Unit 2 Forming A New Nation

Unit 2

63

Unit 2

Forming A New Nation

What You Will Learn

Chapter 5

The American colonists, although united with Britain throughout the French

and Indian War, grew rebellious over Britain’s effort to control them. As tensions

increased, the spirit of rebellion turned into a call for independence and war.

Chapter 6

In 1776, the colonists officially announced their Declaration of Independence.

A difficult war followed. The American Revolution ended in 1783 with the signing of a

peace treaty declaring American independence from British rule. The United States was

finally its own nation.

Chapter 7

The new United States set up its first national government. Weaknesses in the

Articles of Confederation, however, led to the drafting of a new constitution for the nation.

After much debate, the states approved the Constitution, but many insisted that a bill of

rights be added.

Citizenship Handbook

To be an active citizen, it is important to understand the ideas

behind the U.S. Constitution.

Focus Your Learning

As you study this unit and take notes, you will find the

information to answer the questions below. Answering the Chapter Essential Questions

will help build your answer to the Unit Essential Question.

Chapter 5 Focus Question

How did the relationship

between Britain and the

colonies fall apart?

(page 64)

Chapter 6 Focus Question

How did the American

colonists gain their

independence?

(page 78)

Unit 2 Focus Question

How did the colonists break

away from Britain and create a

republican form of government?

(page 119)

Chapter 7 Focus Question

What were major successes

and failures of the government

under the Articles of

Confederation?

(page 92)

0063_ahon09irnsg_o_un02open.fm Page 63 Tuesday, October 23, 2007 2:52 PM

64 Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 1

Chapter 5

The Road to Revolution

1745–1776

What You Will Learn

Britain and the colonists win the French and Indian War.

When Britain tries to use greater control over the colonies,

tensions mount and finally erupt into a war of revolution.

Chapter 5 Focus Question

As you read this chapter, keep this question in mind: How

did the relationship between Britain and the colonies fall

apart?

Section 1

Trouble on the Frontier

Section 1 Focus Question

How did the British gain French territory in North America?

To begin answering this question,

• Understand what caused war between Britain and

France.

• Find out why British generals suffered early defeats.

• Learn about the Battle of Quebec and the Treaty of Paris.

Section 1 Summary

Britain and France fought over American territory. After

several defeats, the British won the key battle of Quebec. The

French gave their American territories to Britain and Spain.

Competing Empires

In 1753, the French began building forts to protect their

claim to the Ohio River valley. The Virginia Colony claimed

the land, too. The governor of Virginia sent soldiers, led by

young George Washington, to build a fort where the Ohio

River forms. But the French were already building Fort

Duquesne (du

KANE) at the spot. A large French army forced

Washington and his men to return to Virginia.

In Albany, New York, colonial leaders discussed war with

France and a possible alliance, or agreement, with the Iroquois.

The Iroquois, believing the French had the stronger military

advantage, chose not to ally with the British. At the meeting,

Key Events

1754 French and

Indian War

begins.

1765 Stamp Act is

passed.

1775 Fighting at

Lexington and

Concord marks

the beginning of

the American

Revolution.

Vocabulary Builder

Reread the underlined sentence. If

an alliance is an agreement

between two nations to help each

other, what does it mean to ally

with someone?

______________________________

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Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 1 65

Benjamin Franklin presented his Albany Plan of Union.

Under this plan, colonial assemblies would elect a council

that had authority over western settlements, as well as the

power to organize armies and collect taxes to pay war

expenses. The Albany Congress agreed to the plan, but the

colonial assemblies, fearful of losing control of their taxes

and armies, rejected it.

Early British Defeats

In 1755, the British government sent General Edward Brad-

dock to push the French from the Ohio River valley. Brad-

dock did not know the fighting styles of Native Americans.

As Braddock’s troops and Virginia militia neared Fort

Duquesne, the French and their Native American allies

launched an ambush.

Braddock and more than half his men

were killed. Also in 1755, the colonials were defeated at Fort

Niagara and Lake George.

In May 1756, Britain declared war on France—the official

beginning of the Seven Years’ War. Shortly after, the French

captured two more British forts.

The British Turn the Tide

William Pitt became Britain’s prime minister in 1757. He

appointed generals whose talents were equal to the French

challenge. In 1758, Britain captured the fort at Louisbourg

and then Fort Duquesne. These two victories, followed by

others, convinced the Iroquois to ally with the British. With

growing confidence, Britain prepared to attack the city of

Quebec, the capital of New France.

The Battle of Quebec took place in September 1759.

General James Wolfe led the British to victory over General

Montcalm. Without Quebec, France could not defend the

rest of its territories. In 1763, the two countries signed the

Treaty of Paris. France ceded, or surrendered, almost all of

its North American possessions to Britain and Spain.

Check Your Progress

1. What were the provisions of the Albany Plan of Union?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __

2. What two military changes helped the British win?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __



Checkpoint

State the cause of the initial clash

between the British and the French.

_______________________________

Reading Strategy

The word ambush has its origins in

ancient Latin and French words:

imboscare, where boscus means

“woods,” and busk means “bush.”

How does knowing this help you to

confirm the meaning of ambush?

_______________________________



Checkpoint

Explain why Braddock’s well-

trained troops suffered defeat at

Fort Duquesne.

_______________________________



Checkpoint

Name two victories that convinced

the Iroquois to ally with the British.

_______________________________

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66 Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 1

Section 1 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 1 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: How did the British gain French

territory in North America?

 Use this chart to record key information from the section. Some information

has been filled in to get you started.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 5 Focus Question on page 77.

Competing Empires

The French and Indian War begins

• By the 1750s, the British and French were in conflict over the

___________________.Ohio River valley

• To protect Britain’s claim to the valley, ______________________ built Fort Necessity

south of France’s Fort Duquesne

.

• A large French army forced Washington to __________________________________.

The Albany Congress

• During a meeting in Albany, New York, colonial leaders discussed how to win the war and

forming an alliance with the Iroquois

, who refused to ally with the British.

• _________________________ drew up the Albany Plan of Union.

• Provisions of the Plan:

1. A council would have authority over _______________________ and relations

with ______________________________.

2. The council could organize armies

and collect ________________________.

• Colonial assemblies ___________________ the plan.

Early British Defeats

• British General ___________________ was defeated at Fort Duquesne when he

ignored warnings about the dangers of ambushes.

• In May 1756, Britain declared war on France, the official beginning of the __________

______________________________.

• French General Montcalm captured ______________________ on Lake Ontario and

Fort William Henry

on Lake George.

The British Turn the Tide

• British Prime Minister ____________________ sent top generals to command the

British.

• In the fall of 1758, the British took ____________________________.

• In 1759, the British captured _______________________, the capital of New France.

The other major French city, ____________________, fell in 1760.

Terms of the Treaty of Paris, 1763

• Britain’s new territories: _________________________________________________

• Spain’s new territories: __________________________________________________

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 66 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 2 67

Section 2

The Colonists Resist Tighter Control

Section 2 Focus Question

How did the French and Indian War draw the colonists

closer together but increase friction with Britain? To begin

answering this question,

• Find out why Britain prevented colonists from settling

beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

• Learn why Britain tried to increase the colonists’ taxes.

• Find out how the colonists reacted to the Stamp Act.

• Understand why the Townshend Acts led to protests.

Section 2 Summary

To pay its war debts, Britain levied new taxes and controls

on the American colonists. Each new act caused greater

disunity between the British government and the colonies.

Conflict With Native Americans

By 1763, Britain controlled most of North America east of

the Mississippi River. Native Americans within this region

feared the encroachment of British settlers onto their lands.

