials, with periods after and spaces between the letters.
Suffixes (e.g., “Jr.”) are positioned after the given-name initials.
Commas separate individual authors’ name units in a reference entry’s author list.
An ampersand (“&”) appears before the final author’s name unit in any entry with
two to 20 credited authors. If 21 or more authors are associated with a reference,
the entry presents the first 19 authors’ names, then, an ellipsis (“. . .”) and the
name of the resource’s final credited author. [Example for list with one author],
[Example for list with two authors], [Example for list with three–20 authors],
[Example for list with 21 or more authors]
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Other lists
A reference entry may include the names of editors, translators, and other
individuals credited for filling other, nonauthorial roles. Their given-name initials
appear before their surnames in entries. Commas separate the name units, and an
ampersand (“&”) is placed before the final name unit in a list of two to 20
nonauthorial individuals. A role-identifying label, such as “(Ed.)” or “(Eds.)” (for
“editor” or “editors”) and “(Trans.)” (for “translator” and “translators”), often ends
a list of nonauthorial individuals. [Example of editor list], [Example of translator list]
Periodical
resources
The title of an article published in a journal, magazine, or newspaper is set in
sentence case using roman font in a reference entry. The title of a journal,
magazine, or newspaper is, though, italicized and set in title case (headline
capitalization). Neither conjunctions and prepositions less than four letters long
nor articles (“a,” “an,” “the”) are capitalized in title case unless the words begin the
titles.
The reference entry for a journal article that has published in its final form (i.e., not
as an advance online publication) usually features both a volume number, which is
italicized, and an issue number, enclosed in parentheses and set in roman font,
after the journal title. The issue number is included even if issues of the journal are
continuously paginated within the volume.
Nonperiodical
resources
The title of a book, report, dissertation, or thesis in a reference entry is italicized
and set in sentence case. The title of a book chapter is set, like a journal article’s
title, in sentence case using roman font.
A reference entry for a book or report includes the name of the publisher under
most circumstances but omits the publisher’s location. An entry for a dissertation
or thesis, similarly, features the name of the awarding institution but excludes the
institution’s location.
If a nonperiodical resource is authored and published by the same organization,
the organization is named as the author but not again as the publisher. The
publisher name is omitted from the entry; the word “Author” is not inserted as a
substitute for the publisher’s name. [Example]
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Author-supplied
translated titles
Under most circumstances, if a reference entry features a non-English title, an
author should supply an English-language translation of the title. The translated
title, enclosed in square brackets and set in roman font, is inserted after the
original title. The capitalization rules of the original language determine the case of
the non-English title. Sentence-case formatting, though, is applied to the translated
title. In the reference entry for a journal article or a book chapter, an English
translation should be provided only for a non-English article or chapter title, not for
the journal or book title. [Example of translated title for journal article], [Example
of translated title for book], [Example of translated title for book chapter]
Journals that publish non-English content may not uphold this style convention. For
such journals, providing English-language translations for titles throughout the
reference section may not be desirable. When preparing a manuscript for a journal
that publishes content written in a language other than English, an author should
consult with the journal's editorial office about the preferred convention.
URLs and DOIs
URLs
A uniform resource locator (URL) should be added to the end of a reference entry
for a webpage or other online resource. The phrase “Retrieved from” should not
precede a URL unless the online resource offers periodically updated content
(especially, data). If the resource does offer periodically updated content, the
phrase and a retrieval date should precede the URL. [Example with retrieval date]
DOIs
Digital object identifiers (DOIs) are commonly featured in reference entries for
journal articles, as well as in entries for other types of electronic resources. Authors
do not need to include DOIs for published journal articles when preparing
manuscripts. If they are retrievable from registries, the DOIs for published journal
articles will be added to entries as links during the production process.
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Journal article models
One author
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Binnall, J. M. (2019). Jury diversity in the age of mass incarceration: An exploratory mock
jury experiment examining felon-jurors’ potential impacts on deliberations.
Psychology, Crime & Law, 25(4), 345–363.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1528359
Citation examples
Binnall (2019) [narrative]; (Binnall, 2019) [parenthetical]
Two authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#),
####–####. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Machado, M. M., & Swank, J. M. (2019). Therapeutic gardening: A counseling approach for
bereavement from suicide. Death Studies, 43(10), 629–633.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1509908
Citation examples
Machado and Swank (2019) [narrative]; (Machado & Swank, 2019) [parenthetical]
Three to 20
authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Prinzie, P., Stams, G. J. J. M., Deković, M., Reijntjes, A. H. A., & Belsky, J. (2009). The
relations between parents’ Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic
review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 351–362.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015823
Citation examples
Prinzie et al. (2009) [narrative]; (Prinzie et al., 2009) [parenthetical]
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Twenty-one or
more authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author,
G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M.,
Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . .
Author, Z. Z. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Nichols, H. B., Schoemaker, M. J., Cai, J., Xu, J., Wright, L. B., Brook, M. N., Jones, M. E.,
Adami, H., Baglietto, L., Bertrand, K. A., Blot, W. J., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Dorronsoro,
M., Dossus, L., Eliassen, A. H., Giles, G. G., Gram, I. T., Hankinson, S. E., Hoffman-
Bolton, J., . . . Sandler, D. P. (2019). Breast cancer risk after recent childbirth: A pooled
analysis of 15 prospective studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(1), 22–30.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-1323
Citation examples
Nichols et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Nichols et al., 2019) [parenthetical]
No credited
author
Reference format
Title of the journal article: Subtitle. (yyyy). Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Physician oversight of specialized emergency medical services. (2019). Prehospital
Emergency Care, 23(4), 590–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2018.1551452
Citation examples
“Physician Oversight of Specialized Emergency Medical Services” (2019) [narrative];
(“Physician Oversight,” 2019) [parenthetical]
Nonprimary
(“with”) authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (with Author, A. B., Author, A. C., & Author, A.
