Cook Island’s National Invasive Species
Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020
DRAFT
13 January 2016
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 3
KEY CONCEPTS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................... 4
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to Cook Islands ....................................................................................................... 5
What is an invasive species (IS)? ................................................................................................. 8
The vital importance of invasive species to Cook Islands ............................................................ 8
Other significant invasive species in the Cook Islands ............................................................... 10
Priority invasive species on different islands ............................................................................. 12
Invasive species intercepted at the Border ................................................................................. 12
Recent occurrences of new invasive species in the Cook Islands ............................................... 15
Invasive species are everyone’s responsibility ........................................................................... 18
Inter-island biosecurity .............................................................................................................. 19
International responsibilities ...................................................................................................... 19
Cook Island’s native biodiversity at risk .................................................................................... 19
Cook Island’s productive sectors at risk..................................................................................... 20
Why a NISSAP is needed .......................................................................................................... 21
Process of NISSAP development ............................................................................................... 23
Linkages of the NISSAP to other strategies ............................................................................... 23
Invasive species in corporate plans ............................................................................................ 28
2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................... 29
3. GOAL, THEMES & OUTCOMES ........................................................................................ 30
Goal: ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Mission: .................................................................................................................................... 30
Themes: .................................................................................................................................... 30
4. PATHWAY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 31
4.1 International .................................................................................................................... 31
By Air ................................................................................................................................... 31
By Sea ................................................................................................................................... 31
Other External Pathways ....................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Internal Pathways ............................................................................................................ 34
By Air ................................................................................................................................... 34
By Sea ................................................................................................................................... 34
5. ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................................................... 35
5.1 National .......................................................................................................................... 35
5.2 Regional ......................................................................................................................... 38
6.0 PAST & CURRENT PROGRAMMES ............................................................................... 38
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GEF-PAS Regional Invasives Project – Prevention, control and management of invasive alien
species in the Pacific Islands ..................................................................................................... 38
Border Control & Quarantine .................................................................................................... 38
Internal (inter-island) Border Control ........................................................................................ 39
Emergency Response ................................................................................................................ 40
Eradication of Pest Vertebrates .................................................................................................. 40
Control of Pest Vertebrates ........................................................................................................ 41
Control of Pest Invertebrates ..................................................................................................... 41
Control of Pest Plants ................................................................................................................ 42
Management of Marine Invasives .............................................................................................. 43
Education and Awareness .......................................................................................................... 43
7.0 LEGISLATION & INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ................................................. 45
7.1 National Legislation ............................................................................................................ 45
7.2 Island Specific Regulations: ................................................................................................ 47
7.3 International Conventions & Agreements ........................................................................... 47
8.0 ACTION PLAN ................................................................................................................. 49
A1.Generating Support ......................................................................................................... 49
A2. Building Capacity ........................................................................................................... 50
A3.Legislation, Policy and Protocols ..................................................................................... 52
B1.Baseline and Monitoring .................................................................................................. 53
B2.Prioritisation ................................................................................................................... 53
B3.Research on priorities ...................................................................................................... 54
C1.Biosecurity ....................................................................................................................... 54
C2.Management of established invasives ............................................................................... 56
C3.Restoration ...................................................................................................................... 58
9.0 MONITORING & EVALUATION .................................................................................... 59
References ................................................................................................................................ 59
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 61
Annex 1: Regional and international organisations and databases related to invasive species
management. ............................................................................................................................. 62
Annex 2: Priority terrestrial invasive species of Cook Islands .................................................... 64
Annex 3: Detailed information by island ................................................................................... 67
Annex 4: Attendees at NISSAP development workshops ........................................................... 69
FOREWORD
[To come from Cook Islands Government – signed by the Minister?
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KEY CONCEPTS AND ACRONYMS
Biocontrol or biological control: Controlling an invasive species by introducing a natural enemy,
such as an insect or fungus, that specifically attacks the target species and does not attack other
native or economically important species.
Biodiversity: The variety of living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and
between species and within and between ecosystems.
Biosafety: Minimising the risks from both the international and accidental introduction and spread
of organisms with potential to have adverse economic, environmental and socio-economic impacts,
including genetically modified organisms (GMO’s). (Biosafety is effectively the same as
biosecurity except that it also includes GMO’s).
Biosecurity: Preventing the spread of invasive species across international or internal borders.
Control: Reducing the population of an invasive species.
Eradication: removal of the entire population of an invasive species.
Genetically modified organism: An organism whose genetic composition has been altered by the
application of modern biotechnology techniques.
Introduced species: Plants, animals and other organisms taken beyond their natural range by
people, deliberately or unintentionally.
Invasive species: Introduced species that become destructive to the environment or human
interests; can also include some native species that increase in number and become destructive
following environmental changes.
Native species: Plants, animals and other organisms that occur naturally on an island or in a
specified area, having either evolved there or arrived without human intervention.
Risk assessment: Evaluation of the risk that a new introduced species will become invasive with
damaging consequences, prior to its introduction
Surveillance: Monitoring to detect the arrival of new invasive species.
ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
BIO Biosecurity Service, Cook Islands
CABI Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International
CBD Convention on Biodiversity
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CIPA Cook Islands Ports Authority
EDRR Early Detection and Rapid Response
ERP Emergency Response Plan
GEF-PAS Inv Global Environment Facility Pacific Alliance for Sustainability. United
Nations Environment Programme: Prevention, Control and Management of Invasive
Alien Species in the Pacific Islands
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GISD Global Invasive Species Database (maintained by ISSG)
GISIN Global Invasive Species Information Network
HPWRA Hawai`i-Pacific Ecosystems at Risk
IBPoW Island Biodiversity Programme of Work
IAS Invasive Alien Species
IS Invasive Species
ISSG Invasive Species Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the
IUCN
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
LCIP Landholders Conservation Initiative Project
LRD Land Resources Division (of SPC)
MMR Ministry of Marine Resources
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
MOH Ministry of Health
NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
NES National Environment Service
NHT Natural Heritage Trust
NISSAP National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan
OMIA Office of the Minister for Island Administrations, Cook Islands
OPM Office of the Prime Minister, Cook Islands
PestList (PLD) Pacific Islands PestList Database
PIER Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk – for plant risk assessment information
PII Pacific Invasives Initiative
PILN Pacific Invasives Learning Network
PIP Pacific Invasives Partnership
PIRNC Pacific Islands Roundtable for Nature Conservation
Plant Pono Hawai`i-Pacific Ecosystems at Risk website for plant risk assessment information
PoWPA Programme of Work on Protected Areas
SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Commission
SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme
SSC Species Survival Commission of IUCN
TIS Te Ipukarea Society
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Cook Islands
The Cook Islands consists of 15 small islands scattered over 2 million square kilometres of the Pacific
Ocean. They lie in the centre of the Polynesian Triangle, flanked by Fiji 2,300 km to the west, Tahiti
1,140 km to the east, Hawaii 4,730 km north and New Zealand 3,010 km southwest. The climate of the
Cook Islands is sub-tropical and tropical oceanic moderated by trade winds. The islands form two
groups: the Northern Cooks and the Southern Cooks. The Northern Group consists of five atolls
(Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Manihiki, Suwarrow and Penrhyn), and a sand cay (Nassau). The Southern
Group consists of four makateai islands (Mangaia, Atiu, Mauke and Mitiaro), two atolls (Palmerston
and Manuae), one almost-atoll (Aitutaki), one sand cay (Takutea) and one high island
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(Rarotonga). Twelve of the islands are permanently settled, while the other three islands are wildlife
reserves (Suwarrow, Takutea, and Manuae) (Figure 1) (Annex 3). About 70% of the population of
approximately 20,000 live on the largest of the southern islands, Rarotonga.
Rarotonga is the home of the Government and the national Administration. The other inhabited
islands are administered together as the Pa Enua, allocated resources from the national budget based
on formulas depending on their populations and the infrastructure and resources that they have to
manage. Their communities are typically dominated by the very young, old or women.
Photo: Rarotonga from the air. (The airport and main town of Avarua at top of picture). Source: Ministry of
Agriculture. [credit to Ewan Smith? To be confirmed]
The country’s biodiversity is vital to its future. Figures from 2008 showed that the agricultural
sector, which largely depends on species introduced to the country from overseas, contributed
US$17,172,000 to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the fisheries sector, utilising native
species, US$3,318,000 (FAO 2010). Together the two represent about 9% of GDP. The single
biggest contribution to GDP is tourism at around 60% which partly depends on the beauty of the
country’s land and sea environments and the native species within this.
The native biodiversity of the different islands has been used by generations of Cook Islanders to
sustain their culture. Its forests protect the land and store water, its coral reefs protect the coasts, and
native species provide food, medicines, building materials, and firewood and provide the country
with its unique identity.
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The terrestrial native biodiversity of the Cook Islands has a relatively small number of species and
lacks many of the common taxa found in larger islands and continental landmasses. For example
there are no amphibians and only one land mammal (Pacific flying fox Pteropus tonganus). This
means the species that are present assume greater significance and there are a number that are
endemic – i.e. only found in the Cook Islands and nowhere else in the world: 20 flowering plants,
six landbirds, 26 landsnails (14 of which are extinct), and a largely unknown number of
invertebrates.
Figure 1: Map showing Cook Islands and its Exclusive Economic Zone (Source: 4
th
National
Report to the CBD).
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In the marine area, though there is some ecosystem diversity between the high islands in the south,
with their shallow lagoons and fringing reefs, and atolls in the northern group with their large, deep
lagoons encircled by coral reef, there is a limited number of ecosystems present overall.
What is an invasive species (IS)?
The clearest examples are species that have ‘invaded’ the country from overseas, arriving by air or
sea, finding their own way across the border, increasing in numbers because they have no natural
enemies and causing significant damage to native biodiversity, the economy or human health.
There are also many examples of IS that people have brought in deliberately from overseas. Many
such species have proved beneficial and provide the basis for agriculture, or provide flowers for
gardens. However others have caused a lot of damage, like some climbing vines brought into the
country because of their attractive flowers that have then spread to smother native forests.
Some species brought in from overseas are considered invasive only in some situations. For
example, pigs are very beneficial when farmed in controlled conditions, but they are damaging
when they run wild, destroying plantations, changing the structure of native forests and acting as
predators of native species such as coconut crabs. Wild or ‘feral’ pigs and goats will thus appear in
this strategy as invasive species on certain islands
Finally, some native species can become invasive and cause damage when something upsets the
natural balance. Examples include the crown of thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) which
occasional builds up in number to the point that it damages coral reefs, and the native fruit fly
(Bactrocera melanotus) which damages fruit and vegetable species brought into the country from
overseas as food crops such as dragon fruit and orange varieties.
The vital importance of invasive species to Cook Islands
Invasive species (IS) currently have impacts on Cook Islands’ economy, biodiversity, and human
health and culture. They have been recognised as a high risk of creating a major emergency or
national disaster in the country (Government of Cook Islands 2009).
In biodiversity terms, IS have been identified as the biggest threat to the country’s flora and
invasive plants are destroying habitat for native birds such as the Kakerori or Rarotonga Flycatcher
(Pomarea dimidiata), the Ioi or Rarotonga starling (Aplonis cinerascens) and the Kuramoo or Blue
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Lorikeet (Vini peruviana), and endemic landsnails (National Environment Service 2011). Rats
(Rattus spp.) continue to threaten the Kakerori through predation and Indian myna (Acridotheres
tristis) are a threat to other native birds through disturbance and competition.
In economic terms, the Cook Islands has fortunately not suffered the dramatic impacts from IS that
other countries in the region have. There are a range of introduced pest insects and diseases that
affect food crops grown in the country, but the impacts of these are largely felt by individual
farmers and families in reduced productivity or increased costs of production as there are currently
no significant export programmes.
There are suggestions that the temporary collapse of the pearl industry on Manihiki may have
involved invasive species that arrived on technical equipment from overseas. However analysis
identified increases of naturally occurring bacteria (Vibrio sp.) following a long period of calm
weather and some overstocking of the lagoon as the main cause (Diggles et al. 2007). In 2007 the
pearl and pearl shell industry contributed US $2.2 million to the Cook Islands economy (FAO
2010) so it is important to prevent invasive species impacting on it in the future..
The most obvious invasive species impacting on human health are the mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) that
carry infectious diseases such as dengue fever, Zita fever and chikungunya. The most harmful
species Aedes aegypti which lives near human habitation and feeds exclusively on human blood
(McCormack 2007) originated in Africa. The virus causing the disease is an invasive species itself
which was also first detected in Africa, in Tanzania in 1952 (Pan American Health Organisation
http://www.paho.org/. Over 500 people have been infected with chikungunya on Rarotonga during
a current outbreak and there have been cases on three other islands [update this – Health Dept
please]. Information on the disease (for which there is no vaccine) is available to tourists and it is
not known if this has caused some to change their plans to visit.
The arrival of a pest insect, the Cuban laurel thrip (Gynaikothrips ficicorum) in 2009, provides an
example of an invasive species that had wide impacts on many aspects of people’s lives on
Rarotonga. They took Rarotonga by storm, swarming over brightly-coloured t-shirts, covering arms
and faces, and most people regularly driving motorbikes experienced the pain of a thrip in the eye
(Poeschko 2010). It was attracted to bright colours, covering the newly-painted fire-truck at the
airport, coating tennis balls and may even have affected the results of sports games by swarming
more over the shirts of one team and not the other! The thrip attacked tomato plants and Benjamin
fig trees, popular shade trees and another species, the red-banded thrip (Selenothrips rubrocinctus)
landed on Rarotonga around the same time as its Cuban cousin causing severe damage to avocado,
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guava and Terminalia trees. The thrips are currently largely under control following the
introduction of a predatory bug as a biocontrol agent.
The Coconut flat moth (Agonoxena argaula) arrived in Rarotonga in October 2000, apparently
through an illegal importation of palms. An awareness campaign was established urging the public
not to take any coconut and ornamental palms, including parts of palms such as leaves, nuts, and trunks,
from the infested area, and but the moth spread rapidly to Aitutaki, Atiu, Mauke, Mangaia,
Palmerston, Mitiaro by November 2003. A parasitic wasp (Bracon sp.) was introduced from Fiji
and has successfully reduced the impact of the moth.