In May 1763, the Ottawa leader, Pontiac, attacked British

settlements. Many settlers were killed, and Britain struck

back. By August, Pontiac’s forces were defeated. Pontiac

fought for another year, but by fall 1764, the war was over.

To avoid more conflicts, Britain issued the Proclamation of

1763. It banned colonial settlements west of the Appalachian

Mountains. Many colonists felt the ban went against their

right to live where they pleased.

British Rule Leads to Conflict

The colonists were proud of helping to win the French and

Indian War. Most colonists felt some independence from

Britain, but they were still loyal British subjects. That loyalty

began to erode when Britain, now deeply in debt from the

French and Indian War, began to pass new taxes.

In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act, which put a

duty, or import tax, on several products, including molasses.

Colonial merchants protested. A year later, Parliament tried

to save money with the Quartering Act. This law made



Key Events

1754 French and

Indian War

begins.

1765 Stamp Act is

passed.

1775 Fighting at

Lexington and

Concord marks

the beginning of

the American

Revolution.

Vocabulary Builder

Reread the underlined sentence.

To encroach means “to intrude

gradually.” Why did Native

Americans fear the encroachment

of settlers?

_______________________________



Checkpoint

Explain why Britain banned the

colonists from settling west of the

Appalachian Mountains.

_______________________________

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68 Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 2

colonists provide housing and food to British troops stationed

in the colonies. The colonists angrily complained that the

Quartering Act violated their rights.

The Stamp Act

In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act. It made colonists

buy special tax stamps to put on products, newspapers, and

legal documents. In protest, some colonies passed a resolution

declaring that only the colonial governments had the right to

tax the colonists. Merchants in major cities boycotted, or

refused to buy, British goods.

Finally, colonial delegates sent a petition, a written

request to the government, demanding an end to the Sugar

Act and the Stamp Act. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

At the same time, it passed the Declaratory Act, which said

that Parliament had full authority over the colonies.

Protests Spread

In 1767, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts, which taxed

products imported into the colonies. To enforce these taxes,

and to find smuggled goods, officers used writs of assistance.

These legal documents allowed customs officers to make

searches without saying what they were looking for.

Colonists boycotted British goods to protest this violation

of their rights. Merchants in Britain suffered from the boycott.

They pressured Parliament to repeal the Townshend duties,

which it did—except for the tax on tea.

Then, on March 5, 1770, soldiers in Boston fired into an

angry crowd, killing five. After this Boston Massacre, Samuel

Adams established a Committee of Correspondence in Mas-

sachusetts. Soon other colonies set up similar committees.

They wrote letters and pamphlets to keep colonists informed

of British actions. This helped to unite the colonies.

Check Your Progress

1. Why did Britain pass the Sugar Act and Quartering Act?

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___

2. How did the Committee of Correspondence unite the

colonists?

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___



Checkpoint

Describe what the Quartering Act

required colonists to do.

______________________________



Checkpoint

State how colonial merchants

protested the Stamp Act.

______________________________

Reading Strategy

The Townshend Acts resulted in

problems both in the colonies and

back in Britain. In the

bracketed paragraph,

underline the cause of

problems in Britain.

Circle the effects.



Checkpoint

Name the informational

organization set up by Samuel

Adams.

______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 68 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 2 69

Section 2 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 2 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: How did the French and Indian

War draw the colonists closer together but increase friction with Britain?

 Use this chart to record key information from the section. Some information

has been filled in to get you started.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 5 Focus Question on page 77.

The Colonists Unite to Resist British Control

1754–1763 Colonists fought alongside the British to win the French and Indian War ,

expecting gratitude for their service. But the war put Britain deeply in debt

.

1763 Britain issued the _____________________________, banning settlement

west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped to avoid more wars

with Native Americans, but the colonists largely _____________ the ban.

1764 Colonists protested the Sugar Act

, which put a _______________ on

several products, including molasses, and called for harsh punishment of

__________________.

1765 Colonists protested the ________________________________, which

required them to provide homes and food for British soldiers. Colonists also

protested the ________________________, which put a tax on items such

as newspapers and legal documents. Colonial governments declared that

only they could levy taxes. Patrick Henry made an emotional speech that

bordered on ________________. Colonial merchants _________________

British goods.

1766 Parliament repealed the _________________________, but passed the

__________________________, which claimed that Parliament had total

authority over the colonies.

1767 The __________________________ set up a system to enforce new import

duties. Colonists protested court orders called writs of assistance

,

which were used to search for illegal goods. Once again, the colonists boycotted.

1770 Parliament repealed all the Townshend duties, except the one on________ .

That tax was left in force to demonstrate__________________________

_________________________.

On March 5, the __________________________ occurred, in which five

Boston citizens were killed and six were injured. The colonies set up

______________________________________ to keep colonists informed

of British actions.

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70 Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 3

Section 3

From Protest to Rebellion

Section 3 Focus Question

How did British tax policies move the colonists closer to

rebellion? To begin answering this question,

• Understand why the colonists resented the Tea Act.

• Learn how Britain responded to the Boston Tea Party.

• Read about the battle that began the Revolution.

Section 3 Summary

The colonists’ protests over British policies continued to rise

until the British sent in troops to control the situation. This

caused a confrontation that started the American Revolution.

A Dispute Over Tea

Although most of the Townshend duties had been repealed,

the tax on tea remained. Then in 1773, Parliament passed the

Tea Act. It gave the British East India Company a monopoly

on British tea. This meant that the company had total control

over all tea sold in the colonies. The Tea Act actually

lowered the price of tea, but it also kept colonial merchants

from selling Dutch tea at competitive prices.

The colonists resented the tea tax and the way it limited

competitive commerce. To protest the Tea Act, the Sons of

Liberty prevented the unloading of tea from the East India

Company at many of the colonial ports. However, in Boston,

Governor Thomas Hutchinson decided not to allow the tea

ships to leave port until they were unloaded.

On the night of December 16, 1773, a large group of men

disguised as Native Americans boarded the tea ship waiting

in Boston harbor. The ship’s cargo of tea, worth thousands

of dollars, was tossed into Boston harbor. This event became

known as the Boston Tea Party.

The Intolerable Acts

In response to the Boston Tea Party, the angry British

government passed harsh laws. The colonists called them

the Intolerable Acts. The laws closed the port of Boston,

increased the powers of the royal governor, decreased the

power of colonial self-government, and strengthened the



Key Events

1754 French and

Indian War

begins.

1765 Stamp Act is

passed.

1775 Fighting at

Lexington and

Concord marks

the beginning of

the American

Revolution.



Checkpoint

Explain why colonial merchants

resented the Tea Act.

______________________________

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 70 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 3 71

Quartering Act. Parliament also passed the Quebec Act. This

set up new Canadian boundaries that blocked colonists

from moving west.

As citizens in all the colonies sent food and supplies to help

Boston through the embargo, the Committee of Correspondence

held a meeting to discuss what to do next. This meeting,

known as the First Continental Congress, took place in

Philadelphia in 1774. Delegates from all the colonies except

Georgia took part. The Congress demanded that Parliament

repeal, or officially end, the Intolerable Acts. It also declared

that the colonists had a right to tax and govern themselves.

The Congress made training militias a priority, and the

delegates called for a new boycott against British goods.

Finally, the Congress voted to meet again in May 1775 if

their demands weren’t met.

The Shot Heard Round the World

Britain rejected the demands of the First Continental Con-

gress. It decided to restore its authority in the colonies by

force. The colonists formed militia units called minutemen.