D.). (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Bridgeman, R. (with López Torres, P., & Vera Reina, M.). (2009). Crossing the cultural
divide? Continuity in ceramic production and consumption between the Almoravid and
Mudéjar periods in Seville. Al-Masāq, 21(1), 13–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110802704395
Citation examples
Bridgeman (2009) [narrative]; (Bridgeman, 2009) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Author-supplied
English
translation of
non-English title
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article in original
language: Subtitle [English translation of the title]. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Guzmán, F., Barros, J., Corti, P., & Pereira, M. (2019). El rito bautismal y las imágenes
pintadas en la iglesia de Curahuara de Carangas [The baptismal rite and the images
painted in the church of Curahuara de Carangas]. Colonial Latin American Review,
28(1), 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2019.1585084
Citation examples
Guzmán et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Guzmán et al., 2019) [parenthetical]
Published
translation
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle (A. A.
Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator, Trans.). Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI (Original work published yyyy)
Reference example
Kariagina, T. D., & Ivanova, A. V. (2017). Empathy as an ability: Structure and development
during training in psychological counseling (S. Shabad, Trans.). Journal of Russian &
East European Psychology, 54(6), 470–497.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10610405.2017.1448180 (Original work published 2013)
Citation examples
Kariagina and Ivanova (2013/2017) [narrative]; (Kariagina & Ivanova, 2013/2017)
[parenthetical]
Advance online
publication
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Young, C., Durham, P., Miller, M., Rasinski, T. V., & Lane, F. (2019). Improving reading
comprehension with readers theater. The Journal of Educational Research. Advance
online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2019.1649240
Citation examples
Young et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Young et al., 2019) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
In-press article
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (in press). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title.
Reference example
Watermeyer, B., Hunt, X., Swartz, L., & Rohleder, P. (in press). Navigating the relational
psychic economy of disability: The case of M. Psychoanalytic Dialogues.
Citation examples
Watermeyer et al. (in press) [narrative]; (Watermeyer et al., in press) [parenthetical]
Article with e-
location
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title, ##(#), Article ######. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Björk, A., Rönngren, Y., Selander, J., Vinberg, S., Hellzen, O., & Olofsson, N. (2018). Health,
lifestyle habits, and physical fitness among adults with ADHD compared with a random
sample of a Swedish general population. Society, Health & Vulnerability, 9(1), Article
1553916. https://doi.org/10.1080/20021518.2018.1553916
Citation examples
Björk et al. (2018) [narrative]; (Björk et al., 2018) [parenthetical]
Article from
supplement
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title, ##(Suppl. #), ####–####. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Burlando, B., Palmero, S., & Cornara, L. (2018). Nutritional and medicinal properties of
underexploited legume trees from West Africa. Critical Reviews in Food Science and
Nutrition, 59(Suppl. 1), S178–S188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1551776
Citation examples
Burlando et al. (2018) [narrative]; Burlando et al. [parenthetical]
Abstract from
compiled
abstract issue
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the abstract: Subtitle [Abstract].
Journal Title, ##(#), ####. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Buckley, A. F. (2017). Mitochondrial disorders: The need for precision ultrastructural
analysis in clinical diagnosis [Abstract]. Ultrastructural Pathology, 41(1), 76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01913123.2016.1269482
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Information Classification: General
Citation examples
Buckley (2017) [narrative]; (Buckley, 2017) [parenthetical]
Review without
original title
Reference format
Reviewer, A. A., Reviewer, B. B., & Reviewer, C. C. (yyyy). [Review of the book Title of the
book: Subtitle, by Z. A. Author, Z. B. Author, & Z. C. Author]. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–
####. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
McCully, A. (2019). [Review of the book Teacher preparation in Ireland: History, policy and
future directions, by T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford, & T. O'Doherty]. History of Education,
48(5), 700–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2018.1502366
Citation examples
McCully (2019) [narrative]; (McCully, 2019) [parenthetical]
Special issue,
cited in full
Reference format
Editor, A. A., Editor, B. B., & Editor, C. C. (Eds.). (yyyy). Title of the special issue: Subtitle
[Special issue]. Journal Title, ##(#).
Reference example
McCone, D. R., Thomsen, C. J., & Laurence, J. H. (Eds.). (2018). Sexual harassment and
sexual assault in the US military [Special issue]. Military Psychology, 30(3).
Citation examples
McCone et al. (2018) [narrative]; (McCone et al., 2018) [parenthetical]
Book models
One author
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher Name.
Reference example
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifflin.
Citation examples
Gibson (1966) [narrative]; (Gibson, 1966) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Two authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher Name.
Reference example
Lindsey, B., & Teles, S. M. (2017). The captured economy: How the powerful enrich
themselves, slow down growth, and increase inequality. Oxford University Press.