Photos: Coconut flat moth & parasitic wasp introduced as biocontrol (Maja Poeschko photos).
There are many examples from other island countries of invasive species that have had devastating
and very costly consequences. The brown tree snake is thought to have caused the extinction of 10
native landbird species on Guam leaving only two (Rodda & Savige 2007). The taro leaf blight
reduced annual export returns for this crop in Samoa from around WS$10 million to c.WS$150,000
(US$60,000) over a couple of years (Hunter et al. 1998). The yellow-crazy ant (Anoplolepis
gracilipes) has killed an estimated 10-15 million of the famous red crabs on Christmas Island in the
Indian Ocean in recent years (O’Dowd et al. 2003). The little fire ant (Wassmania auropunctata has
been described as ‘perhaps the greatest ant species threat in the Pacific region’ (GISD 2014) and is
found on three island groups in Vanuatu, for example, where it occupies gardens and homes in large
numbers frequently stinging the residents and making crop growing very difficult.
Other significant invasive species in the Cook Islands
Climbing vines particularly Merremia peltata (morning glory), M. tuberose (wood rose) and
Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute) create major problems for farmers trying to keep land open for
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plantations and together with balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) smother native forests
particularly on Rarotonga. A rust fungus (Puccinia spegazzinii) has recently been introduced as a
biological control for Mikania micrantha in a programme involving the Cook Islands Ministry of
Agriculture, New Zealand’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and Landcare Research.
Invasive ants have been implicated in the declines and extinctions of landsnails on Rarotonga
(Brook 2006). The big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala) first collected in Rarotonga in 1914 is a
major threat to biodiversity through its impacts on native invertebrates, and to agriculture through
harvesting seeds and increasing the numbers of crop-damaging sap-sucking insects. The yellow
crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), first collected in Rarotonga in 1937, will also impact on native
invertebrates including land crabs as in the Christmas Island example, though it does not appear
widespread.
The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) (Homalodisca vitripennis) was discovered in Rarotonga
in March 2007 by the country’s entomologist Dr Maja Poeschko. Following its discovery, about 1.5
km from the International Airport, the insect spread relatively quickly to adjacent areas. It was
suspected that the pest entered the Cook Islands via ornamental plants from Tahiti, where it was
first detected in 1999. The significance of the GWSS is that it can carry the plant bacterium Xylella
fastidiosa and thus diseases of economic significance to grapes, citrus and peaches. Biosecurity
New Zealand undertook tests to determine if this bacterium was present in the Cook Islands for fear
of its possible impact on the wine industry in New Zealand. An introduced biocontrol agent, a
parasitic wasp is keeping the population under control.
There are two fruit flies in the Cook Islands that are threats to fruit and vegetable production,
Bactrocera melanotus an endemic native species and B. xanthodes which is found in several other
Pacific countries. Control involves removing ripe fruit and unwanted fruit trees and the use of traps
and poison baits (NES 2004). A monitoring programme using traps are maintained to detect the
arrival of other potentially more damaging species, in a regional programme coordinated by
Secretariat of the Pacific Commission (SPC). This resulted in the detection and subsequent
eradication of nine Queensland fruit flies B. tryoni between 2001 and 2003 (NESAF). A further
species the Oriental fruit fly, the most destructive species of fruit and vegetable infesting flies in the
world, was found in Rarotonga and Aitutaki in May 2013 and it too was successfully eradicated in a
major programme by the Ministry of Agriculture by September 2014. As an example of the
economic impact of an invasive species this eradication programme cost over $246,000 (Cook
Islands Government $110,000, SPC $80,000, New Zealand Government $35,000 and Aitutaki
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Island Council $21,000) together with the services of three technical experts from SPC and three
entomologists from New Zealand.
There is very limited information on marine invasives. One example is the native crown-of–thorns
starfish (Acanthaster plancii) that feeds on corals which undergoes periodic outbreaks.
The Indian myna (Acridotheres tristis) is found on five islands where it feeds on some food crops
and interferes with the nesting of some native birds. A major eradication programme is underway
on Atiu to protect the Rimatara lorikeet (Vini kuhlii) re-introduced there in 2007 and kakerori
introduced in 2001/02.
Two mammals brought into the country for farming, goats and pigs, are causing problems on
several islands where animals are roaming widely outside farm situations, destroying native
biodiversity and plantations.
In 2004 the IUCN produced an updated publication of a selection of ‘100 of the World’s Worst
Invasive Species’ (Lowe et al. 2004). Cook Islands has 19
1
of the species on this list, but there are a
vast number more out there ready to invade if Cook Islands does not maintain strong border control.
Priority invasive species on different islands
Communities have identified the pests that they consider priorities on the different islands on two
occasions. The first was during the development of the country’s first National Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan in 2001 and the results are included in section 5.2 (Government of Cook
Islands 2002). The second was during the process of formulating this NBSAP during workshops in
Rarotonga attended by representatives of the southern group and through a questionnaire circulated
to all islands. The results are summarised in Annex 3.
Invasive species intercepted at the Border
The ever-present threat that invasive species pose is demonstrated by the significant number that
have been intercepted by biosecurity staff at the airport, seaport or in the post, or by other
individuals who reported them before they had a chance to disperse widely (Table 1). It is worth
noting that a single cane toad, a very damaging pest, was recorded in 1986 prior to the period
covered by the table.
1
African tulip tree, black wattle, giant reed, lantana, leucaena, mile-a-minute, shoebutton ardisia, strawberry guava,
wedelia, big-headed ant, yellow crazy ant, Mozambique tilapia, western mosquitofish, Indian myna, feral cat, feral
goat, mouse, feral pig, ship rat.
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Table 1: Interceptions of invasive species at ports of entry in Cook Islands since 2000. (Source: Maja Poeschko, MOA).
No.
Date found
Month/Year
Common name
Scientific name
Host(s)- Damage
Action taken & Current status
1
March 2006
Currant lettuce aphid
Nasonavia ribis-nigri
On imported iceberg lettuce from New
Zealand still in boxes
Lettuce confiscated and destroyed by incineration. Areas
where boxes have been stored sprayed with insecticide.
No further find.
2
May 2006
Grass
Not further identified
Seeds on traditional grass- brooms from
China imported with building material
in a sea freight container
Conducted viability test, seeds germinated, brooms
confiscated and destroyed by incinerating, throughout
cleaning of container, monitoring programme for
germinating seeds in the area. No further find.
3
Oct. 2005
Giant African Snail
Achatina fulica
Seven live snails inside a luggage
container of an Air New Zealand air
craft. Serious pest in food crop and
flower gardens. Probably from Togo.
(This species was also detected in 1992
on the outside of NZ refrigerated
containers that spent 3 weeks on the
wharf in Apia, Samoa,
Snail baiting programme, public awareness and
monitoring programme, night searches. No further find.
4
June 2006
Snails
Not further identified
Four live snails inside a sea freight
container with natural roof thatching
from Fiji
Snail baiting programme, public awareness and
monitoring programme. No further find.
5
June 2007
Red-back spider
Latrodectus hasseltii
Adult female spider guarding two egg
sacs on the outside of a sea freight
container from New Zealand. Bite
serious poisoning
Application of surface pesticide Icon, public awareness
and monitoring programme. No further find.
6
Jan. 2005
Rhinoceros beetle
Oryctes rhinoceros
Weak but alive adult female found in an
overhead locker of an Air New Zealand
air craft.
Serious pest of coconut trees
Public awareness. Note: Coconut trees showing suspicious
rhinoceros beetle-like damage in Aug. 2002 (Takitumu) in
May 2006 (Muri) and Feb. 2007 (Penrhyn) triggered a
pheromone trapping programme. No beetles were found.
7
Feb. 2007 x 2
Nov.2007
Brown garden snail
Cornu aspersum ?
Up to 28 snails were found on three
occasions on the outside of sea freight
containers ex New Zealand.
Snail baiting programme, public awareness and
monitoring programme. No further find.
8
May 2006
Cogon Grass
Serious invasive weed. Grass imported
Import of cogon grass was found to be outlawed in bio-
Commented [O1]: Is this country source correct?
15
Imperata cylindrica
from Bali as roof thatching in sea freight
containers. Risk of contamination with
viable seeds
security regulations. The recommendation of reshipping
or destruction was overruled by the Ministries Secretary.
The consignment was released.
9
Jan 2011
Flies
Not further identified
A large population of flies developed
inside a sea freight container feeding on
exposed canned fish
The contaminated cans were destroyed. The container was
fumigated with an insecticide.
10
2014
Brown widow spider
One found at freight warehouse at
Rarotonga airport – reported by staff
[please add]
Recent occurrences of new invasive species in the Cook Islands
Table 2 identifies invasive species that have recently crossed the border, some of which are now established in the country to a varying extent. Again they
emphasise the scale of the threat posed by such species.
Table 2: New pest occurrences for the Cook Islands since October 2000. (Source: Maja Poeschko, MOA).
No.
Date discovered
Month/Year
Common name
Scientific name
Origin
Host(s)- Damage
Action taken & Current status
1
Oct. 2000
Coconut flat moth
Agonoxena argaula
Ex Fiji?
Coconut palms & ornamental palms-
Caterpillars feed on leaves causing severe
damage
Introduction and breeding of the parasitic wasp
(Bracon sp.) from Fiji successful
2
Oct. 2000
Orchid weevil
Orchidophilus aterrimus
Ex Fiji?
Orchids- Weevil larvae and adults feed on
orchid flowers, stems, leaves and exposed
roots
Attempted of eradication failed. Pest reported to be
present at different locations in 20 [date?]
3
Nov. 2001
Queensland fruit fly
Bactrocera tryoni
Ex Tahiti?
Larvae feed on over 100 species of edible and
wild fruits and fleshy vegetables
Detection in surveillance trap: Attempted eradication:
Intensive trapping, destruction of fallen fruits,
distribution of Bactromat pheromone baits, protein
bait spraying. Eradication successful due to early
detection.
4
Dec. 2003
Hibiscus flower beetle
Aethina concolor
Adult beetles lay eggs into flower buds which
causes them to drop
Pest widespread. Eradication not feasible. Remains a
major pest. Control with systemic insecticides.
16
5
April 2004
Papaya ring spot virus
PRSV-P
Mutation of PRSV-W of
intercropped cucurbits
Yellowing and distortion of leaves, dark green
target like ring spots and C-shaped markings
on fruits
Attempted of eradication: Plant destroyed by
incineration, systemic herbicide poured into
remaining plant stump, area sprayed with insecticide
to kill possible insect vectors, monitoring programme
and two island wide virus surveys. No further find.
Eradication successful.
6
April 2005
Wax moth
Not further identified
Caterpillars feed on bee hives
Pest not considered to be serious by beekeeper. No
further action taken
7
July 2006
False armoured scale
Conchaspis angraeci
On stems of papaya- mainly found on
abundant plots with mature trees all over the
island
Beneficial ladybird beetles (Chilocorus circumdatus)
were found feeding and breeding amongst the pest.
No further action taken.
8
Nov. 2006
False oleander scale
Pseudaulacapsis cockerelli
Ex Australia
On leaves and stems of imported crafted
mangos from Australia planted in Matavera
and Titikaveka
Attempted of eradication: Trees pulled and destroyed
by incineration, area sprayed with insecticide,
monitoring programme. No further find. Eradication
successful.
9
March 2007
Glassy-winged sharpshooter
Homalodisca vitripennis
Ex Tahiti?
Many plants, with preference to citrus and
gardenias
Severe sap feeder;
Trapping monitoring programme, attempted of
eradication with insecticides not successful, bio-agent
from Tahiti was successful
10
Dec. 2007
Red-banded mango caterpillar
Dennolis sublinbalis (new)
Noorda albizondalis (old)
Caterpillars bore in mango fruit and seeds
Pheromone trapping not very effective,
Population fluctuates from season to season
11
July 2008
Greenhouse thrips
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
Avocado
Tree and surrounding area sprayed with Imidacloprid,
no further find, eradicated?
12
Aug. 2009
Black twig borer
Xylosandrus compactus
Ex New Zealand
Avocado
Beetle borrows in fresh stems of crafted plants
On imported grafted seedlings from NZ, plants re-
dipped in insecticides and monitored.
Beetle reported to be present and a nursery pest in
2012
13
Nov. 2009
Banana-shaped scale
Slender soft scale
Prococcus acutissimus
Severe infestation on lychee leaves causing
sooty mould.
On sago palm (Aug. 2010)
Widespread. Natural enemies present
14
Nov. 2009
Cuban laurel thrips
Gynaicothrips ficorum
Severe damage on young leaves, particularly
Ficus benjamina; swarming, nuisance for
people, attracted to bright colours, bites,
painful when caught in eye
Bio-agent from Hawaii established
15
Nov. 2009
Red-banded thrips
Selenothrips rubrocinctus
Guava, Avocado, Terminalia, Copperleaf
Severe damage, causing browning-silvering of
leaves and fruits
Natural enemies present. Still severe damage
observed in 2012
17
16
Nov. 2009
Trilobite scale
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis
Desert rose
Severe damage on leaves, Stunted growth
without flowers
Wide spread. Remains major pest despite natural
enemies present
17
Aug. 2011
Caterpillar
Not further identified
Caterpillar bores into star apple fruit
Rearing of caterpillars to adult stage for easier ID
failed,
Setting up of yellow sticky traps, monitoring
18
Nov. 2012
Caterpillar
Not further identified
Caterpillar bores into strawberry fruit
Rearing of caterpillars to adult stage for easier ID
failed,
Setting up of yellow sticky traps, monitoring
There are major threats present in neighbouring countries with which Cook Islands trade. Several
recent arrivals of invasive species appear to have come from French Polynesia including the glassy-
winged sharpshooter and Queensland and Oriental fruit flies. This country also holds giant African
snails, little fire ant and a variety of plant pests. Other species of particular concern are:
Banana bunchy top virus – Samoa, Fiji, Tonga
Taro leaf blight - Samoa, American Samoa, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands,
Hawaii
Taro beetle - Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and
Vanuatu
Banana scab moth – Australia, Solomon Islands, American Samoa, Samoa, others.