These were citizen soldiers who could be ready to fight in a

minute.

In April, the governor of Massachusetts sent troops to seize

the colonists’ weapons stored at Concord, Massachusetts, and

capture important colonial leaders. On April 18, 1775, Paul

Revere and William Dawes rode all night to warn the

minutemen that the British were on the march. The British

soldiers and the minutemen had their first confrontation in

the town of Lexington, Massachusetts. A shot now known as

“the shot heard round the world” was fired, setting off

gunfire between the soldiers and the minutemen. In nearby

Concord, another battle was taking place. The American

Revolution had begun.

Check Your Progress

1. What prompted the British to pass the Intolerable Acts?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __

2. What did the First Continental Congress accomplish?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __



Vocabulary Builder

An embargo is an order to close a

seaport to block import and export

trade. What smaller word within

embargo means “to block”?

_______________________________



Checkpoint

List the provisions of the Intolerable

Acts.

_______________________________

Reading Strategy

The bracketed paragraph states

five events that marked the start of

the American

Revolution. Place the

numbers 1 to 5 beside

each event in the

paragraph to show the

sequence of events.



Checkpoint

Name the location of the “shot

heard round the world.”

_______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 71 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

72 Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 3

Section 3 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 3 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: How did British tax policies

move the colonists closer to rebellion?

 Use this chart to record key information from the section. Some information

has been filled in to get you started.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 5 Focus Question on page 77.

Escalating Toward Rebellion

Tea Act What it did:

• It lowered the price of tea

, but kept the tea tax .

• It gave the East India Tea Company _______________________.a British tea monopoly

• It prevented colonial merchants from ______________________.

Colonial reaction:

• They stopped East India ships from _______________________.

• They dumped _________________________________________.

The Intolerable

Acts

What prompted their enactment:

• They were Britain’s response to __________________________.

What they did:

• ____________________________________________________

• strengthened the Quartering Act____________________________________________________

The Quebec Act

• Took away____________________________________________

• Blocked______________________________________________

First Continental

Congress

What it was:

• a meeting in _______________________ in September and

October of __________ to decide what to do next

What it did:

• ____________________________________________________

Britain’s reaction

Britain chose to use force

.

Battles of

Concord and

Lexington

On the night of April 18, 1776, ______________________ and William

Dawes rode to warn the _________________ that the British were

on their way. The first shot was fired at ______________________.

By the time the British retreated to Boston, almost ___________

British soldiers had been killed or wounded.

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Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 4 73

Section 4

The War Begins

Section 4 Focus Question

How did the American Revolution begin? To begin answering

this question,

• Read how the Second Continental Congress started to

act like a government and began to prepare for war.

• Understand why the Battle of Bunker Hill was such an

important conflict for the colonists.

Section 4 Summary

The Second Continental Congress prepared for war with

Britain. Parliament sent a large army to end the revolt. Early

battles between the British and the colonists indicated that

the colonists could and would fight for their freedom.

The Second Continental Congress

In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in

Philadelphia. Some delegates wanted to declare independence

from Britain. Others wanted to work for peace. Nearly all

realized that they had to prepare for war. They formed the

Continental army, made George Washington the commander,

and printed paper money to pay for war expenses.

Like the delegates, the American people themselves

were split in their loyalties. Farmers, workers, and many

merchants who were affected by the new tax laws were

willing to fight for independence. They were called Patriots.

Those who owned property and held government positions

were Loyalists. They remained loyal to the British monarchy

in order to keep their lands and positions. Also siding with

the British were many enslaved African Americans who

hoped to win their freedom, and Native Americans who

feared losing their lands if the colonists won the war.

As the Second Continental Congress began, Patriot

Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys captured Fort

Ticonderoga, a British fort near Lake Champlain. This victory

provided the colonists with much-needed weapons, especially

cannons.

In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress sent two

petitions to the King. The first one, called the Olive Branch

Petition, stated that the colonists were the King’s loyal

Key Events

1754 French and

Indian War

begins.

1765 Stamp Act is

passed.

1775 Fighting at

Lexington and

Concord marks

the beginning of

the American

Revolution.

Reading Strategy

Ask and answer a question about

Loyalists.

Question: ______________________

_______________________________

Answer: _______________________

_______________________________

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 73 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

74 Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 4

subjects. The second stated that the colonists were ready to

fight for their freedom. The British Parliament ignored the

Olive Branch Petition and voted to send 20,000 soldiers to

the colonies to end the revolt.

Early Battles

By June 1775, there were 6,500 British troops camped in

Boston, while about 10,000 Americans surrounded the city.

Nearly 1,600 of the colonial militia were atop Breed’s Hill,

which overlooked the city. More were on nearby Bunker

Hill. These colonial troops were farmers and workers, not

trained soldiers. British General William Howe decided to

attack straight up the hill. His first and second attacks failed,

and many of his men were killed. His third attack succeeded,

but only because the Americans ran out of ammunition. The

British won this battle, known as the Battle of Bunker Hill,

but it proved that the Americans could successfully fight.

In July 1775, George Washington took charge of the army

surrounding Boston. He had the cannons seized earlier at

Fort Ticonderoga moved to high ground overlooking Boston.

This made it impossible for the British to defend the city. On

March 17, 1776, the British withdrew from Boston. Although

the Americans won this battle, Britain still held most of the

advantages. Its navy blockaded, or shut off, American

ports. The British also strengthened their ranks with hired

mercenaries, soldiers who serve another country for money.

While Washington trained one army outside Boston, two

other armies tried to invade Canada and take Quebec. One

was led by Richard Montgomery; the other by Benedict

Arnold. Due to severe winter weather, sickness, and hunger,

the attack failed. The Americans withdrew, leaving Canada

to the British.

Check Your Progress

1. What did the Continental Congress do to prepare for war?

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___

2. Why was the Battle of Bunker Hill so important?

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___



Checkpoint

Name the opposing sides of

Americans during the

Revolutionary War.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Explain what finally drove the

British from Boston.

______________________________

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 74 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 5 Section 4 75

Section 4 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 4 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: How did the American

Revolution begin?

 Use this chart to record key information from the section. Some information

has been filled in to get you started.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 5 Focus Question on page 77.

Preparing for War

Second Continental Congress

Date: May 1775

New delegates: Thomas Jefferson

, ________________, and _____________________

Steps taken:

• ___________________________________________________________________

Colonists Divided

• Colonists who wanted independence were called ____________________________ .

• Colonists who were loyal to the British Crown were called_____________________ .

Fort Ticonderoga

On May 10, 1775, ___________________________ and 83 men, called the ___________

__________________________________ captured Fort Ticonderoga. The men seized

weapons, including __________________________, which were later moved to Boston.

Petitions to Britain

These two resolutions showed the uncertainty among the colonists:

• The Olive Branch Petition

stated that________________________________

_________________________________.

• The Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms stated that the

colonists were ready to die for freedom

.

Early Battles

Bunker Hill

The British won the Battle of Bunker Hill after the third attack

because the

American militia ran out of __________________________. This battle proved that the

Americans could _____________________________________.

Canada

In December 1775, one army led by _________________________ and another led by

____________________________________ invaded Canada and attacked the city of

________________. The attack failed.

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 75 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

76 Unit 2 Chapter 5 Assessment

Chapter 5 Assessment

Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Over which area did Britain and France go to war?

A the city of Quebec

B land east of the Appalachian Mountains

C the Ohio River valley

2. Why did Britain increase the colonists’ taxes?

A to pay for war debts

B to exert control over the colonies

C to pay for the costs of imports

3. What did the colonists resent most about the Tea Act?

A It raised the price of tea.