Citation examples
Lindsey and Teles (2017) [narrative]; (Lindsey & Teles, 2017) [parenthetical]
Three to 20
authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher
Name.
Reference example
Bale, T., Webb, P., & Poletti, M. (2020). Footsoldiers: Political party membership in the 21st
century. Routledge.
Citation examples
Bale et al. (2020) [narrative]; (Bale et al., 2020) [parenthetical]
No credited
author
Reference format
Title of the book: Subtitle. (yyyy). Publisher Name.
Reference example
The dual disorders recovery book: A twelve step program for those of us with addiction and
emotional or psychiatric illness. (1993). Hazelden Foundation.
Citation examples
The Dual Disorders Recovery Book (1993) [narrative]; (Dual Disorders Recovery Book, 1993)
[parenthetical]
Nonprimary
author (“with”)
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (with Author, A. B.). (yyyy). Title of the book:
Subtitle. Publisher Name.
Reference example
Todorovic, M. (with Bakir, A.). (2016). Rethinking strategy for creative industries:
Innovation and interaction. Routledge.
Citation examples
Todorovic (2016) [narrative]; (Todorovic, 2016) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Nonprimary
author (“with”)
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (with Author, A. B.). (yyyy). Title of the book:
Subtitle. Publisher Name.
Reference example
Todorovic, M. (with Bakir, A.). (2016). Rethinking strategy for creative industries:
Innovation and interaction. Routledge.
Citation examples
Todorovic (2016) [narrative]; (Todorovic, 2016) [parenthetical]
Editor in author
role
Reference format
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher Name.
Reference example
Goodwin, P. (Ed.). (2005). The literate classroom. David Fulton.
Citation examples
Goodwin (2005) [narrative]; (Goodwin, 2005) [parenthetical]
Multiple editors
in author role
Reference format
Editor, A. A., Editor, B. B., & Editor, C. C. (Eds.). (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher
Name.
Reference example
Malici, A., & Smith, E. S. (Eds.). (2018). Political science research in practice. Routledge.
Citation examples
Malici and Smith (2005) [narrative]; (Malici & Smith, 2005) [parenthetical]
Authored with
editor
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A. Editor, Ed.) Publisher Name.
Reference example
Arendt, H. (1978). The life of the mind (M. McCarthy, Ed.). Harcourt.
Citation examples
Arendt (1978) [narrative]; (Arendt, 1978) [parenthetical]
Republication
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher
Name. (Original work published yyyy)
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Information Classification: General
Reference example
Dewey, J. (1997). Democracy and education. Free Press. (Original work published 1916)
Citation examples
Dewey (1916/1997) [narrative]; (Dewey, 1916/1997) [parenthetical]
Edition
included
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (# ed.).
Publisher Name.
Reference example
Love, R. J., & Webb, W. G. (1992). Neurology for the speech-language pathologist (2nd
ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann.
Citation examples
Love and Webb (1992) [narrative]; (Love & Webb, 1992)
Author-supplied
English
translation of
non-English title
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book in the original
language: Subtitle [English translation of the title]. Publisher Name.
Reference example
Hupfer, P. (1996). Unsere Umwelt: Das Klima—Globale und lokale Aspekte [Our
environment: The climate—Global and local aspects]. Teubner Verlag.
Citation examples
Hupfer (1996) [narrative]; (Hupfer, 1996) [parenthetical]
Published
translation,
edition included
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A.
Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator, Trans.; # ed.). Publisher Name. (Original
work published yyyy)
Reference example
Wittgenstein, L. (2009). Philosophical investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker, &
J. Schulte, Trans.; 4th rev. ed.). Wiley–Blackwell. (Original work published 1953)
Citation examples
Wittgenstein (1953/2009) [narrative]; (Wittgenstein, 1953/2009) [parenthetical]
Published
translation with
editor
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A. Editor, Ed.; A. A. Translator & B. B.
Translator, Trans.). Publisher Name. (Original work published yyyy)
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Information Classification: General
Reference example
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization (T. Parsons, Ed.; A. M.
Henderson & T. Parsons, Trans.). Free Press. (Original work published 1915)
Citation examples
Weber (1915/1947) [narrative]; (Weber, 1915/1947) [parenthetical]
Published
translation with
editor-translator
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A. Editor, Ed. & Trans.). Publisher Name.
(Original work published yyyy)
Reference example
Freud, S. (1989). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious (J. Strachey, Ed. & Trans.). W.
W. Norton & Company. (Original work published 1905)
Citation examples
Freud (1905/1989) [narrative]; (Freud, 1905/1989) [parenthetical]
Untitled
volume, edition
included
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the multivolume work: Subtitle (#
ed., Vol. #). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Taussig, F. W. (1921). Principles of economics (3rd rev. ed., Vol. 2). Macmillan.
Citation examples
Taussig (1921) [narrative]; (Taussig, 1921) [parenthetical]
Titled volume,
edition included
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the multivolume work: Subtitle:
Vol. #. Volume title (# ed.). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression (3rd ed.). Basic
Books.
Citation examples
Bowlby (1982) [narrative]; (Bowlby, 1982) [parenthetical]
Religious work
in published
translation
Reference format
Title of the Religious Work: Subtitle (A. A. Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator,
Trans.). (yyyy). Publisher Name.
Reference example
The Qur'an (T. Khalidi, Trans.). (2009). Penguin.