Space & Flynn (2002) identified 28 weed species that they considered priorities to keep out of the
country. Indications are that the country has successfully excluded them to date. They put a
particular emphasis on Miconia calvescens found in French Polynesia and Hawaii because of its
potential devastating impact. They also provided lists for Rarotonga, Aitutaki, Atiu, Mangaia,
Mauke, Mitiaro and the Northern Group of invasive and potentially invasive plants found on other
islands but not on these.
Invasive species are everyone’s responsibility
The movements of people, and their goods and supplies, are the key pathways that invasive species
take to reach a country or move from island to island within it. So the behaviour of individuals is
the key to their management. We need to avoid bringing ‘at risk’ goods into the country (fruit, plant
material including seeds, soil (even on boots), etc.). If you see a plant overseas that you would like
to grow in Cook Islands, identify it, and then request an import permit through Biosecurity Service
first. They will do a ‘risk assessment’ to decide if it is safe to import into the Cook Islands.
If you are importing a container of goods, or deck cargo such as a vehicle or timber, check it very
carefully when you get it home and alert Biosecurity Service if you find any live animals/insects, or
their eggs. There are several examples of damaging species being found in this way in Table 1.
Don’t try to take specimens to Biosecurity staff which may risk their spread, but close the container
and ask the staff to come to you. Keep an eye out in your village, plantations and forest for any
unusual animals or plants, for trees with leaves being eaten or dying over large areas – you may be
the first to spot the arrival of a new plant disease or insect pest. Detecting it early is the key to
eradicating it and potentially saving Cook Islands millions of dollars.
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Inter-island biosecurity
A key part of this strategy will be to try to prevent invasive species moving between different
islands within the country. It is too late to eradicate many from Cook Islands altogether but we can
maybe keep some islands free of them. Invasive species found on some islands but not others
include ship rats, Indian myna, no-see-'em biting-midge, Mimosa invisa and many other weeds.
International responsibilities
Invasive species are clearly also an international issue with an emphasis on preventing them moving
from one country to another. Agencies and exporters in the countries of origin have some defined
responsibilities to check some consignments before they are sent and to provide paperwork
identifying what is in containers, other cargo and mail items. This system can go wrong, as in the
lettuce aphid example (Table 1) when the three boxes found to contain the pest were identified as
having missed inspection as the exporter had sourced them from another supplier to make up the
order. There are a number of international and regional organisations undertaking coordinating
roles, a number of international regulations in force, and countries that trade with each should work
in close cooperation.
Cook Island’s native biodiversity at risk
The Cook Islands has 63 native species assessed for their conservation status using the IUCN Red
List of Endangered Species that are ranked as ‘endangered’ (8 species) or ‘vulnerable’ (55 species)
(ISSG 2014). There are ten endemic species, i.e. found only in the Cook Islands, on the list, six
birds (five ‘vulnerable’ and one ‘near-threatened’), one reptile (‘vulnerable’) and three fish (‘least
concern’).
These species and the key factors that threaten them with extinction are identified in Table 3. (Note:
the three endemic marine fish are not included as invasive species are not considered among their
threats).
The country’s landsnail fauna includes species endemic to the country and endemic to Rarotonga
itself. There is a pattern of extinctions spreading from coastal areas to the interior on Rarotonga,
particularly of ground dwelling species, and invasive species are implicated in this and pose a threat
to some remaining species (Brook 2010). Rooting and scratching by pigs and chickens can disturb
ground-layer micro-habitats making them uninhabitable by snails, and ship rats, mice, introduced
ants and other invertebrates were likely predators.
20
Table 3: Cook Islands threatened endemic birds and lizards and the key threats to them.
(Source: modified from ISSG 2015 and Gerald McCormack pers. comm.).
Species
IUCN Red
List
Category
Location
Invasive Species Threats
Cook Islands Reed-warbler
(Acrocephalus kerearako)
Near
threatened
Mangaia,
Miti’aro
Cats, Pacific and ship rats (predation); goats
(habitat modification)
Rarotonga starling
(Aplonis cinerascens)
Vulnerable
Rarotonga
Common myna (competition, disturbance); ship
rats (predation); introduced diseases
Atiu Swiftlet (Collocalia
sawtelli)
Vulnerable
Atiu
Landcrabs (predation)
Rarotonga Flycatcher
(Pomarea dimidiate)
Vulnerable
Rarotonga,
Atiu
Cats, and ship rats (predation); weeds (habitat
modification)
Cook Islands Fruit-dove
(Ptilinopus rarotongensis)
Vulnerable
Rarotonga,
Atiu
Common myna (competition, disturbance?);
ship rats (predation?); introduced diseases
Mangaia Kingfisher
(Todiramphus ruficollaris)
Vulnerable
Mangaia
Common myna (competition, disturbance); cats,
(predation); goats (habitat modification)
Cook Islands skink (Emoia
tuitarere)
Vulnerable
Rarotonga
Cats, and potentially Pacific, Norway and ship
rats (predation)
Note: The arrival of ship rats on islands where they are currently absent, e.g. Atiu, is identified as a very significant
invasive species threat.
The National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan (2002) identified 30 endangered plant species.
Competition from introduced vines and shrubs is one of the factors that threaten their continued
survival.
Cook Island’s productive sectors at risk
The importance of tourism to the country was identified earlier. Invasive species can impact on
tourism in several ways, such as mosquito-borne diseases that discourage people from visiting;
invading climbing vines and foreign trees that can turn Polynesian tropical forests into replicas of
ones found overseas; or predators that remove native fauna leaving only foreign species.
An example of an invasive species that affects tourists is the no-see-'em biting-midge (Culicoides
belkini), small biting insect that can pass through mosquito screens, found on Aitutaki, Manuae and
Mitiaro. A taxonomic review identified this species as present in French Polynesia in the 1960’s and
indicated that it had probably arrived there from overseas via the airfield (Wirth & Arnaud 1969)
and it was first detected in Aitutaki about the same time (McCormack 2015). It reached Mitiaro in
around 1980.
The agricultural sector does not make a large contribution to the country’s exports but is vital for
people’s livelihoods providing much of the food they eat, particularly on islands other than
Rarotonga. It also provides the tropical fruits that tourists expect to enjoy. Most food crops have
21
been brought in from overseas so are very vulnerable to the arrival of pest insects, fungi and
diseases from their native lands, because Cook Islands has none of the other organisms that keep
them in balance overseas. Traditional cropping systems, that involved leaving land fallow for
several seasons, have come under pressure from population growth and reducing fertile land
available. Over-cropping of land, with limited crop rotation or fallow periods, has resulted in the
depletion of soil organic matter and nutrients in many areas. Incidences of soil pests and diseases,
such as nematodes and phytopthora root rot, have risen rapidly and conditions have favoured the
spread of weeds (Cook Islands Government 2013).
Commercial forestry is no longer pursued in the Cook Islands, other than via small plantations by
private individuals. So any insect pests and diseases that can affect overseas species introduced for
forestry can have limited impact nationally.
Collecting seafood in lagoons and reefs provides an important source of protein for people which
could be impacted by marine invasives. Aquaculture poses a particular risk by concentrating non-
native organisms in situations where there would be no natural controls for any alien invasive
species that can arrive. There are clear pathways for such invasive species to arrive either with
marine farming equipment or stock – an importation of freshwater prawns from Fiji was banned
when testing revealed the presence of two viruses that can cause a significant disease (Ministry of
Marine Resources file). When an outbreak of disease occurred in pearl farms in Manihiki,
technicians were required to bring their seeding equipment to Ministry of Marine Resources for
sterilisation when they arrived and left the country. While invasive species can threaten the success
of an aquaculture project, the more significant, irreversible impacts can be on native fauna – i.e. on
Cook Islands’ freshwater prawn species in this case.
Why a NISSAP is needed
Invasive species are an ever-present and growing threat and their management involves many
different organisations from Government Departments, NGO’s, farmers, fishermen and women, and
island communities. This management effort has in the past been fragmented and under-resourced
and the NISSAP seeks to address this by bring all stakeholders together around an agreed plan of
priority actions.
While border control procedures to minimise the introduction of new invasive species are in place,
the necessary resources and personnel to be fully effective at the international and national levels
are lacking. It is widely perceived that the system is not backed up by adequate action (fines,
prosecutions) being taken when an interception is made. Border control covers the movement of
22
passengers and cargo via air and sea transports and in addition to this the shipping companies must
manage wastes and ballasts from their vessels.
Several initiatives have been implemented to educate and make the public aware of the risks
involved in smuggling in plants from overseas undeclared however the problem continues
highlighting the need to expand or alter the current education and awareness program (National
Environment Service 2011).
The sphere of invasive species management is vast and severely under resourced (especially human
and financial) and as a result some invasive species populations have grown to levels where
eradication or even management is either impossible or well beyond our means therefore a
concentrated effort will be needed at the national, regional and international arenas to manage
where we can (ibid).
Invasive species management has concentrated on plant and animal pests of the productive sector in
the past, but there has been a growing recognition of their impacts on native biodiversity and the
environment as a whole. This recognition has led to increasing efforts from environmental agencies,
taking more of a coordination role addressing all invasive species, and to the development of a
regional programme. Production of the NISSAP is an activity within that programme: the GEF-PAS
regional invasives project ‘Prevention, control and management of invasive alien species in the
Pacific Islands’ being implemented by UNEP with SPREP as the executing agency.
The NISSAP takes account of the regional guidelines produced by SPREP and SPC whose goal is:
‘To assist Pacific Island countries and territories in planning the effective management of invasive
species, thereby reducing the negative impacts of invasives on their rich and fragile native heritage,
communities and livelihoods’ (SPREP 2009). The Action Plan is organised according to the three
thematic areas of the Guidelines: Foundations, Problem Definition, Prioritisation, and Management
Action.
Implementation of the NISSAP should ensure that Cook Islands meets the Aichi target 9,
established under the Convention of Biological Diversity: that by 2020, invasive alien species and
pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled, and measures are in place
to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.
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Process of NISSAP development
An overseas consultant was recruited to assist in the development of the strategy. He made a first
visit in May 2015 to collect information and meet with the key agencies. A second visit in June
2015 centred on the development of the draft Action plan and included agency meetings and two
workshops, one focussed on the national picture and one on Pa Enua including representatives of
the islands of Aitutaki, Atiu, Mangaia, Mauke and Mitiaro. All the outer islands were circulated
with a questionnaire to identify the priority pests of most concern to their communities.
A draft plan was circulated on….. [complete at end]
Linkages of the NISSAP to other strategies
This section reviews other Government strategies and policies that address invasive species and the
sectoral plans of the key agencies involved. The actions identified in this NISSAP should be fed
into these strategies and plans when they are next revised.
National Strategies
Cook Islands has a strong framework of national strategies and policies in place and many show
that environmental issues are mainstreamed across different sectors and invasive species are widely
mentioned.
The Cook Islands National Sustainable Development Plan 2000-2015
The country’s key national strategy is working towards a national vision “To enjoy the highest
quality of life consistent with the aspirations of our people in harmony with our culture and
environment”. Ecological Sustainability is one of eight priority areas with the following goal:
‘Environment for Living: A Cook Islands where we sustain our ecosystems and use of our natural
resources efficiently’.
A key objective within Ecological Sustainability is ‘Protect our Biodiversity and Ecosystems’ and
‘stepping up our efforts to actively control invasive species’ is identified as part of the planned
effort. However there were no measurable targets established for invasive species management.
Revitalising agriculture is another objective within the Plan though there is no mention of
enhancing the control of possible agricultural pests at the border.
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The next National Sustainable Development Plan 2016-2020 is under development and will be
based on the identification of ‘National Development Goals’ and relevant indicators. Three of 16
suggested goals relevant to invasive species are to: ‘Achieve food security and improved nutrition,
and increase sustainable agriculture’ which covers biosecurity and to ‘Conserve and sustainably
use our ocean, lagoon and marine resources’ and ‘Protect, promote, sustainable land use,
management of terrestrial ecosystems, and halt biodiversity loss’ which should include the
management of invasive species threatening marine and terrestrial species and ecosystems. A series
of up to five targets are to be developed under each goal. Consultation with different agencies on
the goals and indicators is scheduled for June-July 2015 [update - has this happened?], so it should
be possible to feed in indicators identified in the NISSAP.
Sectoral Strategies
National Environment Strategic Action Framework 2005-2009 (NESAF)
The NESAF was developed as a mandate under the Environment Act 2003, to replace the 1992
NEMS, and became the leading environment policy framework for the period from 2005-2009. It
provides guidance and direction to the Cook Islands to protect, conserve and manage its
environment and natural resource. It contained a key performance indicator in relation to invasives:
‘Estimated Areas (size) of contamination by spreading invasive species reduced as a result of
effective control’.
Four immediate invasive species priorities were identified:
1. A survey of all islands for invasive species
2. A community-based programme to eradicate invasive weeds and animal pests that are not
yet widespread on particular islands
3. A national programme to assist with the control of more serious invasive weeds and animal
pests
4. A multi-sectoral review of control of trans-boundary and inter-island movements of
terrestrial and marine IS.
An implementation review in 2008 identified the following progress against each:
1. Report completed of IAS on Rarotonga, Aitutaki, Atiu, Mitiaro and Mauke. Paper on
grazing impacts of goats. Rat control initiatives at Takitimu and monitoring on Aitutaki and
Atiu. Myna bird eradication on Atiu. Status survey of agricultural invasives.
25
2. Initiative on Mauke to eradicate Red-Passion Vine. Initiatives to eradicate Mimosa from
Mitiaro, Mauke and Mangaia ceased due to funding constraints.
3. Monitoring exercises through Ministry of Agriculture e.g. Cuban thrip and fruit-flies.
4. Biosecurity Act 2008 enforced. Draft Biosafety Framework and National Status Report on
Biosafety prepared.
An updated NESAF 2013-2017 [adjust dates] is under development. It contains as a strategic target:
‘Effective prevention, control and management of Invasive Species’ and identifies a series of
actions that will be included in the Action Plan (Section 8.0).