B It strengthened the law against smuggling.

C It gave Britain a tea monopoly.

Directions: Follow the steps to answer this question:

How united were the colonists against Britain?

Step 1: Recall information: Identify the colonists who supported independence

from Britain and those who did not.

Step 2: Compare and contrast: Briefly describe the differences between the two

sides.

Step 3: Draw conclusions: Complete the topic sentence that follows. Then write

two or three more sentences that support your topic.

The colonies’ conflict with Britain also caused a conflict between

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____

___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ _ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Who Supported

America’s Independence?

Who Did Not Support

America’s Independence?

Those Who Supported

American Independence

Those Who Did Not Support

American Independence

ssahirnsgch05ac06na.fm Page 76 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:04 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 5 Notetaking Study Guide 77

Chapter 5 Notetaking Study Guide

Now you are ready to answer the Chapter 5 Focus Question: How did the

relationship between Britain and the colonies fall apart?

 Complete the charts to help you answer this question. Use the notes that you

took for each section.

Refer to this page to answer the Unit 2 Focus Question on page 119.

The Path to Revolution

Result of the French and Indian War

• Although the Treaty of Paris gave Britain more North American territory, Britain

banned settlement west of the ___________________________________________.

Britain hoped this would ________________________________________________.

• Because the French and Indian War left Britain in debt, Parliament increased the

colonists’ ____________________________________ to raise money, and expected

the colonists to house and feed

_______________________________

to save money.

• Expecting gratitude for their role in winning the war, the colonists became outraged.

The colonists organized

________________________________

against British goods.

• Colonists protested the Tea Act by

________________________________________

.

• The British retaliated by

_______________________________________________

_

.

• The First Continental Congress called for ___________________________________.

• The “shot heard round the world” occurred in _________________________________.

Cause and Effects of the Tea Act

• The Second Continental Congress established the ____________________________

with ____________________________________________

_____

_ as its commander.

• Ethan Allen and his men captured Fort _________________________

_________

___.

• The Second Continental Congress sent Britain a declaration stating that they were

willing to die fighting for freedom.

Preparing for War

• The Americans lost the Battle of Bunker Hill because they ran out

of ______________________________________________________

_________

____.

• The British finally left Boston, but their navy was able to ______________

__

_

_____

_

American ports, and their army was strengthened because they hired

____________________________________________________________

______

__

_.

• After an American attack on Quebec failed, Canada was left for the

____________________________________________________________

________

_.

Results of Early Battles

avoid more costly wars with Native Americans

a trained militia

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78 Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 1

Chapter 6

The American Revolution

(1776–1783)

What You Will Learn

In 1776, the colonies declared their independence from

Britain. Then they fought a difficult war for their freedom.

The American Revolution ended in 1783 with a peace treaty

declaring American independence from British rule.

Chapter 6 Focus Question

As you read this chapter, keep this question in mind: How

did the American colonists gain their independence?

Section 1

A Nation Declares Independence

Section 1 Focus Question

Why did many colonists favor declaring independence? To

begin answering this question,

• Find out how the call for independence gained support.

• Learn how the Declaration of Independence explained

the colonists’ reasons for breaking away from British

rule.

• Read about the final steps the colonists took to declare

their freedom from Britain.

Section 1 Summary

The first half of the year 1776 saw a change in the colonists’

thinking about their relationship with Britain. These months

were also filled with actions by Patriots and Congress. These

actions led to a formal statement of independence.

A Call for Independence

In early 1776, few colonists supported a struggle for

independence. The publication of Thomas Paine’s Common

Sense, however, marked the beginning of a shift in people’s

thinking. In May 1776, Richard Henry Lee presented to

Congress a resolution, or formal statement of opinion, on

the right of the colonies to be free. Congress then asked

Thomas Jefferson to draft a document listing reasons why

the colonies should separate from Britain.



Key Events

1776 The Continental

Congress issues

the Declaration of

Independence.

1777 The American

victory at

Saratoga marks

the turning point

in the war.

1781 British troops

surrender to the

Americans at the

Battle of

Yorktown.

Reading Strategy

The bracketed paragraph tells

about a series of

events. Underline the

words in the

paragraph that are

clues to the sequence.



Checkpoint

Name the publication that shifted

the colonists toward

independence.

______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

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Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 1 79

The Declaration of Independence

Jefferson’s brilliance as a writer is evident in the Declaration

of Independence. The document has a logical flow through

an introduction and three distinct sections.

Impact of the Declaration

Congress met in July 1776 to decide whether to adopt Lee’s

resolution and approve the Declaration of Independence. On

July 4, 1776, the approval was announced. The Declaration

was signed by the delegates on August 2. From that time

forward, the Patriots were fighting to become an independent

nation.

Check Your Progress

1. What two things happened to bring the colonists and the

Congress closer to a formal call for independence?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __

2. What did the signing of the Declaration of Independence

mean for the colonists?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __

Preamble: This introduction explains why the document is

being written.

General Ideas About Society and Government: This section

states the colonists’ basic beliefs:

• All people have natural rights.

• Government should protect those rights.

• When government fails to protect people’s rights, the people

should abolish the government.

List of Grievances: This section states the formal complaints

against King George III of England. He is accused of failing to

protect the colonists’ rights. Beyond that, the King is accused

of actually violating their rights.

Conclusion: This section puts together the colonists’ beliefs and

grievances to show that the only course left to the colonists is

to dissolve all political ties with Britain. An ending pledge

demonstrates the seriousness of the colonists’ declaration of

independence.



Vocabulary Builder

If the noun logic means “careful

thought,” what does the adjective

logical mean? Write a definition

from context clues in the

underlined sentence.

_______________________________



Checkpoint

State the purpose of the Preamble.

_______________________________



Checkpoint

Describe the event that occurred

on August 2, 1776.

_______________________________

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 79 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

80 Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 1

Section 1 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 1 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: Why did many colonists favor

declaring independence?

 Use these charts to record key information from the section. Also refer to the

Declaration of Independence on pages 174–178 of your textbook. Some information

has been filled in to get you started.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 6 Focus Question on page 91.

A Call for Independence

Date Event Results

January

1776

Publication of _____________________Common Sense

Description: a pamphlet by ___________

explaining

_________________________

_________________________________

• People inspired by words

______________________• 500,000 copies

distributed________________

• ______________________

May 1776 Introduction of Virginia resolution to Congress

Description: _______________________

_________________________________

• ______________________

______________________

The Declaration of Independence

Sections Important Points to Remember

Preamble • States why the document was written: to explain

the need for independence

Declaration of Natural Rights • __________________________________________

• __________________________________________

List of Grievances • __________________________________________

• __________________________________________

__________________________________________

Resolution of Independence • __________________________________________The colonists say they are free

• __________________________________________

Declaration written by:

____________________________________________________

Date approved: ________________________ Date signed:

_______________________

Immediate result:_________________________________________________________

Lasting result: ___________________________________________________________People remain inspired by the notion that “all men are created equal.”

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 80 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 2 81

Section 2

A Critical Time

Section 2 Focus Question

How were the early years of the war a critical time? To begin

answering this question,

• Read about the military setbacks for the Continental

army.

• Learn how the Continental soldiers’ spirits were raised.

• Read why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point.

• Note how Europeans helped Americans in their fight.

• Describe the Continental army’s struggles at Valley

Forge.

Section 2 Summary

The early years of the war included losses as well as

victories for the Continental army. Help came in surprising

ways to cause the tide to turn in favor of the Americans.