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Information Classification: General
Citation examples
The Qur'an (2009) [narrative]; (The Qur'an, 2009) [parenthetical]
Book chapter models
One editor
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Saks Berman, J. (1995). From Chicago to Rainbow Bridge: In search of changing woman. In
E. F. Williams (Ed.), Voices of feminist therapy (pp. 11–25). Harwood Academic
Publishers.
Citation examples
Saks Berman (1995) [narrative]; (Saks Berman, 1995) [parenthetical]
Two editors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher
Name.
Reference example
Schwab, B., & Finocchiaro, S. (2018). “Don't fix it!”: The role of player empowerment in the
prevention of match-fixing. In S. Steele & H. Opie (Eds.), Match-fixing in sport:
Comparative studies from Australia, Japan, Korea, and beyond (pp. 135–150).
Routledge.
Citation examples
Schwab and Finocchiaro (2018) [narrative]; (Schwab & Finocchiaro, 2018) [parenthetical]
Three to 20
editors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####).
Publisher Name.
Reference example
Adams, Z., Füss, R., & Kaiser, D. G. (2008). Macroeconomic determinants of commodity
futures returns. In F. J. Fabozzi, R. Füss, & D. G. Kaiser (Eds.), The handbook of
commodity investing (pp. 87–112). Wiley.
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Information Classification: General
Citation examples
Adams et al. (2008) [narrative]; (Adams et al., 2008) [parenthetical]
No credited
author and
republication
Reference format
Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. (yyyy). In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.),
Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name. (Original work published
yyyy)
Reference example
The Putney debates: The debate on the franchise. (2003). In D. Wootton (Ed.), Divine right
and democracy: An anthology of political writing in Stuart England (pp. 285–316).
Hackett. (Original work published 1647)
Citation examples
“The Putney Debates” (1647/2003) [narrative]; (“Putney Debates,” 1647/2003)
[parenthetical]
Author-supplied
English
translation of
non-English title
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of book chapter in the original
language: Subtitle [English translation of the title]. In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C.
Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Rey, B. (2006). Le savoir universitaire: Un savoir sans problème? [University knowledge:
Problem-free knowledge?]. In M. Fabre & E. Vellas (Eds.), Situations de formation et
problématisation (pp. 143–158). De Boeck.
Citation examples
Rey (2006) [narrative]; (Rey, 2006) [parenthetical]
Published
translation
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle (A. A.
Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator, Trans.). In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of the
book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name. (Original work published yyyy)
Reference example
Piaget, J. (1995). Logical operators and social life (W. Mays, Trans.). In L. Smith (Ed.),
Sociological studies (pp. 134–157). Routledge. (Original work published 1945)
Citation examples
Piaget (1945/1995) [narrative]; (Piaget, 1945/1995) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Untitled
volume, edition
included
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #, pp.
####–####). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Remael, A. (2012). Audiovisual translation. In Y. Gambier & L. van Dooorslaer (Eds.),
Handbook of translation studies (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 12–17). John Benjamins.
Citation examples
Remael (2012) [narrative]; (Remael, 2012) [parenthetical]
Titled volume
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the multivolume work: Subtitle: Vol.
#. Volume title (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Ali, A., Caplan, P. J., & Fagnant, R. (2010). Gender stereotypes in diagnostic criteria. In J. C.
Chrisler & D. R. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology: Vol. 2.
Gender research in social and applied psychology (pp. 91–110). Springer.
Citation examples
Ali et al. (2010) [narrative]; (Ali et al., 2010) [parenthetical]
No credited
author
(encyclopedia)
Reference format
Title of the entry. (yyyy). In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the
reference book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Mexico. (2003). In E. Cortés & M. Barrea-Marlys (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Latin American
theater (pp. 278–327). Greenwood.
Citation examples
“Mexico” (2003) [narrative]; (“Mexico,” 2003) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Conference models
Serial
conference
proceedings
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the paper presentation: Subtitle.
Serial Proceedings/Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####. https://doi.org/DOI
Reference example
Albright, M. (1991). The role of the United States in Central Europe. Proceedings of the
Academy of Political Science, 38(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/1173814
Citation examples
Albright (1991) [narrative]; (Albright, 1991) [parenthetical]
Nonserial
conference
proceedings
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of paper presentation: Subtitle. In
A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the proceedings volume: Subtitle
(pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.
Reference example
Shupe, A. D., Jr., Hardin, B. L., & Bromley, D. G. (1983). A comparison of anti-cult
movements in the United States and West Germany. In E. Barker (Ed.), Of gods and
men: New religious movements in the West—Proceedings of 1981 Annual Conference
of the British Sociological Association Sociology of Religion Study Group (pp. 177–194).
Mercer University Press.
Citation examples
Shupe et al. (1983) [narrative]; (Shupe et al., 1983) [parenthetical]
Paper
presentation
Reference format
Presenter, A. A., Presenter, B. B., & Presenter, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd–dd). Title of the paper
presentation: Subtitle [Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Conference City,
{Conference Province/State Abbr,} Conference Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations
Reference example
Schack, E. O., Dueber, D., Norris Thomas, J., Fisher, M. H., & Jong, C. (2019, April 5–9).
Computer-programmed decision trees for assessing teacher noticing [Paper
presentation]. American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Toronto,
ON, Canada.