‘Healthy soils, healthy foods - sustaining our common livelihoods.’ Agriculture & Food
Sector Strategy. 2015 draft.
This strategy identifies the overuse of pesticides as one way that agriculture impacts negatively on
the environment and recommends an Agro‐ecology approach whereby more attention is paid to
diversified cropping systems and‐or integrated crops‐livestock systems. Integrated pest management
helps to protect crops against pests by relying on the natural environment such as beneficial trees,
plants, animals and insects.
Land Use Policy (2008 Draft)
This policy identifies pests and weeds among the predominant adverse environmental effects of land
use. It proposes a policy element of ‘Coordination and processes to protect agricultural systems and
forests from weeds, pests and pathogens.’
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan (NBSAP)
Cook Islands produced its first NBSAP in 2002 and is currently preparing a second one, allowing
the priority actions identified in the NISSAP to be fed directly into this. Invasive species
management was one of eight themes in the initial NBSAP, with goals to reduce the adverse
impacts of invasive species on indigenous species and ecosystems and on agricultural species and
ecosystems, including preventing new invasions. It is expected to have equal importance in the
second NBSAP.
The Fourth National Report to the CBD includes a collation of the country’s most serious alien
invasive species and reviewed progress towards the invasive species goals of the NBSAP.
26
National Biosafety Framework
A draft National Biosafety Framework was completed in 2008. It identified that the Framework
should be used to strengthen the legislation and management of biosecurity as a whole to reduce the
risks posed by invasive species and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s). Its steering
committee recommended the development of an Independent Biosecurity Agency. Other
recommendations on importing procedures and risk analysis are equally applicable to invasive species
as they are to GMO’s.
A legislative review was carried out as part of the process to develop the Framework. This was used
to guide the compilation of section 7.0 on legislation.
National Capacity Self-Assessment
The Biodiversity Thematic Assessment carried out within this project summarised the capacity gap
in relation to invasive species (National Environment Service 2007) and identified the root causes
as follows:
Insufficient capacity for effective implementation of Quarantine legislation and activities
such as monitoring and management of ports for early detection and action against invasive
and potentially species
Current border control staff are limited and some are unskilled or have no scientific
background
Limited capacity to identify and carry out thorough risk assessments on potentially invasive
species
Limited capacity to respond to the threats posed by invasive species, particularly to identify,
control, eradicate and monitor invasive species to minimize their impacts on biodiversity
resources
Lack of policies and legislation prohibiting and preventing the movement of invasive
species between islands of the Cook Islands
Ports lack capacity to control or prevent movements of biomaterial between islands and
internationally
Limited coordination of efforts to eradicate invasive species
Assessment of feasibility of eradication and control options for invasive species in the Cook
Islands is limited as well as identified successful methods
Communications between relevant stakeholders related to invasive species is limited
Limited awareness of how invasive species are introduced and spread within the Cook
Islands
27
Lack of awareness of the potential consequences of clearing vegetation in terms of the
spread of invasive species further inland where the majority of our endemic and native
species reside
Border Control and Ministry of Health has yet to initiate plans to minimise to risk of health
impacts from events such as Avian Influenza or SARS - no plan of action has been prepared.
Many of these are still relevant eight years later.
National Disaster Risk Management Policy 2005
The policy requires formal processes of risk management to be applied in all aspects of national
development planning, and emphasises the need to strengthen the resilience of the Cook Islands and its
communities through the development of effective preparedness, response and recovery arrangements.
The Central Policy and Planning Office is responsible for coordination and implementation of the
national disaster risk reduction policies.
Cook Islands National Disaster Risk Management Arrangements 2009
This plan, formulated under the National Disaster Risk Management Act 2007, is to provide the
framework to support national disaster risk reduction and disaster management. Invasive species (IS) are
listed as ‘high’ risk based on their potential to create major emergencies or national disasters in the
Cook Islands. While they contain no specifics in relation to IS, the Arrangements set out the system
relevant to all identified risks including communication, planning and responding. Clearly key activities
in relation to invasives are the development of an Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) Plan
and the running of simulation exercises to maximise preparedness for a new invasion of a potentially
damaging IS.
Cook Islands National Action Programme (NAP) for Sustainable Land Management
(SLM) (Government of Cook Islands 2013).
The NAP was prepared in accordance with the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification and recognised invasive species as an important part of the context for SLM.
Improving information on invasive species was included within a goal of ‘Science Technology and
Knowledge is enhanced to address desertification/land degradation pressures and mitigate the
effects.’
28
Invasive species in corporate plans
For invasive species management to be appropriately organised and resourced it should appear in
the Corporate Plan of the key agencies and this section reviews these.
Ministry of Agriculture
The Ministry of Agriculture Business plan 2015-16 identifies several biosecurity-related challenges
that the NISSAP can address:
The risks posed by neighbouring countries with serious pests
The lack of trained biosecurity staff in the outer islands to carry out border control activities
e.g. non-scheduled vessels, yachts, etc.
It has the following invasive species-related goals and targets:
1. maintain an effective and efficient pest surveillance and monitoring programme throughout
the Cook Islands including the regular monitoring of the “Fruit Fly” traps (Research &
Development)
2. rear and release biological agents for the management of selected invasive species (Research
& Development)
3. effectively implement the Bio-Security Act 2008 throughout the Cook Islands (Biosecurity)
4. review the Draft Biosecurity Regulations (Biosecurity)
5. monitor the status of animal health and other diseases that may impact on both local
livestock sector as well as the human population (Livestock)
These are incorporated in the Action Plan (Section 8.0).
National Environment Service
The NES 2015-16 Business Plan identifies the current project that funded this NISSAP as one of its
Aid projects: 3.2.2 Project Two– Prevention, control and management of Invasive Alien Species in
the Pacific Islands. It identifies ‘Promoting and implementing the National Invasive Species
Strategy and Action Plan’ as a target/indicator for 2016/17. The Island Futures Division within the
Biodiversity Conservation Unit is the division responsible for invasive species management.
Ministry of Marine Resources
There is no specific mention of invasive species in the Ministry’s business plans, but the following
three outputs would cover their management particularly through preventative measures and
advocacy and education:
29
Output 1 Offshore Fisheries
To expand income earning opportunities from sustainable offshore fisheries, through
effective management, capacity building, and infrastructure and market development
Establish monitoring and controls to prevent illegal practices.
Promote sanitary standards through appropriate legislation and practical implementation to
apply to all Cook Islands fish products wherever they may be sold or exported to.
Implement all conservation and management measures agreed by any regional fisheries
management organization to which the Cook Islands is a Member.
Output 2 – Pearl industry support and environmental management
Develop capacity in cross-cutting areas within the marine sector concerning environmental
management, public health safety and food safety programs.
Output 3 – Inshore fisheries and aquaculture
Ensure safe, sustainable fishing and conservation practises, the protection of culture and
tradition and long term food security.
2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The ‘precautionary principle’ should be applied – where there is not enough information to predict
whether a species will become invasive or not, it should be assumed that it will have a damaging
impact and action should be taken to stop it establishing or spreading. It should also be assumed
based on international experience that any species imported to only be kept in ponds, pens or cages
will eventually escape into the wild.
Preventing the arrival of introduced species is more effective and cheaper than trying to manage
them when after they arrive. So an emphasis should be placed on effective border control.
Eradication is more effective and cheaper in the long run than permanent control of an invasive
species, so it should be attempted in situations in which it is likely to succeed. Eradication is most
effective if a new arrival is detected early while in small numbers so surveillance is important.
Species that cannot feasibly be eradicated should be considered for ongoing control, particularly
biological control. This control may be aimed at keeping them out of important sites for native flora
and fauna, e.g. protected areas, or restricting them to very low numbers there.
30
3. GOAL, THEMES & OUTCOMES
Goal:
To facilitate and guide the protection of the country’s pristine biodiversity and the livelihoods of
people from the impacts of invasive species, through strong collaboration.
Mission:
To conserve biodiversity, wildlife habitat, recreation resources, scenic quality, and crop production,
while protecting human health and safety, by facilitating cooperation and coordination among land
managers and owners to reduce the threat of invasive species.
To carry out effective prevention, control and management of invasive species.
Themes:
The strategy follows the Regional Guidelines (SPREP 2009) with three themes as follows:
Theme A: Foundations
Managing invasive species is a huge task that will only be effective if based on strong foundations.
This requires:
Generating Support - from Government, village communities, and funders
Building Capacity – including strong institutions, individuals with sound management and
technical skills, and regional networks
Legislation, Policy and Protocols – appropriate laws, regulations, policies, protocols and
procedures.
Theme B: Problem definition, prioritisation and decision-making
There are a large number of invasive species present in Cook Islands and many more outside its
borders, and resources to tackle them are always limited. There needs to be systems in place to
make decisions on how to allocate resources based on the best possible information on the
distribution, numbers and likely impacts of these species.
This requires:
To establish baseline information on invasive species and monitor change;
to establish systems for risk management and prioritisation;
31
to update knowledge and develop new management techniques.
Theme C: Management Action
Management action has three elements:
biosecurity - preventing the arrival of new invasive species through effective border control;
eradication or control of those invasive species already present;
restoration work if needed on sites where invasive species (e.g. weeds) have been removed.
4. PATHWAY ANALYSIS
A spreadsheet has been compiled that identifies the detailed means that the different IS present in
Cook Islands move around (ISSG 2014). As an example, soil is a medium that can transport weed
seeds, the nests of ants, the eggs of African land snail and larvae of pest insects. This section
reviews the major pathways through which invasive species can enter the country or move between
islands within it.
There are several peaks in activity at the border from Customs and Biosecurity points of view:
yachts - May to September; peak tourism by air – April to September and December; and cruise
ships – January to March.
4.1 International
By Air
Three international airlines currently fly into Rarotonga in the Cook Islands:
Air New Zealand: Up to nine flights a week via Auckland departing from Adelaide,
Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane.
Virgin Australia: Four flights a week via Auckland departing from Brisbane, Sydney and
Melbourne.
Tahiti Nui: One flight a week from Papeete.
By Sea
Commercial shipping
There are three international shipping schedules currently operating through the Cook Islands,
operated by two companies Matson (MV Liloa and MV Olomona) and Transam (MV Tiare Moana)
32
and they run on an approximately three weekly cycle with ships originating from Auckland, New
Zealand. There are two container ports in the Cook Islands one on Rarotonga and one on Aitutaki.
Matson’s vessels travel to Cook Islands via Suva (Fiji), Apia (Samoa) and Pago Pago (American
Samoa).
The S/V Kwai operated by Hawaii Pacific Maritime occasionally visits the Cook Islands bringing
cargos from the United States and entering the country via Penrhyn directly from Hawaii via
Kiribati.
The keys to blocking the commercial shipping pathway are good procedures when filling containers
and preparing manifests (lists of contents) at the country of origin; inspecting and fumigating as
many as possible on arrival in Cook Islands; then careful emptying them at their destination.
Paperwork providing a clean bill of health should be received by border control from the
forwarding countries. Some goods and machinery are shipped as deck cargo and pose a particular
risk.
Visiting Yachts
There are 3 designated Biosecurity Ports of Entry for yachts visiting the Cook Islands: Rarotonga
(Avatiu Harbour), Aitutaki (Arutanga), Atiu (Taunganui). No one can come ashore until a vessel
has been cleared by Customs, a biosecurity clearance has been issued by Quarantine, and a
‘certificate of pratique’ issued by Health Department. Suwarrow Atoll is not a recognized port of
entry however the Government has relaxed its laws permitting vessels to enter the island only when
the park rangers are present. May to September is the main period during which yachts visit the
Cook Islands.
Table 4 identifies for each port which agency is responsible for the biosecurity clearance as
Biosecurity Service staff are not present on all islands. [All islands have agriculture officer and
some are appointed as biosecurity officers. Suwarrow NES officer appointed biosecurity officer]
[Add Table 4]
A registry of 80 yachts visiting Suwarrow between mid-June and September 2014 identified that the
last port visited by 74 (92.5%) of these was in French Polynesia, 3 from Kiribati, 1 from American
Samoa and 2 from elsewhere in the Cook Islands. This confirms a strong potential pathway for
invasives to move by yacht from French Polynesia.
33
Voyaging Canoes
A recent Te Manava Vaka Festival illustrated the high risk posed by traditional vaka voyaging to
the Cook Islands. Despite prior discussions between the Biosecurity Service and the festival
organisers, Biosecurity staff found and destroyed over 30kg of fresh fruit on a vaka from French
Polynesia, a country identified as one of the highest risk sources of invasive species for the Cook
Islands. The Biodiversity Director identified in the media that this quantity of fruit could have
concealed over 100 fruit flies.
Photo: Agriculture officers take the confiscated fruit away to be burned. (Source: Biosecurity).
Cruise ships
[Add information on cruise ships – no of visits annually from what countries? Can Ports Authority
provide this?]
Other External Pathways
Natural disasters
Natural disasters such as cyclones may directly carry new invasive species to Cook Islands, but
their major threat is an indirect one through the consequent relief operation. Large quantities of
supplies and relief materials are likely to enter the country over a short period from a variety of
different countries, at a time that border control facilities and procedures have broken down.
34
While humanitarian needs are obviously the priority, disaster management planning needs to
emphasise biosecurity to avoid the recovering population being also faced with a long-term threat to
their economy or environment. There may be a need to bring in overseas biodiversity personal to
assist local staff manage the increased traffic, potentially including high risk items, at a time they
may also be looking after family crises.
The Cook Islands National Disaster Risk Management Arrangements provide a framework for
border control procedures to be strongly maintained during disaster responses (Government of Cook
Islands 2009).
‘Natural’ pathways
New organisms can also arrive in the ways that they have done so forever unaided by people; by
flying to Cook Islands, being carried here on the wind, swimming here or ‘rafting’ here on floating
vegetation. All people need to keep an eye out for any unusual species and assess any found for the
risk they pose.
4.2 Internal Pathways
By Air
There are airports on nine islands: Rarotonga, Aitutaki, Atiu, Mangaia, Mitiaro, Mauke, Manihiki,
Pukapuka, and Penrhyn. [Info from 2008 NBF draft – is this still correct?]