Retreat From New York

By mid-1776, the war shifted from Boston and New England

to the Middle States. In New York, the Continental army did

not fight well against the British. Sir William Howe led

34,000 British troops and 10,000 sailors. They attacked the

smaller, less experienced American forces on Long Island.

Washington and his troops had to retreat several times.

Nathan Hale emerged as an American hero. He volunteered

to spy on the British at Long Island. He was caught and

hanged. His famous last words were, “I only regret that I

have but one life to lose for my country.”

Surprises for the British

By December 1776, the Continental army had retreated all

the way into Pennsylvania. The soldiers’ spirits plunged as

they failed to achieve any victories. Some soldiers even

began to desert the army. Thomas Paine wrote The Crisis to

inspire soldiers to remain committed to freedom.

On Christmas night, Washington led his soldiers across

the Delaware River for a surprise attack on Trenton from

two sides. The defeated troops were Hessian mercenaries,

or soldiers who are paid to fight for a country other than

their own. Another American attack near Princeton boosted

spirits throughout the army.



Key Events

1776 The Continental

Congress issues

the Declaration of

Independence.

1777 The American

victory at

Saratoga marks

the turning point

in the war.

1781 British troops

surrender to the

Americans at the

Battle of

Yorktown.



Checkpoint

List two reasons the Continental

army had to keep retreating from

General Howe’s attacks.

_______________________________



Checkpoint

Explain why Thomas Paine wrote

The Crisis.

_______________________________

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 81 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

82 Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 2

Saratoga: A Turning Point

British General John Burgoyne came up with a plan to

defeat the Americans. He designed a three-pronged attack

to cut off New England from the other states. The Americans

were successful in blocking British movements, however.

On October 17, 1777, American General Horatio Gates and

his troops forced Burgoyne to surrender in Saratoga, New

York. This victory secured the New England states for the

Americans and lifted the Patriots’ spirits. It also showed

Europe that the Continental army might win the war.

Help From Overseas

In 1778, France became the first foreign country to sign a

treaty with the United States. France and two of its allies,

Spain and the Netherlands, then joined the war against

Britain. This caused the British to fight in several areas

besides North America, which helped the American cause.

Individual Europeans also aided the Americans. Marquis

de Lafayette, a French noble, became a good friend of

Washington’s as they led troops together. Casimir Pulaski

from Poland trained the Patriot cavalry, or units of troops

on horseback. Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a masterful

German commander, was especially helpful. He taught

American recruits how to march, aim, and attack with

bayonets.

Valley Forge

Through the bitter winter of 1777–1778, Washington and his

troops suffered terribly at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. The

army faced shortages in food, clothing, and medicine. Drafty

huts could not keep out the chill. About one fourth of the

soldiers were sick at any given time. Nevertheless, the

soldiers gathered their strength and sharpened their skills

for the battles to come.

Check Your Progress

1. What were the effects of the Battle of Saratoga?

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___

2. How did European countries and individuals help the

Americans?

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___



Reading Strategy

Reread the bracketed

paragraph. Write the

main idea of this

paragraph in your

own words.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name two generals at the Battle of

Saratoga.

______________________________



Checkpoint

List three improvements Baron von

Steuben made to American recruits.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name four things that soldiers at

Valley Forge desperately needed.

______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 82 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 2 83

Section 2 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 2 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: How were the early years of the

war a critical time?

 Use these charts to record key information from the section.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 6 Focus Question on page 91.

Important Battles and Places

Where When What Happened Why Important

New York

State

American forces had to keep

retreating .

Trenton

Saratoga

Valley Forge Winter of

1777–1778

The army gathered its strength

for the coming battles .

Important People

Who What They Did and Why It Was Important

Sir William Howe • ___________________________________________________

• led British during the worst days of the war for the Patriots___________________________________________________

Nathan Hale • ___________________________________________________

• showed the highest level of commitment to freedom___________________________________________________

Thomas Paine • ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________

George Washington • ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________great military leader and an inspiring hero

John Burgoyne • British general who planned to cut off New England • ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________

Horatio Gates • ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________

Marquis de

Lafayette

• ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________helped Washington win key battles

Thaddeus Kosciusko • ___________________________________________________

Casimir Pulaski • ___________________________________________________

Baron von Steuben • ___________________________________________________helped train the Continental army

• ___________________________________________________

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84 Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 3

Section 3

The War Widens

Section 3 Focus Question

How did the effects of the war widen? To begin answering

this question,

• Learn why African Americans joined the war effort.

• Read about the role of American women in wartime, and

financial difficulties created by the war.

• Find out how the war reached into the western frontier.

• Understand the importance of skirmishes at sea.

Section 3 Summary

The American Revolution was mostly centered in the colonies

and fought by free men. All peoples and areas of the country

were affected by the war, however.

African Americans in the War

Both free and enslaved African Americans were soldiers from

the beginning of the war. The British offered freedom to all

enslaved people who would serve on their side. Americans at

first blocked African Americans from service in the army.

Washington changed this policy after many African Americans

joined the British side. By the end of the war, some 7,000

African Americans had joined the American forces. Most

southern states still kept African Americans out of state

armies, fearing slave revolts. Several northern states moved

to end slavery during the Revolutionary War.

The War at Home

Difficult times during the war were not limited to soldiers.

Civilians,

or people not in the military, also had to deal

with problems. These included food shortages, enemy

attacks, and increased responsibilities in areas in which they

usually had little involvement. Women especially experi-

enced huge changes. With these changes came many new

opportunities, however. Women successfully took on the

roles traditionally held by their husbands, fathers, and

brothers.

Hardships also occurred because of the monetary costs of

fighting a war. Soldiers had to be paid and supplied. Without



Key Events

1776 The Continental

Congress issues

the Declaration of

Independence.

1777 The American

victory at

Saratoga marks

the turning point

in the war.

1781 British troops

surrender to the

Americans at the

Battle of

Yorktown.



Checkpoint

Explain why Washington decided

to accept African American

soldiers.

______________________________

Reading Strategy

Reread the bracketed text. The

main idea is

underlined. Circle

three details that

support this main

idea.

Mark

THE

Text

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 84 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 3 85

the power to tax, Congress had to beg the states for money.

Congress began to print money, known as continentals. As

they printed more and more money, it eventually became

practically worthless.

Fighting in the West

As the war pushed into the western frontier, most Native

Americans sided with the British. They feared that an

American victory would result in more takeovers of their

lands. In 1778, George Rogers Clark was sent by Virginia to

try to capture British forts west of the Appalachian Mountains.

During that year and the next, Clark and his forces took

three important posts in the Ohio Valley area from the

British and their Native American allies.

Spain also helped the Americans in the west. Bernardo

de Gálvez, the governor of Louisiana, provided money and

weapons for Clark. He offered American ships safe harbor

in New Orleans. From 1779 to 1781, Gálvez played a key role

in capturing British forts on the Mississippi River and the

Gulf of Mexico. Wealthy Spanish women in Cuba, known

as “Havana’s Ladies,” also joined together to give millions

of dollars to the Americans at a time when money was

desperately needed.

The War at Sea

The American navy was tiny compared to the British fleet.

Americans became skilled at hit-and-run attacks, however.

One famous American sea victory came under the command

of John Paul Jones. His ship, the Bonhomme Richard,

defeated the British warship Serapis off the coast of England

in a ferocious 1779 battle. The American navy was also

assisted by hundreds of privateers. These ships were not

part of any navy, but they were allowed by their govern-

ments to attack and loot enemy ships.

Check Your Progress

1. What positive change happened for American women

during the Revolution?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __

2. What role did George Rogers Clark play in the battle on

the western frontier?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ __



Checkpoint

Name one thing Congress did to try

to pay for the costs of the war.