Citation examples
Schack et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Schack et al., 2019) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Poster
presentation
Reference format
Presenter, A. A., Presenter, B. B., & Presenter, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd–dd). Title of the poster
presentation: Subtitle [Poster presentation]. Conference Name, Conference City,
{Conference Province/State Abbr,} Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations
Reference example
Egan, O. (2019, April 6–9). Suicide in Maori youth—Reflections on the aetioogy and
evolving management responses [Poster presentation]. European Psychiatric
Association 27th Congress, Warsaw, Poland.
Citation examples
Egan (2019) [narrative]; (Egan, 2019) [parenthetical]
Dissertation and thesis models
Unpublished
doctoral
dissertation
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the dissertation: Subtitle [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].
Institution Name.
Reference example
Zaragoza, K. (2005). A moral psychology of blame [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].
Princeton University.
Citation examples
Zaragoza (2005) [narrative]; (Zaragoza, 2005) [parenthetical]
Unpublished
master’s thesis
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the thesis: Subtitle [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Institution
Name.
Reference example
Niraula, K. (2015). Addressing the neglect of local peacebuilding practices through
documentaries: A case of everyday Gandhis [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University
of Notre Dame.
Citation examples
Niraula (2015) [narrative]; (Niraula, 2015) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Doctoral
dissertation,
published in
online
repository
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the dissertation: Subtitle [Doctoral dissertation, Institution
Name]. Repository Name. https://URL
Reference example
Boudreaux, C. M. (2015). The city framed: A photographic examination of space and
violence in Ciudad Juarez [Doctoral dissertation, Tulane University]. Tulane University
Theses and Dissertations Archive.
https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A27939/datastream
Citation examples
Boudreaux (2015) [narrative]; (Boudreaux, 2015) [parenthetical]
Master’s thesis,
published in
online
repository
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the thesis: Subtitle [Master's thesis, Institution Name].
Repository Name. https://URL
Reference example
Choppy, P. T. (2018). Attitudes to slavery and race in Seychellois Creole oral literature
[Master's thesis, University of Birmingham]. University of Birmingham eTheses
Repository. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8082/7/Choppy18MARes.pdf
Citation examples
Choppy (2018) [narrative]; (Choppy, 2018) [parenthetical]
Report models
Multiple authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the report: Subtitle (Report
No.|Tech. Rep. No.|Publication No. ########). Agency Name.
Reference example
Lempert, R. J., Norling, P., Pernin, C. G., Resetar, S. A., & Mahnovski, S. (2003). Next
generation environmental technologies: Benefits and barriers (Report No. MR-1682-
OSTP). RAND.
Citation examples
Lempert et al. (2003) [narrative]; (Lempert et al., 2003) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Organizational
author, the same
as publishing
agency
Reference format
Organizational Author. (yyyy). Title of the report: Subtitle (Report No.|Tech. Rep.
No.|Publication No. ########).
Reference example
Amnesty International. (2019). Fragmented and unequal: A justice system that fails
survivors of intimate partner violence in Louisiana, USA (Report No. AMR
51/1160/2019).
Citation examples
Amnesty International (AI, 2019) [narrative]; (Amnesty International [AI], 2019)
[parenthetical]
Online
publication
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the report: Subtitle (Report
No.|Tech. Rep. No.|Publication No. ########). Agency Name. https://URL
Reference example
Warner-Griffin, C., Liu, H., Tadler, C., Herget, D., & Dalton, B. (2017). Reading
achievement of U.S. fourth-grade students in an international context: First look at
the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) and ePIRLS 2016 (NCES
Report No. 2018-017). Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for
Educational Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018017.pdf
Citation examples
Warner-Griffin et al. (2018) [narrative]; (Warner-Griffin et al., 2018) [parenthetical]
Newspaper models
Print
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the newspaper
article: Subtitle. Newspaper Title, ###, ###.
Reference example
Lewis, A. E. (1972, June 18). 5 held in plot to bug Democrats’ office here. The Washington
Post, A1, A22.
Citation examples
Lewis (1972) [narrative]; (Lewis, 1972) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Online
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the newspaper
article: Subtitle. Newspaper Title. https://URL
Reference example
Klein, J. (2018, May 8). How the father of computer science decoded nature’s mysterious
patterns. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/science/alan-
turing-desalination.html
Citation examples
Klein (2018) [narrative]; (Klein, 2018) [parenthetical]
Editorial
(online)
Reference format
Title of the newspaper editorial: Subtitle [Editorial]. (yyyy, Month dd). Newspaper Title.
https://URL
Reference example
The Guardian view on the rise in domestic killings: Figures to shock politicians to act
[Editorial]. (2019, September 13). The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/13/the-guardian-view-on-
the-rise-in-domestic-killings-figures-to-shock-politicians-to-act
Citation examples
“The Guardian View on the Rise in Domestic Killing” (2019) [narrative]; (“Guardian View on
the Rise in Domestic Killing,” 2019) [parenthetical]
Magazine models
Print with
volume and
issue
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of magazine article:
Subtitle. Magazine Title, ##(#), ####–####.
Reference example
Hersey, J. (1946, August 31). Hiroshima. The New Yorker, 22(33), 15–68.
Citation examples
Hersey (1946) [narrative]; (Hersey, 1946) [parenthetical]
Print without
volume and
issue
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month). Title of the magazine article:
Subtitle. Magazine Title, ####–####.
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Information Classification: General
Reference example
Garber, M. (2002, December). Our genius problem. The Atlantic, 64–72.