By Sea
Taio Shipping runs a shipping service approximately once every two months from Rarotonga to
Penrhyn, Rakahanga and Manihiki, once every two and a half months to Palmerston and Pukapuka,
and once or twice a month to Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke and Mangaia.
Cook Islands Towage Ltd run a regular service to the Pa Enua. [can we add more details of its
frequency] [I see the barge sank off Mauke in November. Does that change what future service will
be?]
As a possible example of transmission by the internal sea pathway, an individual in Penrhyn
commented that he saw an insect that he had never seen on the island before only a couple of
months after the shipment of aggregates for the solar project there (Dorothy Solomona pers.
comm.).
35
5. ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
This section identifies the roles of the main agencies and organisations who are stakeholders in IAS
management.
5.1 National
The Ministry of Agriculture plays a major role in invasive species conservation through
administering the Biosecurity Act, 2008. It has two key divisions involved:
Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) – Research Division
Undertakes research on and maintains database of agricultural pests
Undertakes biocontrol programmes
MoA - Biosecurity Service
Administers Biosecurity Act 2008 through:
o Managing border control & quarantine
o Import and export requirement including risk assessment for importation of new
species
National Environment Service (NES)
The mandate of the NES is provided by the Environment Act 2003. Three key functions are to:
Protect, conserve, and manage the environment to ensure the sustainable use of natural
resources
Protect, conserve, and manage wildlife, in particular protected species
Protect, conserve and manage the environment in relation to Cook Islands waters.
It is largely to achieve these functions that the NES has an important role in managing invasive
species, primarily those impacting on native biodiversity. The NES manages the Cook Islands
activities within the Regional GEF-PAS project: ‘Prevention, control and management of invasive
alien species in the Pacific Islands’.
Ministry of Marine Resources (MMR)
Ministry of Marine Resources is responsible for both inshore and offshore fisheries management.
The Marine Resources Act 2005 defines the fishery waters of Cook Islands as the internal waters,
36
territorial sea and exclusive economic zone. The Ministry is mandated to provide for the
conservation, management and development of marine resources.
Natural Heritage Trust
This Trust was established by the Natural Heritage Trust Act 1999 and its goal is to encourage the
protection of the natural environment and associated traditional knowledge by an increased
awareness of Cook Islands plants and animals, and related traditional and scientific knowledge.
The Cook Islands Biodiversity data base developed and maintained by the Trust is the principal
source of information of terrestrial and marine plants and animals including their invasiveness.
Te Ipukarea Society
The mission of Te Ipukarea Society (TIS) is to promote the balance and harmony, which should
characterise the relationship of the Cook Islands people with other components of our environment.
It has three core objectives:
To disseminate information and create public awareness amongst members and the
community regarding environmental matters.
To demonstrate sound ideas and practices for the purpose of promoting conservative and
sustainable development through carefully selected field projects; such demonstrations to
draw on the traditional knowledge and practices where they are considered beneficial.
To co-operate with similar organizations within the Cook Islands and throughout the world
for the purpose of advancing the course of conservation and sustainable development.
TIS is managed by a voluntary committee and paid staff and volunteers attend to the day-to-day
running of the Society and it is a member of IUCN and Birdlife International. It is involved in
several invasive species projects including the eradication of rats from Suwarrow and support for rat
control to protect kakerori in Rarotonga.
Farmers Support Association (FSA)
Register growers association in the CIs[add? Brian to provide list]
Titikaveka Grower’s Association
This association has the aim: ‘to promote, facilitate and manage Biological and Organic practises
in all forms of Agriculture, Livestock Management programs and other self- dependency ventures in
those fields’.
37
Department of Customs
The Customs Service is the Government agency with the role of ensuring security of the border and
protecting the country from the entry, or exit, of people, craft, or goods and other treasured items,
where the entry or exit may pose a risk to national interests. This includes assisting in preventing
the entry of invasive species. It also works to ensure that lawful travellers and goods can move
across our border as smoothly and effectively as possible.
Customs staff have the power to search any goods or persons arriving at the Border or to check the
documentation and contents of goods either imported to or exported from and to the Cook Islands.
[Clarify the following] The Cook Islands has 9 designated Customs ports of entry Rarotonga
International Airport Avarua, Rarotonga Avatiu, Rarotonga Arutanga, Aitutaki Akaiami Sea
Landing, Aitutaki Taunganui, Atiu Omoka, Penrhyn Yato, Pukapuka Tauhunu, Manihiki Tukao,
Manihiki
Approved Ports of Entry Omoka, Penrhyn – Customs Officer, Island administration Tauhunu and
Tukao, Manihiki – Police Officer Yato, Pukapuka – Police Officer, Island Administration
Taunganui, Atiu – Police Officer, Island Administrator Non approved Customs Port of Entry,
Suwarrow – Park Rangers, Environment Services Palmerston – Quarantine Officer We have offices
in Avarua, Aitutaki and Penryhn. Our areas of operations include airports, vessels, marine ports,
airfreight and seafreight facilities, postal centre, and express mail.
Department of Public Health
[add?]
Cook Islands Ports Authority
[add?]
Biodiversity Steering Committee (BSC).
Seven steering committee members from key stakeholders in Biodiversity related issue were
initially appointed by the Cook Islands Government for the NBSAP projects in 200? [add date] and
the composition of steering committee has changed over time.
It consists of representatives of the following agencies:
National Environment Service,
Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Finance and Economic Management,
Ministry of Culture,
Natural Heritage Trust
House Of Ariki and
Koutu Nui
Te Ipukarea Society
38
Each steering committee member has a role to play in regards to the progress of biodiversity
projects and activities in the Cook Islands. They provide a useful forum for discussion of issues
affecting the environment and biodiversity, give overall policy guidance, support and advice on
biodiversity-related issues and meet when required.
5.2 Regional
SPREP and SPC are the two key agencies to provide regional coordination and support for the
management of invasive species with impacts on native biodiversity, and agricultural and fisheries
sectors, respectively. SPC also supports border control programmes. Annex 1 provides further
details of their roles and identifies other agencies and initiatives that support invasive species work
in the region.
6.0 PAST & CURRENT PROGRAMMES
GEF-PAS Regional Invasives Project – Prevention, control and management of
invasive alien species in the Pacific Islands
The National Environment Service is managing the Cook Islands component of this regional nine-
country project coordinated by SPREP. It contains the following main activities:
development of this NISSAP
revised risk analysis and early detection and rapid response systems to include invasive
species that threaten biodiversity
ship rat early detection surveillance (Atiu, Suwarrow)
formulation of an Emergency Response Plan
develop of community training and awareness programme
management activities including determining practices for Cuscuta or Dodder (Rarotonga)
and beach burr (Pukapuka), and sand flies (Aitutaki and Mitiaro); eradication of red
passionfruit (Mauke); rearing and re-distribution of biocontrol agents for priority species
including Mimosa invisa;
Border Control & Quarantine
The ongoing work of the Biosecurity Service is guided by a Biosecurity Manual revised in 2014
that covers:
Aircraft and Passenger Clearance
Vessel and Yacht Clearance
39
Import clearance - ensuring that all inward cargo meet Biosecurity requirements
Export certification - ensuring that all exports of both private and commercial agricultural
products are as pest-free as can possible be and in compliance with the protocol of the
country of destination
Internal quarantine - certification of the movement of plants within the Cook Islands.
Nineteen staff are employed on biosecurity work on Rarotonga and a small number of the
Agriculture Department staff on the outer islands have training in this field.
Internal (inter-island) Border Control
Prevention of arrival, or early detection and eradication of rats
The return of any rat species to Suwarrow or the arrival of ship rats on Atiu would be disastrous for
birdlife. Measures put in place to prevent this include a biosecurity plan for Suwarrow and an
awareness programme on Atiu including the poster below.
40
Emergency Response
There has been some work on emergency response plans to sit under the National Disaster Risk
Management Arrangements. A Cook Islands Animal Health Emergency Response Plan was
endorsed by Cabinet in June 2011. The plan identifies the steps to be taken following the detection
of an outbreak as:
investigate and determine the extent of an outbreak
establish quarantine measures at affected sites to contain the pest or disease
identify the likely source of the outbreak
assess the feasibility of successful eradication being achieved.
It identifies the high risks posed by the possible arrival of diseases such as avian influenza and
Newcastle disease, affecting poultry or other birds, and foot and mouth disease affecting cattle, pigs
and goats.
The GEF-PAS Invasive Species project has budgeted for the development and testing of a more
general Emergency Response Plan for all invasive species.
Eradication of Pest Vertebrates
Suwarrow Island Rat Eradication
Suwarrow Island is a National Park with globally significant seabird populations, consisting of 30
motu fringed around a lagoon with a landmass of c.1.68sq km. Pacific rats were detected on one
motu in 2008 during a seabird survey and four motu were later found to be infested. In May 2013
the National Environment Service, Te Ipukarea Society and Birdlife International carried out a
ground poisoning operation using the toxin brodifacoum (Munro 2015). Subsequent monitoring has
determined that this operation was successful and Suwarrow officers have not detected any rats
there since. A draft Biosecurity Plan has been developed to minimise the risks of rats becoming re-
established in the future.
Programmes to eradicate Indian Myna
A major programme was initiated on Atiu (2693ha) in 2009 aiming to eradicate myna to increase
the productivity of native birds, including the chattering kingfisher, and the kakerori and Rimatara
lorikeet recently introduced to the island. A programme coordinated by the Cook Island Natural
Heritage Trust has reduced an estimate population of about 6000 to less than 20 (as at June 2015)
[update] through a combination of poisoning, trapping and shooting.
41
A feasibility study was prepared in 2006 on the eradication of myna from Mangaia (5180ha) to
protect the kingfisher that is endemic to this island (Parkes 2006). This concluded that eradication
was both justified and technical feasible. Experience from the programme on the smaller island of
Atiu would be likely to significantly increase the chance of success. It was decided that further
proof of the detrimental effect of the myna on the kingfisher was needed to ensure that the
community (and funding agencies) would be more convinced that the myna should be eradicated
with the sake of the species. Surveys organised by the Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust
indicated that there were limited negative interactions between the kingfishers and mynas so
eradication is not justified.
Control of Pest Vertebrates
Control of rats to conserve kakerori on Rarotonga
A 26-year programme of periodic control of ship rats, by poisoning 155ha of forest at Takitumu
Conservation Area using a grid of bait stations, has increased kakerori numbers from 29 in 1989 to
over 300 birds today. A second population of birds has been established on Atiu and as a result of
the recovery programme the status of the species has been down-listed from ‘critically endangered’
to ‘vulnerable’.
Control of Pest Invertebrates
Response to the arrival of Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (Rarotonga, March 2007).
After initial delimiting surveys, systemic insecticides were used to control the species at sites that
contained high numbers of adult insects. In October 2007, a tiny (2 mm) parasitic wasp,
Gonatocerus ashmeadi was imported from Tahiti and released as a possible biocontrol at three sites
about 1 km apart. Since its release, the wasp has multiplied and spread quickly in areas where
GWSS is present. Monitoring results indicate that the GWSS population has significantly
decreased. Almost all eggs of GWSS collected from the field had been parasitised by the wasp.
Although the wasp will not eradicate GWSS entirely from the island, it is keeping the population
under control.
Response to the arrival of two thrips (Rarotonga, 2009).
The Cuban laurel thrip (Gynaikothrips ficicorum) and red-banded thrip (Selenothrips rubrocinctus)
arrived in Rarotonga around November 2009 and reached high numbers in their first year attacking
tomatoes, Benjamin fig trees, pawpaws and orchids, avocado, Terminalia trees and potentially
mangoes. Insecticides cannot achieve complete control and there are plans to introduce a tiny
42
predatory bug (Macrotrachelia thripiformis) from the Philippines as a biocontrol (Source: Cook
Island News 12 October 2010). An import-risk analysis has been undertaken which concludes that
“the benefits of introducing it for the long-term control of the Cuban laurel thrip outweighs any
possible risk of negative side effects”. [update – would this also tackle the red-banded thrip?].
Biological control of coconut scale (Aspidiotus constructor)
This is a major pest on coconut trees and many other fruit trees on Atiu. A ladybird beetle
Chilocorus circumdatus, originally introduced from Australia around 1990 was transferred from
Rarotonga in 2008.
Studies and control of no-see-'em biting-midge
The Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust organised a team of international experts to visit Aitutaki
and Mitiaro in 2015, funded by the GEF-PAS Invasives Project to study this species and identify its
breeding sites (McCormack 2015). The midges were observed breeding on the edge of a small
swamp on Aitutaki, where follow-up control work is planned, and in the large central swampland
on Mitiaro.
Control of Pest Plants
Biocontrol programme
A weed biocontrol scoping study was carried out in 2012 by Landcare Research (Paynter & Lloyd
2012). It identified 41 priority weed species of which a smaller number were suitable for biocontrol
in the near term. Two species, the giant sensitive plant (Mimosa diplotricha) and lantana (Lantana
camara), were not included because they are already well controlled by biocontrol agents that have
been introduced to the Cook Islands. Eight species were identified for initial work.
Community-based programmes
Several community projects on Mauke, Mangaia, Aitutaki and Mitiaro have been focused on
eliminating Passiflora rubra (Pōkutekute), Mimosa invisa (Pikika’a atupaka) and Mimosa pudica
(Pikika’a).
Munro & Kaokao (2015) reported on a programme funded by the GEF-PAS Invasives Project to
control red passion fruit which is confined to a single site on Mauke. There have been several
previous attempts to eradicate this plant from 2001 onwards, and the latest effort was initiated in
2007 led by the Environment Officer based on the island. There have been no sightings of mature
red passion fruit since 2013 and all juveniles have been killed. However there are increasing
43
numbers of seedlings germinating from dormant seeds in the ground. Ongoing consistent efforts are
needed to ensure that the seedlings are destroyed before they reach fruit-bearing age.