_______________________________



Checkpoint

Describe how Spain and Cuba

helped the American war effort.

_______________________________



Checkpoint

Name the person whose heroic

naval efforts are still remembered

today.

_______________________________

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 85 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

86 Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 3

Section 3 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 3 in your textbook and take notes,

keep this section focus question in mind: How did the effects of the war widen?

 Use these cause-and-effect diagrams to record key information from the

section. Some information has been filled in to get you started.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 6 Focus Question on page 91.

Spain’s Empire in the Americas

African Americans in the War

The British offered enslaved

African Americans freedom

in exchange for fighting on

their side.

Many African Americans

join the British effort.

Washington decides

______________________

______________________.

Spain’s Empire in the Americas

The War at Home

Many men enlist in the army.

Women take over traditional

male roles.

.

• Women on farms

____

__________________

• Women in towns

take

over their husbands’

businesses

• Women in military

camps

_______

_____

_______________.

Women have new confidence

and opportunities open

to them.

Congress has little

money to pay for war.

• States

____________

__________________.

• Congress

___________

__________________.

Printed money __________

______________________.

Fighting in the West

Most Native Americans

choose to join the British

side.

George Rogers Clark is sent _______________________

______________________________________________.

He captures

____________________________________.

Spain joins the American

side.

Bernardo de Gálvez ____________________________

__

______________________________________________.

Havana’s Ladies

_______________________________

__.

The War at Sea

Huge British navy blockades

American ports.

• Small American navy uses hit-and-run attacks

• Famous navel battle between American ship

_______________________________ and the British

warship __________________________

____________

• Captain _______________________ refuses to give up.

• American navy has help from some 800 ______

______.

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 86 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 4 87

Section 4

Winning Independence

Section 4 Focus Question

How did the Americans win the war and make peace? To

begin answering this question,

• Read about the battles in the southern states and the final

victory by the Americans in Virginia.

• Learn about the terms for peace in the Treaty of Paris.

• Find out why Americans won the war.

• Understand the lasting effects of the American Revolution.

Section 4 Summary

The British shifted their battle plans to southern states in

what they thought would be a sure way to achieve victory.

The strategy did not work. American troops took bold

actions that resulted in a final American victory.

Fighting Moves South

In late 1778, the British began to focus their efforts on the

South. Taking key cities, they moved from Florida all the way

into North Carolina under Commander Charles Cornwallis.

To slow the British advance, the Americans used guerrilla

tactics, working in small groups to perform surprise hit-and-

run attacks against the British. Francis Marion, also called

the Swamp Fox, was the most famous leader of these

attacks. Meanwhile, Loyalist bands burned, plundered, and

killed men, women, and children throughout the South. In

addition, a high-ranking American named Benedict Arnold,

perhaps the most infamous traitor in American history,

switched to the British side and led other Loyalists in

successful attacks.

Things seemed very grim for the Patriots. By the fall of

1780, however, American fortunes began to improve. Patriots

won key victories in South Carolina. General Nathanael

Greene led American troops well. They began to push the

British out of the Deep South. At this point, Cornwallis

made a strategic

blunder. He moved his troops to the

Yorktown peninsula in Virginia, where he hoped to get help

from the British fleet. However, French ships soon pushed

out the British navy, and Washington’s American and

Key Events

1776 The Continental

Congress issues

the Declaration of

Independence.

1777 The American

victory at

Saratoga marks

the turning point

in the war.

1781 British troops

surrender to the

Americans at the

Battle of

Yorktown.

Vocabulary Builder

The underlined word strategic is a

form of the word strategy, which

refers to moving troops into the

best position for fighting.

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 87 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

88 Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 4

French troops surrounded Cornwallis on land. Cornwallis

was forced to surrender. Yorktown was the last major battle

of the war.

Making Peace With Britain

Following the surrender at Yorktown, the British Parliament

decided it was time to make peace. The process began

in Paris in 1782. Britain recognized the United States as

independent. Borders were established for the new country—

Canada to the north, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Florida

to the south, and the Mississippi River on the west. On April

15, 1783, Congress approved the Treaty of Paris, officially

ending the war. General Washington bade farewell to his

officers and returned to his plantation life.

Why Did the Americans Win?

Four things worked in favor of the Americans during the

Revolutionary War. First, the Americans knew the geography

of the country and had local supply lines. Second, patriotism

kept the troops fighting hard. Third, help from allies was a

major part of American success. French military and naval

assistance as well as money and privateers from Spain and

the Netherlands were extremely important. Finally, the

Americans had great leaders. George Washington’s courage

and knowledge made him the nation’s most admired

hero.

Impact of the Revolution

After winning the war, the United States was finally an

independent nation with 13 states. Equality and liberty were

ideas that appealed to the rest of the world, too. Over the

next few decades, independence movements occurred in

France and Latin America. They modeled many of their

efforts after the successful American Revolution.

Check Your Progress

1. Describe the British plan of attack and its successes

during late 1778 and early 1779.

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___

2. What effect did the American Revolution have on the rest

of the world?

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___



Checkpoint

Describe the key strategic blunder

made by the British near the end of

the war.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name the treaty that ended the

Revolutionary War.

______________________________



Checkpoint

List four factors that helped the

Americans win the Revolutionary

War.

______________________________



Checkpoint

List two important ideas for which

Americans fought.

______________________________

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 88 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 6 Section 4 89

Section 4 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 4 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: How did the Americans win the

war and make peace?

 Use these charts to record key information from the section. Some information

has been filled in to get you started.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 6 Focus Question on page 91.

The End of the War

The British march north under Cornwallis and important cities are captured:

In Georgia: Savannah

In South Carolina: ___________________

Loyalists also play a part:__________________________________________________Bands of Loyalists roamed the South, burning, plundering,

and massacring; Traitor Benedict Arnold also led Loyalist attacks on Virginia_______________________________________________________________________

The Americans Fight Back

1 . Guerrilla attacks

What they were: __________________________________________________________

Important leader: ___________________________________

2. Frontier fighters

When: __________________ Where: __________________________________________

What happened:

3. Nathanael Greene’s Plan: ________________________________________________

What resulted: ___________________________________________________________

Weakened, the British go to Virginia.

Where: ___________________________________

Why: ___________________________________________________________________Cornwallis expected help from the British fleet

What happened: __________________________________________________________

The Peace Process

Peace Talks

Where: ________________________________ When: ____________________________

Terms of the Treaty of Paris:

Britain agreed ___________________________________________________________

The United States agreed__________________________________________________

Congress approved treaty on _______________________________________________

Why the Americans Won

1 . ___________________________________________________________________ .They fought on land they knew, and they had local supply lines

2.

3.

4.

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 89 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

90 Unit 2 Chapter 6 Assessment

Chapter 6 Assessment

Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. How did the Declaration of Independence end?

A with a list of grievances against King George III

B with an overview of colonial beliefs

C with a solemn pledge by Congress to uphold the ideas stated

2. Which battle was an early turning point in the war?

A Saratoga B Savannah C Valley Forge

3. For what is John Paul Jones remembered?

A showing heroism during a sea battle

B serving as an American spy

C turning into an American traitor

Directions: Follow the steps to answer this question:

How can we see evidence of the power of the written word during the

American Revolution?

Step 1: Recall information: List all the important pieces of writing you have read

about that were part of American history from 1776 to 1783.

Step 2: Description: For each piece of writing, describe why it was written.

Explain the powerful effect it produced.

Step 3: Complete the topic sentence that follows. Then write two or three more

sentences that support your topic sentence.