Citation examples
Garber (2002) [narrative]; (Garber, 2002) [parenthetical]
Online with
volume and
issue
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the magazine article:
Subtitle. Magazine Title, ##(#). https://URL
Reference example
Ruff, C. (2016, February 5). Computer science, meet humanities: In new majors, opposites
attract. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 62(21).
https://www.chronicle.com/article/Computer-Science-Meet/235075/
Citation examples
Ruff (2016) [narrative]; (Ruff, 2016) [parenthetical]
Web models
Web page with
multiple authors
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the webpage:
Subtitle. Website Publisher Name. https://URL
Reference example
Harris, B., & Zucker, S. (2015, August 9). Haussmann the demolisher and the creation of
modern Paris. Smarthistory. https://smarthistory.org/haussmann-the-demolisher-and-
the-creation-of-modern-paris
Citation examples
Harris and Zucker (2015) [narrative]; (Harris & Zucker, 2015) [parenthetical]
Web page with
no date (n.d.)
and
organizational
author, the
same as website
publisher
Reference format
Organizational Author. (n.d.). Title of the webpage: Subtitle. https://URL
Reference example
Pitt Rivers Museum. (n.d.). Conservation case study: Noh theatre masks.
https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/conservation-case-study-noh-theatre-masks
Citation examples
Pitt Rivers Museum (n.d.) [narrative]; (Pitt Rivers Museum, n.d.) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Web page with
periodically
updated content
(retrieval date
required)
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the webpage: Subtitle. Publisher Name. Retrieved
Month dd, yyyy, from https://URL
Reference example
Clement, T. (2019, September 30). Adopt-a-book activity. OER Commons. Retrieved
October 4, 2019, from https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/58499-adopt-a-book-
activity/view
Citation examples
Clement (2019) [narrative]; (Clement, 2019) [parenthetical]
Blog post
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the blog post: Subtitle. Blog Title. https://URL
Reference example
Price, D. (2018, October 7). On using archives and Freedom of Information Act for
anthropological research. Anthro{dendum}.
https://anthrodendum.org/2018/10/07/on-using-archives-and-freedom-of-
information-act-for-anthropological-research
Citation examples
Price (2018) [narrative]; (Price, 2018) [parenthetical]
Tweet
Reference format
Author, A. A. [@Handle]. (yyyy, Month dd). First 20 words of the tweet, including hashtags
and emojis [Image attached|Video attached|Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet].
Twitter. https://URL
Reference example
Singer, P. [@PeterSinger]. (2019, May 1). Why are animal rights activists the orphans of the
left? Will Kymlicka offers some answers [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet].
Twitter. https://twitter.com/PeterSinger/status/1123555871198412800
Citation examples
Singer (2019) [narrative]; (Singer, 2019) [parenthetical]
Facebook post
Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). First 20 words of the post, including hashtags and emojis
[Image attached|Video attached|Thumbnail with link attached]. Facebook.
https://URL
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Information Classification: General
Reference example
Thunberg, G. (2019, November 9). Climate strike is named 2019 word of the year!
#climatestrike [Thumbnail with link attached]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/gretathunbergsweden/posts/970039473363873
Citation examples
Thunberg (2019) [narrative]; (Thunberg, 2019) [parenthetical]
Software, app, and data set models
Packaged
Reference format
Developer, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the software: Subtitle (Version #.#) [Computer software].
Producer Name.
Reference example
Greene, W. H. (2016). NLOGIT (Version 6) [Computer software]. Econometric Software.
Citation examples
Greene (2016) [narrative]; (Greene, 2016) [parenthetical]
Downloaded
Reference format
Developer, A. A., Developer, B. B., & Developer, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the software: Subtitle
(Version #.#) [Computer software]. https://URL
Reference example
Paszke, A., Gross, S., Chintala, S., & Chanan, G. (2019). PyTorch (Version 1.3.0) [Computer
software]. https://pytorch.org/
Citation examples
Paszke et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Paszke et al., 2019) [parenthetical]
FORCE11-
compliant, with
version number
Reference format
Developer, A. A., Developer, B. B., & Developer, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the software:
Subtitle (Version #.#) [Computer software]. Producer Name|Archive Name.
https://URL
Reference example
Hecht, K., McKinnon, R., Podkowiak, T., Roman, M., Schmidt, J., Vivier, S., Werst, E., &
Wyman, J. (2021). Spectrum (Version 6.06) [Computer software]. Avenir Health.
https://avenirhealth.org/Download/Spectrum/SpecInstall.EXE
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Information Classification: General
Citation examples
Hecht et al. (2021) [narrative]; (Hecht et al., 2021) [parenthetical]
FORCE11-
compliant,
without version
number
Reference format
Developer, A. A., Developer, B. B., & Developer, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the software: Subtitle
[Computer software]. Producer Name|Archive Name. Retrieved Month dd, yyyy, from
https://URL
Reference example
Short, W. M. (2020). MultiWordNet [Computer software]. Python Package Index. Retrieved
February 26, 2021, from https://pypi.org/project/multiwordnet/0.1.3/#files
Citation examples
Short (2020) [narrative]; (Short, 2020) [parenthetical]
Mobile app by
individual
developer
Reference format
Developer, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the mobile app: Subtitle (Version #.#) [Mobile app].