Management of Marine Invasives
There has not yet been any work conducted on the control of any marine alien invasive species. The
native crown of thorns starfish (COT) is occasionally controlled when numbers rise to a point that
reefs suffer significant damage, e.g. on Aitutaki in ? [add date]
The Ministry of Marine Resources maintains a thorough biosecurity programme to manage the
importation and exportation of new organisms for aquaculture. The rejection of prawn shipments
was identified earlier. Paua spawning and rearing is governed by an export protocol that involves
the shells of broodstock being cleaned with chlorine before spawning, all water used for rearing
being filtered and this stock is isolated from the normal rearing of other clams.
Education and Awareness
National Environment Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Te Ipukarea Society have undertaken
awareness programmes related to invasive species. As examples, the National Environment Service
organised a ‘cross the island walk’ with Avarua school looking at threats to biodiversity, and has
developed an Invasive Species poster series (as below).
The Ministry of Agriculture ran a very comprehensive awareness campaign following the Oriental
fruitfly outbreak including TV and radio programmes. [Are there any posters or leaflets that could
be included here?]
44
Example of Invasive Species posters produced by NES.
Photo: Elizabeth Munro, Senior Biodiversity Officer introducing invasive species during a Web of Life school
programme.
45
7.0 LEGISLATION & INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
The following Acts and Regulations include provisions relating to invasive species management:
7.1 National Legislation
Biosecurity Act 2008
This Act is to prevent the entry of animal and plant pests and diseases into the Cook Islands, to
control their establishment and spread in to the Cook Islands, to regulate the movement of animal
and plant pests and diseases and of animals and plants and their products; to facilitate international
cooperation in respect of animal and plant diseases; and to make ancillary and related provisions.
Its sections include coverage of border and internal controls, import and export procedures, and
quarantine. It sets out the functions of the Cook Islands Biosecurity Service which are extensive.
The following legislation has been repealed with the passing of the Biosecurity Act:
Plants Act 1973, Plant Quarantine Regulations 1993, Domestic Quarantine Regulations 1993,
Animals Act 1975, Animals Importation Redulations1992, Animals Disease Prevention Regulations
1982, Copra Act 1970; Wandering Animals Act (24 of 1976); Cook Islands Fruit Regulations 1965,
(S.I. 146/1954).
Environment Act 2003
This is the principal legislation for biodiversity conservation. It provides national legislation for the
conservation and management of biodiversity as follows:
Protected Species – Designating animals and plant as protected species for the purpose of
this Act.
Providing for the protection, conservation and management of wildlife, protected species or
both.
Regulating or prohibiting trade and commerce in wildlife, protected species, or both.
Protected Areas – Establishing Protected Areas
Environment (Biodiversity and Conservation) Regulations 2015
These regulations are currently being revised to fit a new Crown Law template. Part 2 ‘Trade in
Endangered Species’ includes the following provisions:
1 Restrictions on Trade
46
(1) Unless a person holds a permit, issued by the Service before the trade takes place, that
person must not trade in—
invasive alien species to the Cook Islands
invasive alien species between islands of the Cook Islands
invasive native species between islands of the Cook Islands.
Pa Enua Local Government Act 2012-13
One of the Objects of the Act is to enable Pa Enua Local Governments and their island communities
to decide on how best to promote the social, economic, cultural and environmental well-being of the
respective islands.
It contains provisions for the Crown to transfer responsibilities to empower the Pa Enua Local
Government to perform any functions and exercise any powers, and to make bylaws which could be
applied to aspects of invasive species management.
Disaster Risk Management Act
This Act provides for Disaster Risk Management in the Cook Islands. Its objects are to ensure
Disaster Risk Management procedures are put in place, establish an efficient structure for the
management of disasters, and enhance the capacity of the government, relevant agencies and the
community to effectively manage the impacts of disasters.
Note: The Cook Islands National Disaster Risk Management Arrangements 2009 identified invasive
species having a high potential to create major emergencies or national disasters in the Cook
Islands.
Maritime Rules 2014
Several Rules were made in 2014 pursuant to the Maritime Transport Act 2008/4 including one to
implement the country’s obligations under the International Convention for the Control and
Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. This places administration of the Rules which
incorporate the Convention with the Ministry of Transport.
47
7.2 Island Specific Regulations:
Environment (Mitiaro) Regulations 2006
These extracts from regulations for Mitiaro show the types of controls that island ‘governments’ can
impose. The regulations state that it is:
‘Unlawful to import into or keep on the island any animal, or any coconut or plant not native to the
island except with prior written approval of the Ui Ariki and the Island Council and provided that
all Quarantine measures have been taken.
The Island Council may, from time to time, in consultation with the Island Environment Authority,
establish measures necessary for the control or eradication of invasive animal or bird species that
threaten or harm any birds present on Mitiaro which are native to Mitiaro.
All pigs shall be kept outside any residential area or at least fifty metres from:-
(a) any occupied dwelling; or
(b) the boundary of any neighbouring land.
Every owner of a pig shall keep such a pig within a suitable enclosure, or tethered.
The Island Council shall be entitled to appoint and dismiss certain persons to act as Enforcement
Officers to assist in enforcing these Regulations who may, when required, also be deemed to
include any Officer of the Environment Service, Police Department, Quarantine, Public Health,
Marine Resources and Public Works.’
7.3 International Conventions & Agreements
Convention on Biological Diversity (Ratified 1993)
This is the key convention relating to the conservation of flora, fauna and ecosystems. It requires
countries to develop a NBSAP and specifically to ‘prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate
those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species.’
An Aichi Target 9 adopted by a Conference of the Parties to the CBD covers invasive species as
follows: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority
species are controlled, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction
and establishment.
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
48
The IPPC is an international agreement on plant health developed in 1951 and overseen by the Food
and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Its objectives include:
protecting sustainable agriculture and enhancing global food security through the prevention
of pest spread
protecting the environment, forests and biodiversity from plant pests
facilitating economic and trade development through the promotion of harmonized
scientifically based phytosanitary measures
developing phytosanitary capacity for members to accomplish the preceding three
objectives.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
UNCLOS includes (Part V) prescription of exclusive economic zones (EEZs) stretching to 200
nautical miles from its coast over which a country has special rights over the exploration and use of
marine resources. Part XII contains provisions for protection and preservation of the marine
environment including minimising pollution and preventing the introduction of invasive species.
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (July 2002)
This protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity aims to ensure the safe handling, transport
and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology. The Parties
undertake to ensure that the development, handling, transport, use, transfer and release of any
LMOs are undertaken in a manner that prevents or reduces the risks to biological diversity, taking
also into account risks to human health. While LMOs are different from invasive species similar
processes of risk management, border control and quarantine apply.
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and
Sediments (2004).
The key obligation on Parties is ‘… to undertake comprehensive actions in order to prevent, reduce
and if possible eliminate the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through the
control and management of ships’ ballast water and sediments.’
8.0 ACTION PLAN
The 10-year Action Plan is based on the nine outcomes in the regional guidelines.
Outcomes & Actions
Activities
Target
Means of Verification and
Monitoring Frequency
Responsibility
Financing
GUIDELINES – THEMATIC AREA A: FOUNDATIONS
A1.Generating Support
OUTCOME 1.1: The impacts of priority invasive species on biodiversity, economies, livelihoods and health, are widely understood and actions to manage and reduce them are supported.
Raise awareness of the public on
the impacts of IS present in Cook
Islands, and those that are a
potential threat, on the country’s
biodiversity, economy, livelihoods
and health
Develop and utilise awareness materials of
the most damaging terrestrial invasive species
not found in Cook Islands but at high risk of
arriving from overseas.
Poster of IS not found in the Cook
Islands developed in 2016
Poster of IS not found on 6 Pa Enua
islands produced in 2016
Poster produced and distributed
to all islands
NES, MOA
GEF- IAS
Project
Develop and utilise awareness materials on
the potential threat of marine invasive species
to the Cook Islands
Poster of marine IS that could
theoretically reach Cook Islands
produced in 2016
Poster produced and distributed
to all islands
MMR, NES
Develop and utilise 1-pager for each island
identifying priority IS not found there yet but at
risk of arriving from neighbouring islands.
1-pager produced for each island in
2016.
Pamphlets created in 2017 to identify
each high risk species with warnings
aimed at preventing their arrival
Materials produced and
distributed to all islands
SPC, MOA and
NES, Outer
Islands
Develop and circulate awareness material on
increased threats from invasive species
associated with climate change
Pamphlets, hand-outs and records of
TV and radio programmes produced
by 2018
Materials produced and
distributed
MOA, NES
50
Outcomes & Actions
Activities
Target
Means of Verification and
Monitoring Frequency
Responsibility
Financing
Raise awareness of Island Governments of
the threat posed by invasive species
Organise a presentation on this issue
during the Mayors’ meeting in 2017.
Record of Mayors’ meeting
NES, Island
Mayors
Carry out education programmes to
raise awareness among school
pupils
Work with primary schools to introduce
invasive species through events during
Environment Week or National Days (e.g.
Biodiversity Day, Lagoon Day, World Food
Day)
Programmes established for primary
school children to follow at school or
during field visits, 2016-20.
Children pass on what they learn to
parents
Record of students’ participation
NES, MOA
Awareness and understanding of IS raised in
secondary schools by incorporating invasive
species into curriculum and school visits by
experts.
The issue of IS is taught via different
subjects in schools: e.g. biology,
science, social studies [date]
? visits are made to each secondary
school annually.
Record of number of schools and
students involved with the
subject annually.
MOA, NES,
SPC, Education
Investigate possibility of developing self-
learning DVD (as EMCI example) on invasive
species (targeting adults and students)
Material sourced from SPC, SPREP,
FAO, modified for Cook Islands and
brief DVD produced 2016-17. DVD
aired on TV.
DVD produced and aired on TV.
A2. Building Capacity
OUTCOME 1.2: The institutions, skills, infrastructure, technical support, information management, networks and exchanges required to manage invasive species effectively are developed.
Ensure the necessary organisation
is in place to implement the
NISSAP.
Organise the Biodiversity Committee
to take on a role of coordinating the
implementation of the NISSAP.
Review the composition of the Biodiversity
Committee to identify if any key stakeholders
in invasive species management are missing,
and add their representatives.
Committee to include an annual review of
progress on NISSAP implementation in its
schedule.
Two committee meetings held on
invasive species and NISSAP a year,
one undertaking an annual review.
Meeting minutes twice a year.
NES, Steering
Committee
members
51
Outcomes & Actions
Activities
Target
Means of Verification and
Monitoring Frequency
Responsibility
Financing
Ensure adequate staffing to manage
invasive species.
Ensure that a staff member at Environment
Services has invasive species management
as a key part of their role.
Ensure that MoA Biodiversity is staffed to fully
cover the rest of the Cook Island beyond
Rarotonga to manage border control. (Can
also take on IS management activities).
Ensure that a staff member at Marine
Resources has marine invasive species
management as a key part of their role.
Staff position identified 2016.
[What is the target – all islands (or
which islands?) have a resident
biosecurity officer by [what date?]
Staff position identified 2016.
Job description
NES
BIO, MOA
MMR
Training/capacity needs addressed.
Ensure that Biosecurity staff receive training to
bring them up to date with continued
upgrading of Biosecurity/border control
manuals, inspection tactics, laws (Biosecurity
Act) and legislation.
Ensure that staff of all agencies undertaking
border control on Pa Enua are sufficiently
trained on biosecurity, species identification
and record keeping/database.
Staff trained and carrying out duties
according to procedural manual in
[what date 2016?]
.
PA Enua staff trained by [date?]
Training records.
Records of interceptions at
different islands.
BIO, MOA, SPC,
SPREP, FAO, OPM
[Does FAO have
relevant expertise?]
BIO, MOA
SPC,
SPREP,
CROP
Agencies?
Carry out mid-term review of
NISSAP and develop the next
strategy
Commission an independent review of the
NISSAP in 2020.
Develop a revised NISSAP for 2025-2035
Review completed in 2020
Process to develop new NISSAP
undertaken in 2024
Review report received.
Recommendations acted on.
NES, MOA, BIO
NES
To be
sourced
Strong links are maintained to
regional support and expertise to
achieve effective and timely
information exchange
Continue partnerships with CROP Agencies
and regional networks (PPPO, PIRAS, PAP-
Net, etc)
Discuss with SPREP the creation of a Cook
Islands Pacific Invasives Learning Network
(PILN) team
Regular networking undertaken and
updates on new technologies
received
Cook Island PILN team created in
2016 if agreement reached
Records of information
exchanges
NES, MOA, BIO
52
Outcomes & Actions
Activities
Target
Means of Verification and
Monitoring Frequency
Responsibility
Financing
A3.Legislation, Policy and Protocols
OUTCOME 1.3: Appropriate legislation, policies, protocols and procedures are in place and operating, to underpin the effective management of invasive species.
Biosecurity Regulatory Framework
completed.
Develop regulations identified under
Biosecurity Act including prescribing the range
of fines for breaches.
Regulations completed by 2017 and
system of fines in place.
Legislative record
MOA, BIO, SPC,
FAO
To be
sourced
Develop or revise policies.
Complete a revised NESAF
Develop a Biosecurity Policy
Revision of NESAF completed by
[date?]
Biosecurity Policy developed and
approved by [date?]
Strategy & policy in place.
NES
BIO, MOA
Maintain and update biosecurity
procedures manual
Biosecurity procedures manual reviewed for
both shipping and aircraft-related activities
Biosecurity procedures manual
reviewed every two years, beginning
in 2017
Revised manual
BIO
MOA, SPC,
FAO
Maintain updates biosecurity import
specifications
Review and update import specification
requirements.
Update border agencies and importers of any
revised requirements
Regular update of specifications,
beginning in 2016 [?], and meetings
held with border agencies and
importers.
Updated requirements.
Records of compliance and non-
compliance with the
requirements.
BIO, Customs,
importers
Biosafety framework completed
Review and endorse biosafety framework and
carry out capacity building on this.
[Target etc please]
NES/MOA?
GUIDELINES - THEMATIC AREA B: PROBLEM DEFINITION, PRIORITISATION AND DECISION-MAKING
53
B1.Baseline and Monitoring
OUTCOME 2.1: Systems are in place to generate baseline information on the status and distribution of invasive species, detect changes, including range changes and emerging impacts.