During the American Revolution, the written word was used

_ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ______ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____

___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ _ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•

Writing Why It Was Written Effect

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 90 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 6 Notetaking Study Guide 91

Chapter 6 Notetaking Study Guide

Now you are ready to answer the Chapter 6 Focus Question: How did the

American colonists gain their independence?

 Fill in the chart to help you answer this question. Use the notes you took for

each section.

Refer to this page to answer the Unit 2 Focus Question on page 119.

The American Revolution

The colonists gathered support for independence.

In 1776, two Patriots took actions that made people more interested in independence:

Thomas Paine ___________________________________________________________ .published Common Sense

Richard Henry Lee ________________________________________________________ .

The colonists declared their freedom.

In 1776, the Continental Congress decided to___________________________________ .

The delegates chose __________________________ for this job. The result was the

Declaration of Independence . It included these sections:

Section Purpose

1 .

2.

3.

4. Resolution of Independence Stated that the colonists declared independence

from Britain

The colonists fought and won the war for freedom.

Major battles were fought from 1776 to 1781. Early battles were centered in the Middle

States . A turning point for the Americans occurred in ________ at _____________ .

Following this victory, Americans received help from ________________, ____________ ,

and ____________________. Foreigners such as Frenchman______________________

and German ________________________________ were vital to the war effort.

When the British focused on the South, Americans fought back with ________________

tactics and frontier fighters such as Francis Marion, known as ____________________ ,

and _________________________, the commander of the Continental army in the South.

The final American victory came in ____________ at ____________.

The British agreed that the colonists were free and independent.

Peace talks began in 1782

in Paris . According to the Treaty of Paris:

• Britain declared the independence of the United States

•

Congress approved the treaty on _______________________________.

ssahirnsgch06ac06na.fm Page 91 Thursday, December 15, 2005 6:10 PM

92 Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 1

Chapter 7

Creating the Constitution

(1776–1790)

What You Will Learn

Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to the

drafting of a new constitution for the nation. After much

debate, the states approved the Constitution, but many

insisted that a bill of rights be added.

Chapter 7 Focus Question

As you read through this chapter, keep this question in

mind: How did the U.S. Constitution overcome the weak-

nesses of the Articles of Confederation and provide for the

organization of the new government?

Section 1

Governing a New Nation

Section 1 Focus Question

What were major successes and failures of the government

under the Articles of Confederation? To begin answering

this question,

• Learn about the new state constitutions.

• Learn about the Articles of Confederation.

• Find out about laws for settling new lands in the west.

• Understand the problems of the Articles of

Confederation.

Section 1 Summary

Americans created new state and national governments

based on the principles of the American Revolution. Prob-

lems with the Articles of Confederation led to calls for a

stronger national government.

Government by the States

Most of the 13 states wrote new constitutions. A document

stating the rules under which government will operate is a

constitution. Most states minimized the power of state

governors and gave state legislatures the most power. A

legislature is the part of the government that makes laws. Its

members are elected by the people.

Key Events

1776 Many new

American states

write

constitutions.

1787 Constitutional

Convention cre-

ates a new plan

of government.

1791 After three

fourths of the

states approve it,

the Bill of Rights

goes into effect.

Vocabulary Builder

The verb minimize is related in

meaning to the noun minimum,

which means “the smallest quantity

or amount.” Using what you know

about the meaning of minimum,

what do you think minimize

means?

______________________________

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 92 Wednesday, January 25, 2006 12:31 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 1 93

New state constitutions allowed more people to vote

than in colonial times. Still, in most states only white men

who owned some property could vote. Virginia’s constitu-

tion was the first to have a bill of rights, which is a list of

key freedoms that the government is required to respect.

The Articles of Confederation

The Continental Congress created the Articles of Confedera-

tion in 1777. The Articles set up a new national government.

It limited the powers of the government, which consisted of

a one-house legislature called Congress. All states were

equal, and most power remained with the states.

Settling the Western Lands

One of the national government’s most important tasks was

to create a way to sell national lands to the public. The Land

Ordinance of 1785 was the system it created. It divided

western lands into square townships.

A law called the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 applied to

the territory north of the Ohio River. It guaranteed basic

rights to settlers, outlawed slavery, and established a way to

create new states.

Growing Problems

Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States won

its independence, signed a peace treaty with Britain, and

created rules for settling territories. There were also prob-

lems: Trade and tax issues between states hurt the economy,

the national government could not stop public unrest, and it

had little money because it could not collect taxes.

In the mid-1780s, there was an economic depression, or

period of slow economic growth. In Massachusetts, many

farmers lost their land because they could not pay their

taxes. In Shays’ Rebellion, farmers rose up against the state.

This added to calls for a stronger national government.

Check Your Progress

1. Why were the state and national governments’ powers

limited?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. List two problems with the national government under

the Articles of Confederation.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Checkpoint

List one characteristic of the new

state governments.

______________________________



Checkpoint

List two features of the national

government created by the Articles

of Confederation.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name two laws that related to the

settling of western lands.

______________________________



Checkpoint

List two successes of the national

government created by the Articles

of Confederation.

______________________________

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 93 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

94 Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 1

Section 1 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 1 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: What were major successes and

failures of the government under the Articles of Confederation?

 Use these charts to record key information from the section. Some of the

information has been filled in to get you started.

Government by the States

National Government Under the Articles of Confederation

Main Characteristics

Strengths

Weaknesses

• No _______________ or _______________________ branch of government

• One legislative branch, called ___________________, with each state having one vote

• __________ out of 13 states had to approve laws

• Legislative power limited to:

• dealing with foreign nations and Native Americans

•

• Won _______________________________ from Britain and negotiated peace treaty

• The ____________________________ and the ____________________________

established rules for settling new lands and creating new states.

• No authority to regulate ____________________ or collect _____________________

• Could not protect land from foreign occupation

• Could not stop public unrest as shown in ____________________________________

Problems the Colonists had

with Colonial Government

Colonial governors: Most

colonists were unhappy with the

governors appointed by the

British Crown.

Parliament: Parliament, which

was part of the ___________

government, exerted power

over the elected

_______________ legislatures.

Main Characteristics of

the State Governments

State governors: had

___________________ power

Voting: ____________

people were allowed to vote

Individual rights: protected in

several states’ ___________

of ______________________

Changed in new

constitutions

central

executive

limited

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 7 Focus Question on page 102.

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 94 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 2 95

Section 2

The Constitutional Convention

Section 2 Focus Question

What role did compromise play in the creation of the U.S.

Constitution? To begin answering this question,

• Learn how the Constitutional Convention began.

• Read about the proposals in the Virginia Plan.

• Find out about the terms of the Great Compromise.

• Learn how slavery issues influenced the Constitution.

• Discover the source of the new Constitution’s authority.

Section 2 Summary

By its end, the Constitutional Convention of 1787 had

replaced the Articles of Confederation. The new U.S. Consti-

tution created a stronger central government based on the

authority of the people instead of the states.

The Constitutional Convention Begins

The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia in 1787.

At the start, it was decided to hold discussions in secret so

that there would be less public pressure. The convention’s

purpose at first was to change the Articles, but soon its

members agreed to organize a totally new framework of

government.

The Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan was authored by James Madison. It called

for a strong central government with three branches instead

of just one. A judicial branch would consist of a system of

courts to settle disputes involving national issues. An exec-

utive branch would carry out the laws. The executive branch

would have one chief executive, or the President.

Congress would make up the legislative branch. But the

Virginia Plan wanted to change Congress in two ways. First,

it added a second house to Congress. Second, each state was

represented based on the size of its population.

