DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
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stability for limit cycles to exist at anything other than underflow levels, which are at an
amplitude of less than . There are at least three ways of dealing with limit cycles when fixed-
point arithmetic is used. One is to determine a bound on the maximum limit cycle amplitude,
expressed as an integral number of quantization steps . It is then possible to choose a word length
that makes the limit cycle amplitude acceptably low. Alternately, limit cycles can be prevented
by randomly rounding calculations up or down. However, this approach is complicated to
implement. The third approach is to properly choose the filter realization structure and then
quantize the filter calculations using magnitude truncation . This approach has the disadvantage
of producing more round off noise than truncation or rounding .
5.11 OVERFLOW OSCILLATIONS:
With fixed-point arithmetic it is possible for filter calculations to overflow. This happens when
two numbers of the same sign add to give a value having magnitude greater than one. Since
numbers with magnitude greater than one are not representable, the result overflows. For
example, the two’s complement numbers 0.101 (5/8) and 0.100 (4/8) add togive 1.001 which is
the two’s complement representation of -7/8.
The overflow characteristic of two’s complement arithmetic can be represented as R{} where
An overflow oscillation, sometimes also referred to as an adder overflow limit cycle, is a high-
level oscillation that can exist in an otherwise stable fixed-point filter due to the gross
nonlinearity associated with the overflow of internal filter calculations .Like limit cycles,
overflow oscillations require recursion to exist and do not occur in non recursive FIR filters.
Overflow oscillations also do not occur with floating-point arithmetic due to the virtual
impossibility of overflow.
Quantization:
Total number of bits in x is reduced by using two methods namely Truncation and Rounding.
These are known as quantization Processes.
Input Quantization Error:
The Quantized signal are stored in a b bit register but for nearest values the same digital
equivalent may be represented. This is termed as Input Quantization Error.
Product Quantization Error:
The Multiplication of a b bit number with another b bit number results in a 2b bit number but it
should be stored in a b bit register. This is termed as Product Quantization Error.