Carry out necessary surveys to
identify full range of priority invasive
species present on all islands and
monitor spread.
Carry out invasive species stocktake of
existing IS on most islands of the northern
group
GIS Mapping of distribution of IS on northern
islands
Surveys completed by 2020
Survey reports; distribution maps
and information entered in
database
NES, MOA, NGO’s
Carry out surveys for marine invasives at
Rarotonga and Aitutaki ports.
[Timing? Funding etc?]
Survey report
NES, MMR,
SPREP?
Identify and prioritise necessary surveys as
new problems emerge or are detected
Surveys undertaken as required
Survey reports
NES, MOA, MMR
Survey and create GIS maps of distributions of
10 prioritised weed species
[Was this proposed by MOA or NES –
what’s proposed timing, etc]
Survey reports and GIS maps
?
Ensure appropriate data
management and information
systems are in place
Support further development of CI Biodiversity
Database.
Database updated with invasive
species information on ongoing basis
Database content
NHT, NES, MOA
B2.Prioritisation
OUTCOME 2.2: Effective systems are established and implemented to assess risk and prioritise invasive species for management.
Maintain & enhance current risk
assessment system & data
management
Biosecurity risk assessment profiling updated
and inspection protocols are improved.
Operational database systems in place to
enhance biosecurity register and records.
Inspection and report carried out
[date?]
Database up to date and reports
developed.
Report
Database records & reports
BIO
BIO
Prioritise IS for management
Develop prioritization pest list for the CIs
listing from worse to least invasive
Ranking carried out in 2016 [date?]
Completed list
MOA, NES
54
B3.Research on priorities
OUTCOME 2.3: Knowledge is updated for priority invasives, including species biology and impacts, and development of effective management techniques.
Encourage research on priority
species to assist in their
management
Promote local research
Continue no-see-‘em biting-midge research on
Aitutaki.
Research carried out in [date?]
Research reports
NHT
Ensure that staff are familiar with the
use of online systems to identify and
obtain information on invasive
species.
Ensure key individuals utilise the Global
Invasive Species Database
http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/ and
provide it with updates on invasive species in
Cook Islands
Provide key individuals with information on
systems such as PestNet and PIER.
Staff making full use of databases
and these are updated regularly with
Cook Islands’ information
Databases
NES, MOA. BIO,
NHT
Carry out research on taro to
address risk of taro leaf blight
Carry out programme of breeding and
selection to identify taro varieties
resistant/tolerant to leaf blight
Research identifies resistant/tolerant
varieties by 2017
Research reports
MOA
Carry out pesticide research
Carry out testing of recommended pesticides
on IS
Testing completed as new pesticides
become available
Test results on efficacy of
pesticide reported
MOA [?]
GUIDELINES - THEMATIC AREA C: MANAGEMENT ACTION
C1.Biosecurity
OUTCOME 3.1: Mechanisms are established to prevent the spread of invasive species across international borders and between the Pa Enua and main islands, quickly detect and respond to
those that arrive.
Strengthen international border
control
Obtain x-ray machines for airport.
Establish system of instant fines.
Machines in place by [date?]
Fine system established by [date?]
Equipment inventory
Fine records
BIO
55
Strengthen international border
control – marine pathway
Review risks of incursion due to ships from
international ports traveling directly to Pa
Enua
Review conducted by [date?] and
procedures amended as required
Review report and amended
procedures
BIO
Strengthen inter-island biosecurity
procedures
Advocate for revised financial allocation
formula for outer islands biosecurity to reflect
their front-line role in preventing invasive
species reaching the country.
Ensure that all containers and cargo from
high-risk sources are inspected prior to
leaving ports on Rarotonga and Aitutaki.
Implement plan for rat management on inter-
island shipping.
Carry out a feasibility study for a pa enua
biosecurity policy/regulation under the
Biosecurity Act
Assess the opportunities for Island Councils
to introduce bylaws to reduce risks posed by
invasive species.
Ensure the implementation of the Suwarrow
Biosecurity Plan.
Revised allocation achieved by
[date?]
Inspection of containers and cargo to
pa enua
Rat management plan in place by
[date?]
Feasibility study carried out in 2017
Assessment carried out in [date?] and
bylaws introduced in [date?] if
appropriate
Full compliance with Suwarrow
Biosecurity Plan from 2016
Financial reports
Inspection report produced
Plan documentation
Study report
Assessment report and bylaws
Reports of compliance and plan
breaches
NES, MOA,
Treasury
MOA, OMIA
BIO, NES?
BIO, OMIA
BIO, NES, OMIA
NES
Establish early detection and rapid
response systems
Complete an Early detection and Rapid
Response Plan and carry out a simulation
exercise.
Ensure implementation of and compliance
with Cook Islands Animal Health Emergency
Response Plan.
Plan and exercise completed in 2016
Officers ware of duties and crying out
implementation of plan from 2016
onwards
Establish store of emergency
response equipment in 2016
Plan and report of exercise
Biosecurity reports
Store established and inventory
maintained
NES, BIO, MOA,
SPC, SPREP
BIO
BIO
GEF-PAS
IAS project
56
Maintain or establish surveillance
programmes.
Re-establish fruit-fly surveillance on all
islands
[Targets & date?]
BIO, MOA
Research, SPC
Cary out ant identification and surveillance
training for border agencies and establish ant
surveillance at port
Targets & date?]
BIO, MOA Research
Maintain current programme to manage
disease-carrying mosquitoes
Targets & date?]
Health Department
Maintain programme to detect any arrival of
ship rats on Atiu.
[any targets]
[any reporting?]
NHT?
Monitor and enforce ballast
discharge regulations
Strengthen surveillance and compliance with
ballast water regulations and carry out
capacity building for staff involved
[any targets]
[any reporting?]
CIPA
EIA processes to include movement
of IS????...check ESD form…
C2.Management of established invasives
OUTCOME 3.2: The impacts of priority established invasive species are eliminated or reduced by eradicating or controlling the target species.
Continue biocontrol programme for
priority weeds
Maintain programmes for current target
species: mile-a-minute, lantana, giant
sensitive weed,
Bring new species into the programme as
scheduled: African tulip tree, strawberry
guava, cocklebur, red passionfruit, grand
balloon vine
Add peltate morning glory to the programme if
research shows it to be a recent introduction.
.
Monitor spread of bio-control agents already
introduced.
[details of targets/timings]
Programme and survey reports
MOA Research,
Landcare Research,
NZ
57
Carry out rat control and eradications
Investigate feasibility and cost-benefit of
eradicating Pacific rats from Takutea
Feasibility assessment carried out in
[date?]
Feasibility report
NES, NHT?
Feral pigs
Review options to reduce the impact of feral
pigs on Atiu and other islands including
establishment of slaughtering unit so feral
animals can be processed and sold on
Rarotonga.
Review carried out in 2017
Review documentation
MOA, Island
Council(s)
Feral goats
Review options to control goats on [slands to
protect habitats on the makatea including use
of slaughtering unit
Review carried out in 2017
Review documentation
MOA, Island
Council(s)
Management of myna
Complete eradication of Indian myna on Atiu.
Eradicate myna if they arrive on any new
islands
Eradication completed in 2016
Eradications initiated as required
Programme reports
Reports
NHT
NES, NHT
No-see-‘em biting-midge
management
Apply measures to control midges on Aitutaki
and Mitiaro if trials identify suitable ones
Control initiated in 2016 if appropriate
Project reports
NHT, NES
Ant management
Provide communities with advice to manage
little fire ant
Advice developed and widely
circulated in 2016
Awareness materials
NES
Control mosquito populations to
reduce spread of disease
Maintain current programme of Health
Department including bi-annual community
public health check (tutaka).
Programme delivered annually
Programme reports
Health
Maintain community-based weed
control programmes
Support control programme for cockleburr on
Pukapuka
Continue programme to eradicate red
passionfruit on Mauke
Establish/support programme to remove new
plants of Mimosa invisa emerging on any
other island
Establish/maintain programme to eradicate
Mimosa pudica on Mitiaro
Programme delivery continues 2016
onwards
Programme delivery continues 2016
onwards
Establish and deliver programme
from 2016 onwards
Establish and deliver programme
from 2016 onwards
Programme reports
Programme reports
Programme reports
Programme reports
NES, MOA
NES, MOA
NES, MOA
NES, MOA
Assess the Impacts of climate
change on invasive species
Commission a review of the likely implications
of climate change on the distributions and
impacts of invasive species in Cook Islands.
Review commissioned in [date?]
Review documents
NES
Investigate options for managing
Singapore daisy (Wedelia triloba), a
species that thrives in dry conditions
Assess options for managing Wedelia on
Rarotonga and Aitutaki to reduce its spread,
including use of the herbicide metsulfuron..
Study and trails undertaken in [date?]
Study and trial reports
MOA, NES
58
Develop awareness to inform the public not to
introduce it to other islands.
Awareness materials developed in
[date?]
C3.Restoration
OUTCOME 3.3: Following invasive species management the best methods are determined and implemented to facilitate effective restoration of native biodiversity or recovery of other
values.
Biodiversity/plant restoration
Re-plant areas appropriately where weeds
have been removed such as java plum,
acacia, guava
Area where weeds have been
removed or controlled is appropriately
replanted.
report
NES, SPREP,
Key to abbreviations:
[Will list the agency abbreviations again here]
59
9.0 MONITORING & EVALUATION
[Section to be discussed and added on how the implementation of the NISSAP will be implemented and monitored – roles of NES, Biosecurity and
Biodiversity Committee]
References
Biosecurity New Zealand. 2008. Bio-control for Glassy-winged Sharpshooter in Cook Islands. Biosecurity Magazine 85: 12-14.
Brook, F.J. 2010. Coastal landsnail fauna of Rarotonga, Cook Islands: systematics, diversity, biogeography, faunal history, and environmental influences.
Tuhinga 23: 161-252.
Diggles, B., Hine, P.M. & Carson, J. 2007. The Cook Islands experience: pearl oyster health investigations, pp. 71-85. In: M.G. Bondad-Reantaso, S.E.
Gladdery and F.C.J. Berthe. Pearl oyster health management: a manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 503. Rome, FAO. 120pp.
FAO 2010. Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles - The Cook Islands. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 25pp.
Government of Cook Islands. 2002. Cook Islands Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. 80pp.
Government of Cook Islands. 2009. Cook Islands National Disaster Risk Management Arrangements. 44pp.
Government of Cook Islands. 2013. Cook Islands National Action Programme For Sustainable Land Management. National Environment Service and
Ministry of Infrastructure and Planning. 84pp.
Hunter, D., Pouono, K. & Semisi, S. 1998. The impact of Taro Leaf Blight in the Pacific Islands with special reference to Samoa. Journal of South
Pacific Agriculture 5: 44-56.
ISSG. 2014. Compilation and Review of Invasive Alien Species Information for Cook Islands. Unpubl. report for the National Environment Service.
Invasive Species Specialist Group, Pacific Regional Office, Auckland, NZ.
Lowe, S.; Browne, M.; Boudjelas, S. & De Poorter M. 2004. 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Species: A selection from the Global Invasive Species
Database. Updated & Reprinted 2004. ISSG, Auckland, New Zealand.
60
McCormack, G. 2007. Dengue and mosquito control on Rarotonga. Unpubl. report, Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust.
http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org
McCormack, G. 2015. Report on the study of Culicoides “sandflies” on Ootu, Aitutaki and on Mitiaro. Unpubl. report, Cook Islands Natural Heritage
Trust. 6pp.
Munro, E. 2015. Rat Eradication on the Island of Suwarrow. Unpubl. report of National Environment Service. 11pp.
Munro, E. & Kaokao, B. 2015. Control of red passion fruit (Passiflora rubra) on Mauke. Unpubl. report of National Environment Service. 12pp.
National Environment Service. 2007. Cook Islands Thematic Assessment Report, National Capacity Self Assessment. National Environment Service,
Government of Cook islands, Rarotonga. 65pp.
National Environment Service. 2011. Cook Islands 4
th
National Report to the Convention of Biological Diversity. National Environment Service,
Government of Cook islands, Rarotonga. 126pp.
O’Dowd, D.J., Green, P.T. & Lake, P.S. 2003. Invasional ‘meltdown’ on an oceanic island. Ecology Letters 6: 812-817.
Maja Poeschko, M. 2010. Fighting back against thrips. Cook Islands News, October 2010.
Parkes, J. 2006. Protection of Tanga’eo, the endemic Mangaia kingfisher (Todiramphus rufficollaris) from common myna (Acridotheres tristis). Contract
Report for Tapororoanga Ipukurea Soceity. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand. 28pp.
Rodda, G.H. & Savidge, J.A. 2007. Biology and impacts of Pacific Island invasive species. 2. Boiga irregularis, the brown tree snake (Reptilia:
Colubridae). Pacific Science 61: 307-324.
Space, J.C. & Flynn, T. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern. Unpubl. report of
U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Hawaii, USA. 146pp.
SPREP. 2009. Guidelines for invasive species management in the Pacific: a Pacific strategy for managing pests, weeds and other invasive species.
SPREP, Apia, Samoa. 20pp.
Wirth, W.W. & Arnaud, P.H. 1969. Polynesian biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects 11(3-4): 507-520.
61
Acknowledgements
[to be done by NES at end]
62
Annex 1: Regional and international organisations and databases related to invasive species management.
(Source: Prepared by ISSG for Kingdom of Tonga’s draft NISSAP (2013)).
Secretariat of the Pacific Commission (SPC)
SPC helps Pacific Island people respond effectively to the challenges they face and make informed decisions about their future and the future they wish
to leave for the generations that follow. Go to the website for a description of the core business of each of SPC’s Divisions and more detailed information
about how they can help.<http://www.spc.int/>
Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)
SPREP works towards a Goal that, by 2015, all Members will have improved their sustainable management of island and ocean ecosystems and
biodiversity, in support of communities, livelihoods, and national sustainable development objectives, through an improved understanding of ecosystem-
based management and implementation of National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plans.