Provider Name. https://URL
Reference example
Steindorf, J. (2019). Baseball statistics (Version 2.0.2) [Mobile app]. App Store.
https://apps.apple.com/us/app/baseball-statistics/id1019047563
Citation examples
Steindorf (2019) [narrative]; (Steindorf, 2019) [parenthetical]
Mobile app
entry by
organizational
developer
Reference format
Organizational Developer. (yyyy). Title of the mobile app entry: Subtitle. In Title of the
mobile app: Subtitle (Version #.#) [Mobile app]. App Name. https://URL
Reference example
American Red Cross. (2019). Distress. In First aid: American Red Cross (Version 2.7.3)
[Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/first-aid-american-red-
cross/id529160691
Citation examples
American Red Cross (ARC, 2019) [narrative]; (American Red Cross [ARC], 2019)
[parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Data set
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the data set: Subtitle [Data set].
Archive Name. https://doi.org.DOI
Reference example
Magid, K., Sarkol, V., & Mesoudi, A. (2017). Experimental priming of independent and
interdependent activity does not affect culturally-variable psychological processes
[Data set]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7j270
Citation examples
Magid et al. (2017) [narrative]; (Magid et al., 2017) [parenthetical]
Audiovisual models
Film
Reference format
Director, A. A. (Director). (yyyy). Title of the film: Subtitle [Film]. Production Company
Name_A; Production Company Name_B; Production Company Name_C.
Reference example
Bogdanovich, P. (Director). (1971). The last picture show [Film]. Columbia Pictures; BBS
Productions; Last Picture Show Productions.
Citation examples
Bogdanovich (1971) [narrative]; (Bogdanovich, 1971) [parenthetical]
Television
series
Reference format
Producer, A. A., Producer, B. B., & Producer, C. C. (Executive Producers). (yyyy–yyyy). Title
of the television series [TV series]. Production Company Name_A; Production Company
Name_B; Production Company Name_C.
Reference example
Chibnall, C., & Featherstone, J. (Executive Producers). (2013–2017). Broadchurch [TV
series]. Kudos Film and Television; Imaginary Friends; ITV–Independent Television.
Citation examples
Chibnall and Featherstone (2013–2017) [narrative]; (Chibnall & Featherstone, 2013–2017)
[parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Television
episode
Reference format
Writer, A. A. (Writer), Writer, B. B. (Writer), Writer, C. C. (Writer), & Director, A. A.
(Director). (yyyy). Title of the television episode: Subtitle (Season #, Episode #) [TV
series episode]. In A. A. Producer, B. B. Producer, & C. C. Producer (Executive
Producers), Title of the television series: Subtitle. Production Company Name_A;
Production Company Name_B; Production Company Name_C.
Reference example
Stahl, J. (Writer), Frost, M. (Writer), Peyton, H. (Writer), Engels, R. (Writer), & Holland, T.
(Director). (1990). Laura's secret diary (Season 2, Episode 4) [TV series episode]. In M.
Frost & D. Lynch (Executive Producers), Twin Peaks. Lynch/Frost Productions;
Propaganda Films; Spelling Entertainment.
Citation examples
Stahl et al. (1990) [narrative]; (Stahl et al., 1990) [parenthetical]
Classical song
Reference format
Composer, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the song: Subtitle [Song recorded by A. A. Artist]. On Title of
the album: Subtitle. Production Company Name_A; Production Company Name_B;
Production Company Name_C. (Original work published yyyy)
Reference example
Cage, J. (1994). In a landscape [Song recorded by S. Drury]. On In a landscape: Piano music
of John Cage. BMG. (Original work published 1948)
Citation examples
Cage (1948/1994) [narrative]; (Cage, 1948/1994) [parenthetical]
Nonclassical
song
Reference format
Artist, A. A. (yyyy) Title of the song: Subtitle [Song]. On Title of the album: Subtitle.
Production Company Name_A; Production Company Name_B; Production Company
Name_C.
Reference example
Monk, T. (1957). 'Round midnight [Song]. On Thelonious himself. Riverside.
Citation examples
Monk (1957) [narrative]; (Monk, 1957) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Artwork
Reference format
Artist, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the artwork: Subtitle [Artwork type]. Institution Name,
Institution City, {Institution Province/State Abbr,} Institution Country. https://URL
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations
Reference example
Wiley, K. (2008). Three wise men greeting entry into Lagos [Painting]. Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/artworkpics/2009_20_l.jpg
Citation examples
Wiley (2008) [narrative]; (Wiley, 2008) [parenthetical]
Streaming video
Reference format
Creator, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the video: Subtitle [Video]. Media Platform Name.
https://URL
Reference example
Hamilton, D. (2019, February 26). Dr. Diane Hamilton interviews Dr. Albert Bandura
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWCEwiIJWeA
Citation examples
Hamilton (2019) [narrative]; (Hamilton, 2019) [parenthetical]
Podcast episode
Reference format
Host, A. A. (Host). (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the podcast episode: Subtitle (No. #) [Audio
podcast episode]. In Title of the podcast: Subtitle. Production Company Name_A;
Production Company Name_B; Production Company Name_C. https://URL
Reference example
Giddens, R. (Host). (2019, January 23). Mozart's Queen of the Night: Outrage out of this
world (No. 8) [Audio podcast episode]. In Aria code. The Metropolitan Opera; WQXR;
WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/aria-code/episodes/aria-code-
mozart-magic-flute-kathryn-lewek
Citation examples
Giddens (2019) [narrative]; (Giddens, 2019) [parenthetical]
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Information Classification: General
Unpublished and informally published model
Manuscript
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the unpublished manuscript:
Subtitle [Unpublished manuscript|Manuscript in preparation|Manuscript submitted
for publication]. Department Name, Institution Name.