The SPREP Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management Strategic Priority will be delivered through four main priority thematic areas: Invasive Species,
Island and Oceanic Ecosystems, Threatened and Migratory Species, and Regional and International Instruments
<http://sprep.org/Biodiversity-and-Ecosystems-Management/bem-overview>
Pacific Islands Roundtable for Nature Conservation (PIRNC)
Formed in 1997 at the request of Pacific Island Countries and Territories, PIRNC serves as a forum whereby organisations working on nature
conservation in the Pacific can improve their collaboration and coordination to increase effective conservation action. In particular it is the coordination
mechanism for the implementation of the Action Strategy for Nature Conservation in the Pacific Island Region 2008-2012. The Action Strategy was
endorsed by SPREP members, and highlights the priority concerns for conservation in the Pacific region as well as outlining a roadmap for achieving the
key goals. It is to be reviewed in December, 2013.
<http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/oceania/roundtable/>
PIRNC has a number of Working Groups, one of which addresses invasive species; the Pacific Invasives Partnership (PIP). PIP is the umbrella
regional coordinating body for agencies working on invasive species in more than one country of the Pacific and promotes coordinated planning and
assistance from regional and international agencies to meet the invasive species management needs of the countries and territories of the Pacific.
<http://sprep.org/Pacific-Invasives-Partnership/invasive-partnerships>
Two regional programmes operate with the guidance and support of PIP:
Pacific Invasives Initiative (PII)
63
PII builds the invasive species management capacity of Pacific island countries and territories by providing technical support, training, assistance with
proposal and project design, and links to expertise.<http://pacificinvasivesinitiative.org/pii/index.html>
Pacific Invasives Learning Network (PILN)
PILN is a professional network for invasive species workers in the Pacific and organises skills and learning exchanges, workshops and meetings, and
facilitates multi-sector invasives teams in countries.<http://sprep.org/Pacific-Invasives-Learning-Network-PILN/piln-welcome>
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) - Oceania Regional Office
IUCN Oceania is working with like-minded organisations to contribute to the conservation of species and ecosystems in the Oceania region. Increasing
awareness about the importance of species and the threats they are facing is crucial. The concept of “Investing in Nature” is central to this approach: too
often, humans take other species and their day-to-day uses for granted. It is vital that investments in natural resources promote sustainable long-term use,
management and conservation of the species we utilise in our everyday lives.
<http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/oceania/priorities/>
Hawai`i-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment
Hawai`i-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (HPWRA) provides a free service. Professional botanists use published information to predict whether plants
have a low-risk or high-risk of becoming invasive in Hawai`i or similar Pacific islands. The information is available on the Plant Pono website
<http://plantpono.org/hpwra.php>. (HPWRA receives funding from the Hawai`i Invasive Species Council <http://www.hawaiiinvasivespecies.org/hisc/>
and Plant Pono received funding for website development from the Kaulunani Urban and Community Forestry Program <http://www.kaulunani.org/>)
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Species Survival Commission (SSC), Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) aims to reduce threats to natural ecosystems and the native species they contain by increasing awareness of
invasive alien species, and of ways to prevent, control or eradicate them. ISSG is a major source of information on invasive species either through the
Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) or by direct contact. <http://www.issg.org/about.htm>
Global Invasive Species Database (GISD)
The GISD focuses on alien species known to have negative impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystems. It features over 850 species profiles of some
of the most harmful species. While there are taxon and geographical biases on selection of species (due to funding sources and priority themes) that are
featured on the GISD, the Oceania region is well represented with a large number of harmful species listed. Other information extracted from the GISD
included information on taxonomy, species organism type, common names, habitat type, biome, biostatus information and information on pathways of
introduction and spread of these species.
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
64
The PIER database is focused on plant species that are known to have been introduced to the Pacific region including the Pacific Rim. Information
extracted from PIER included biostatus of alien species at island level, common names in Pacific languages, habitat information and most importantly
links to risk assessments conducted for the Pacific region.
CABI Invasive Species Compendium (ISC)
CABI ISC is an encyclopaedic type of database on invasive alien species that impact biodiversity and livelihoods. CABI maintain compendia on Crop
Protection, Forestry, Aquaculture and Animal Health and Production. The CABI ISC lists invasive species that impact biodiversity as well as pests of
crops and pathogens. The focus for this project was on species that are known to impact biodiversity and ecosystems.
FishBase & SeaLifeBase
FishBase and SeaLifeBase are databases focused on all fish species known to science. Data and information included in FishBase includes ecological
information, information on traits and distribution at country and ecosystem level including in the introduced range of fish species in the aquatic system
(both marine and freshwater). SeaLifeBase consists of similar information on marine species.
Annex 2: Priority terrestrial invasive species of Cook Islands
Species
Comments
Source
Mammals
Ship Rat Rattus rattus
Widespread threat to birds, invertebrates and food crops. Kakerori survival on
Rarotonga dependent on rat control. Need to prevent it reaching Atiu.
2
Pacific Rat Rattus exulans
A particular threat to ground-nesting seabirds on the northern atolls, hence its
recent eradication from Suwarrow
Feral pigs Sus scrofa
A threat to food crop plantations and gardens, particularly on Atiu, Ma'uke, Mitiaro
and Takutea. Also a predator of coconut crabs and turtle eggs on some islands.
2
Feral cats
Likely to threaten survival or establishment of burrow-nesting seabird colonies on
Rarotonga and atiu.
Feral goats
A particular problem on Atiu where they have removed most of forest understorey
and reduced medicinal plants and grass diversity. (Mostly not feral as such, but
owned and left to wander).
Birds
Indian myna
Subject to an eradication programme on Atiu. Not currently recommended for
control/eradication on other islands where it is established. Detect early and
eradicate if arrives on a new island.
Jungle myna
Recently arrived on Rarotonga and not anticipated that it will cause problems but
should be monitored. Detect early and eradicate if arrives on a new island.
65
Plants
Mile-a-minute Mikania
micrantha
Identified as a pest interfering with agriculture and native forest areas on
Rarotonga. Also found on Aitutaki, Mitiaro, Atiu, Mauke. Biocontrol programme in
early stages.
1,2,3,4
Lantana – Lantana camara
Serious pest on Atiu due to its prickles and poisonous foliage. Subject to ongoing
biological control.
1,2
Mimosa invisa Giant
sensitive weed
Found only on Aitutaki where a psyllid was introduced for biological control with
initial success. Subject to ongoing biological control, but needs programme to
remove new plants emerging from seed bank.
1,2
Pikikaa - Mimosa pudica
Sensitive weed
Identified as a problem by communities on Mitiaro where it occupies four small
areas. Spraying with herbicide is recommended.
1
Grand balloon vine
Cardiospermum grandiflorum
Overgrowing native plants on Rarotonga. Bring into current biocontrol programme
as scheduled.
1,2,4
Java plum Syzygium cumini
Invasive on Atiu and Mauke where it was introduced as a wind-break
1,2
Cockleburr Xanthium
pungens
Maintain community control programme. Bring into current biocontrol programme
as scheduled.
3,4
Merremia peltata
Present on Rarotonga, Atiu, Mitiaro and Aitutaki. Bring into current biocontrol
programme as scheduled.
2,3,4
Merremia spp (4 species
including M. tuberose Wood
Rose)
Survey and monitor spread.
2
Acacia mangium & A.
auriculiformis
Survey and map distribution. Assess threat to native ecosystems and farming and
investigate options to use the timber and plant natives for land stability.
2
Red passionfruit Passiflora
rubra
Subject to control programme on Mauke. Bring into current biocontrol project as
scheduled.
3,4
African tulip tree - Spathodea
campanulata
Bring into current biocontrol programme as scheduled.
3,4
Strawberry guava Psidium
cattleianum
Bring into current biocontrol programme as scheduled.
3,4
Dodder Cascuta sp.
Present on Rarotonga and subject to research on control methods
White ginger Hedychium
coronarium
Infestation on top of Te Kou mountain. Review threat to other mountain areas.
3
Para grass Urochloa mutica
Agriculture pest on Rarotonga – arrived Tuapapa with tomato stock
Invertebrates
Fruit flies – Bactrocera spp.
Ongoing surveillance for new incursions – particularly Oriental and Queensland
fruit flies. Ongoing control by growers of species present.
2
Glassy-winged sharpshooter
Homalodisca coagulata
Subject to ongoing biocontrol on Rarotonga. Awareness to detect & eradicate if
arrives on other islands.
Cuban laurel thrip
Maintain monitoring of biocontrol programme.
66
Gynaikothrips ficorum
No-see-‘em biting-midge
(sand flies) – Culicoides
belkini
Continue research on Aitutaki aimed at minimising impact, including testing
repellents. Apply lessons learned on Mitiaro also.
2
White-fly [spp
Continue research and investigate biocontrol. Pesticide resistance developing.
Leaf miner [spp
Investigate whether earlier biocontrol agent is still present.
Tropical fire ant (Solenopsis
germinate)
Survey to assess distribution and impact (on people and on crops through
encouraging mealy bugs which increase sooty mould); investigate opportunities to
control.
Yellow crazy ant
(Anoplolepis gracilipes)
Survey to assess distribution and impacts on Rarotonga. Assess need and
options for control.
Disease-carrying mosquitoes
– e.g. Aedes aegypti
Ongoing programme of Health or periodic inspections and control to reduce
numbers.
Pest and disease threats to
honey bees
Investigate if problems of reduced pollination due to reduce honeybee numbers
are confirmed by growers.
Marine organisms
Crown of thorns starfish -
Acanthaster planci
This native species periodically has outbreaks when its numbers build up enough
to damage coral reefs.
1
Code of source:
1. 4
th
National report to CBD - identified as ‘most serious’ invasive species by communities during NBSAP consultations. Comments from NES (2004)
2. 2004 5-island survey of Anau Matarangi (NES 2004)
3. Top 15 weeds as candidates for biocontrol (2009 biocontrol workshop by Landcare Research)
4. Top 8 weeds chosen for biocontrol (2009 biocontrol workshop by Landcare Research)
67
Annex 3: Detailed information by island
Table 5: Information relevant to inter-island biosecurity.
Island
Popn
(2011)
2
NES
Agriculture
(Biosecurity
trained)
Marine
Customs
Area (ha)
Aitutaki
1771
2
3 (2 with some
training)
3
1
1805
Mangaia
562
8 (1 trained and
done some
training for
others)
1
N
5180
Mauke
300
1
4 (none with
recent training)
1
N
1842
Atiu
468
1
6 (1 trained who
has trained
others)
1
Police
2693
Mitiaro
189
1
2 plus
fieldworkers?
(One trained)
1
N
2228
Palmerston
60
1
N
405
Pukapuka
451
3
Police
506
Penrhyn
213
3
Police
984
Manihiki
238
1
5
Police
544
Rakahanga
77
1
N
405
Nassau
73
2
N
121
Manuae
0
617
Suwarrow
0
Seasonal
rangers –
how many,
when?
40
Takutea
(22km from Atiu)
0
122
[Please check information in following section is correct. I will tidy this up once we have questionnaires for all islands.]
2
Note: that populations on these islands are generally decreasing over time with the population on Rarotonga showing a corresp onding increase.
68
Island by Island
Rarotonga – area: 6718ha popn: 10572
Aitutaki
5-6 flights/day and up to 8 flights a day around Christmas, all direct from Rarotonga.– 3 people, no transport. Can walk to port but airport 3 miles away
so no flights met. Annual Agriculture operating budget only $1000.
Planning for international flights from Hawaii/Tahiti – will first need to meet all international requirements.
Shipping – two container boats a month – average 20 containers each. Some transit through Fiji etc. Open and spray any container from Samoa, Fiji,
Asia, etc (4-5 a month in this category and increasing). Use manifest to open some others – e.g. traders importing potatoes, onions etc to ensure no soil.
Containers unloaded on to a barge which docks at wharf.
Strict programme for yachts –
Don’t want: Balloon vine, lantana
Present: Starburst – should they tackle it? Mile a minute, meremia. Did not realise wedelia a weed.
Mauke - Basilio
Agr. Staff use own transport. Basilio assists them in an outbreak. Work quite closely together.
Boat only given attention in an outbreak.
Regular flights from Raro – or via Mitiaro or Atiu
Only one or two yachts a year – checked by Agric
Don’t want – fruit fly, sandflies (midge), balloon vine, mimosa, lantana
Tried some control of fire ant.
Chose not to empower Police as biosecurity officers – they did not want it – no training
Atiu
Don’t want ship rat, fruit fly, giant mimosa. – awareness programme for rats, particularly during bird introductions, incl posters at airport.
1 boat a month – not inspected.
6 Agr staff – several near retirement – one with biosecurity training – have identified a school leaver to come through via USP Alafua.
Flights 5 days a week, 2 from Aitutaki and 3 from Raro
No longer meet flights as have to use own car.
69
Cruise ships – all visited by Customs and Police following procedures in Biodiversity Manual. Announcements to all coming ashore not to bring any
fruit.
Mimosa invisa from Aitutaki?
Mitiaro
No whitefly, fruit fly.
No regular flights. Work closely with Island Council – anything found gets referred to Biosecurity.
Boat once a month on circuit with Atiu and Mauke.
No yachts – no uniform – no badge.
2 staff + workers – only 1 with biosecurity experience – plus Island Council advice & assistance.
Mangaia
1 trained biosecurity officer & 7 workers trained by him with some biosecurity knowledge. Always 3 to meet flights at airport. No facilities to inspect
luggage in rain.
3 flights a week from Rarotonga, daily at peak and sometimes then 3/day.
Have a shared use of vehicle but sometimes have to use private ones – former mayor had an interest in biosecurity.
Two staff meet boats – c. 5 containers a year from Rarotonga delivered via barge – no paperwork related to them. Inspected on outside – brown widow
spider found at harbour
Badge but no ID card.
Of concern on island: Bamboo – very strict on cuttings. Plant material imported without phytosanitary certificate get burned.
Don’t want: mango weevil – stopped receiving mangoes and oranges
Northern – how to clear yachts in Palmerston and Penrhyn
Annex 4: Attendees at NISSAP development workshops
[To be added]