Reference example
Swanson, K. W. (2006). Hog heaven or hell's kitchen? Abbau and landscape in Upton
Sinclair's The Jungle [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of English, Tulane
University.
Citation examples
Swanson (2006) [narrative]; (Swanson, 2006) [parenthetical]
Archival material models
Titled document
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the document:
Subtitle. Collection Name (Accession ####), Institution Name, Institution City,
{Institution Province/State Abbr,} Institution Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations
Reference example
Garrick, D. (1778, September 24). Near contemporary copy of the will of David Garrick.
David Garrick Collection, 1778–1779 (DR32/1), The Shakespeare Center, Shakespeare
Birthplace Trust, Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom.
Citation examples
Garrick (1778) [narrative]; (Garrick, 1778) [parenthetical]
Titled
document, with
approximate
(circa, “ca.”)
dates
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (ca. yyyy–yyyy). Title of the document: Subtitle.
Collection Name (Accession ####), Institution Name, Institution City, {Institution
Province/State Abbr,} Institution Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations
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Information Classification: General
Reference example
Berendt, C. H. (ca. 1864–1873). Miscellanae Maya. Berendt-Brinton Linguistic Collection
(Item 179), Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Citation examples
Berendt (ca. 1864–1873) [narrative]; (Berendt, ca. 1864–1873) [parenthetical]
Untitled
document or
letter
Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). [Document or letter details].
Collection Name (Accession ####), Institution Name, Institution City, Archive Country.
Reference example
Elgar, E. (1917, October 20). [Letter to Sidney Colvin]. Sir Sidney Colvin Archive
(Colvin/Elgar/2), Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom.
Citation examples
Elgar (1917) [narrative]; (Elgar, 1917) [parenthetical]
Patent, legal case, and statute models
Patent
Reference format
Inventor, A. A., inventor, B. B., & Inventor, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the patent: Subtitle (Patent
No. #,###,###). Patent Office Name. https://URL
Reference example
Pfeifer, A., Muhs, A., Pihlgren, M., Adolfsson, O., & Van Leuven, F. (2017). Humanized tau
antibody (U.S. Patent No. 9,657,091). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=9,657,091
Citation examples
Pfeifer et al. (2017) [narrative]; (Pfeifer et al., 2017) [parenthetical]
U.S. Supreme
Court case
Reference format
Name v. Name, ### U.S. #### (yyyy). https://URL
Reference example
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt, 543 U.S. 631 (2005).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/631/
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Information Classification: General
Citation examples
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt (2005) [narrative]; (Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
v. Leavitt, 2005) [parenthetical]
U.S. state
supreme court
case
Reference format
Name v. Name, ### State Reporter Abbr._A ####, ### State Reporter Abbr._B ####, ###
State Reporter Abbr._C #### (yyyy). https://URL
Reference example
People v. Diaz, 51 Cal. 4th 84, 244 P.3d 501, 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 105 (2011).
https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/people-v-diaz-33928
Citation examples
People v. Diaz (2011) [narrative]; (People v. Diaz, 2011) [parenthetical]
U.K. Supreme
Court case
(neutral
citation)
Reference format
Name v. Name, U.K.S.C. ### (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.). https://URL
Reference example
Patel v. Mirza, U.K.S.C. 42 (2016). (Eng.).
https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2016/42.html
Citation examples
Patel v. Mirza (2016) [narrative]; (Patel v. Mirza, 2016) [parenthetical]
U.K. High Court,
Queen’s Bench
case (neutral
citation)
Reference format
Name v. Name, E.W.H.C. (Q.B.) ### (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.). https://URL
Reference example
Murphy v. Ministry of Defence, E.W.H.C. (Q.B.) 3 (2016). (Eng.).
https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2016/3.html
Citation examples
Murphy v. Ministry of Defence (2016) [narrative]; (Murphy v. Ministry of Defence, 2016)
[parenthetical]
U.S. federal
statute from
United States
Codes
Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, ## U.S.C. § #### (yyyy). https://URL
Reference example
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 387 (1938).
https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/
prelim@title21/chapter9/subchapter9&edition=prelim
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Information Classification: General
Citation examples
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) [narrative]; (Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act, 1938) [parenthetical]
U.S. federal
statute from
United States
Statutes at Large
Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, Pub. L. No. ###-###, ## Stat. ## (yyyy). https://URL
Reference example
James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-347, 124 Stat.
3623 (2011). https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/847/text
Citation examples
James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act (2011) [narrative]; (James Zadroga 9/11
Health and Compensation Act, 2011) [parenthetical]
U.K. statute,
enacted before
1963
Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, ## & ## Regnal Abbr. c. ## (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.).
Reference example
Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act, 9 & 10 Geo. 5 c. 76 (1919). (Eng.).
Citation examples
Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act (1919) [narrative]; (Church of England Assembly
[Powers] Act, 1919) [parenthetical]
U.K. statute,
enacted after
1963
Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, c. ## (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.). https://URL
Reference example
Climate Change Act, c. 27 (2008). (Eng.).
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents
Citation examples
Climate Change Act (2008) [narrative]; (Climate Change Act, 2008) [parenthetical]