The Great Compromise

States with a small population opposed the changes in the

legislative branch. They offered their own plan, called the

New Jersey Plan, which called for a single house with equal

representation for each state.



Key Events

1776 Many new

American states

write

constitutions.

1787 Constitutional

Convention cre-

ates a new plan

of government.

1791 After three

fourths of the

states approve it,

the Bill of Rights

goes into effect.



Checkpoint

Name the location of the Constitu-

tional Convention of 1787.

______________________________

Reading Strategy

Reread the bracketed text. The

main idea is included

in the underlined sen-

tence. Circle three

details that support

this main idea.



Checkpoint

List the three branches of govern-

ment proposed in the Virginia Plan.

______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 95 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

96 Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 2

The Great Compromise settled the disagreement

between the large and small states. A compromise is an

agreement in which each side gives up part of what it wants.

To please the large states, the House of Representatives was

developed. Each state’s representation in the House was

based on population. Its members would serve two-year

terms. The Senate was formed to please the small states.

Each state would have two senators serving six-year terms.

The Great Compromise was a vital step in creating a new

Constitution. Now, small-state delegates were willing to

support a strong central government.

Debates Over Slavery

Slavery also divided the convention. The southern states

wanted slaves to count toward representation in the House.

Northerners argued that slaves, who were not allowed to

vote, should not be counted. It was decided to count each

slave as three fifths of a person, which was called the Three-

Fifths Compromise.

A second dispute arose when northern delegates called

for a total ban on the buying and selling of slaves. A

compromise was reached whereby the import of slaves from

other countries could be banned in 20 years. However, there

were no restrictions on the slave trade within the United

States.

A New Constitution

A “Committee of Style” was created to draw up the Consti-

tution’s final wording. Gouverneur Morris wrote most of

the Preamble, or introduction, to the Constitution. It began

with, “We the People of the United States,” making it clear

that the Constitution got its authority from the people

instead of the states.

Check Your Progress

1. What was the initial purpose of the Constitutional Con-

vention of 1787?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What was important about the first words of the Pream-

ble to the new U.S. Constitution?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Checkpoint

List the two houses of Congress

that the Great Compromise

proposed.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name two main issues about slav-

ery that divided the northern and

southern states during the Consti-

tutional Convention.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name the author of the Preamble to

the U.S. Constitution.

______________________________

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 96 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 2 97

Section 2 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 2 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: What role did compromise play

in the creation of the U.S. Constitution?

 Use these organizers to record key information from the section. Some of the

information has been filled in to get you started.

Issue: How to encourage debate during the convention without public pressure

Solution: Convention delegates voted to hold discussions in secret.

Issue: How to create a stronger national government with more powers than under

the Articles of Confederation

Solution Provided by the Virginia Plan: Create a government with ________________

branches, and separate _______________________ into two houses. James Madison

authored the plan.

Issue: How to elect representatives to the two houses of the legislative branch

Solution Proposed by the Virginia Plan: Elect representatives to both houses

according to ______________________________________.

Solution Proposed by the New Jersey Plan: Give each state ______________ vote(s),

regardless of its population.

Solution Reached by the Great Compromise: House of _________________ would be

based on _______________________, and states would be represented equally in the

______________________. ___________________ suggested The Great Compromise.

Issue: How many people should lead the executive branch

Solution Reached After a Vote: ________________________

Issue: How to show that the Constitution derived its authority from the people

Solution: Add a preamble that says, “We the ______________________________…”

Gouverneur Morris wrote the Preamble.

The Constitutional Convention

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 7 Focus Question on page 102.

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 97 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

98 Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 3

Section 3

Debating the Constitution

Section 3 Focus Question

How did those in favor of the Constitution achieve its

ratification? To begin answering this question,

• Read about the arguments for and against the

Constitution.

• Learn about the debate over ratification of the

Constitution.

• Find out why the Bill of Rights was added to the

Constitution.

Section 3 Summary

The Constitution was sent to the states for approval. After

energetic debates, and after the Bill of Rights was added, all

the states approved the Constitution.

Federalists Versus Antifederalists

The Federalists wanted a strong federal, or national, govern-

ment. John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison

were Federalists who wrote a series of 85 newspaper essays

called the Federalist Papers. They argued that the country

needed a stronger central government. They wrote that if

the Union was to survive, the national government needed

the power to enforce laws.

Opponents of the Constitution were called Antifederal-

ists. Many Antifederalists, such as George Mason and

Patrick Henry, agreed that changes were needed in the

organization of the national government. However, they felt

that the Constitutional Convention had gone too far.

Antifederalist Arguments Against the Constitution

1 The Constitution weakened the state governments by giving too

much power to the national government.

2 The Constitution also did not include a bill of rights to protect

basic freedoms.

3 The President could become like a king by being repeatedly

reelected.



Key Events

1776 Many new

American states

write

constitutions.

1787 Constitutional

Convention cre-

ates a new plan

of government.

1791 After three

fourths of the

states approve it,

the Bill of Rights

goes into effect.

Reading Strategy

Reread the bracketed paragraphs.

What is one point the Federalists

and Antifederalists agreed on?

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name the Federalists’ main argu-

ment in favor of the Constitution.

______________________________

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 98 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 3 99

The Ratification Debate

At least nine states had to ratify, or approve, the Constitu-

tion before it took effect. Delaware was the first state to

ratify it. Its convention approved the Constitution in Decem-

ber 1787. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecti-

cut followed close behind.

The Federalists’ strong efforts in Massachusetts led to

approval there, even though there was opposition in rural

areas from which Shays’ Rebellion had drawn its strength.

By then, Maryland and South Carolina had ratified, which

made a total of eight ratifications. Then in June 1788, New

Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution.

This meant it could now go into effect. The other states

eventually approved the Constitution, with Rhode Island

being the final state to do so in May 1790.

The Bill of Rights

After nine states ratified the Constitution, Congress took

steps to prepare for a presidential election. George Washing-

ton was elected the first President. John Adams was elected

Vice President.

During the debate on the Constitution, many states had

insisted that a bill of rights be added. This became one of the

first tasks of the new Congress that met in March 1789.

In 1789, Congress passed a series of amendments, or

changes to a document. By December 1791, three fourths of

the states had ratified 10 amendments. These amendments

are called the Bill of Rights.

The Bill of Rights protects citizens against unfair use of

government power. The First Amendment protects freedom

of religion, speech, and the press. The next three amend-

ments were a response to Britain’s abuses during the colo-

nial era. The Fifth through Eighth Amendments mainly

protect those accused of crimes. The last two amendments

limit the powers of the national government to those men-

tioned in the Constitution.

Check Your Progress

1. Why did the Antifederalists object to the Constitution?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What role does the Bill of Rights play?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Checkpoint

Name the first and last states to

ratify the Constitution.

First: _________________________

Last: _________________________



Checkpoint

List three freedoms the First

Amendment protects.

______________________________

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 99 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

100 Unit 2 Chapter 7 Section 3

Section 3 Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read Section 3 in your textbook and take

notes, keep this section focus question in mind: How did those in favor of the

Constitution achieve its ratification?

 Use these charts to record key information from the section. Some of the

information has been filled in to get you started.

Federalists Versus Antifederalists

Federalists

Leaders: 1. John Jay, 2. _______________________, 3. _______________________

Position on the new Constitution: _________________________________________

Main argument for position: need for a _______________ central government

Antifederalists

Leaders: 1. Patrick Henry, 2. _______________________

Position on the new Constitution: _______________________

Arguments for position:

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. The President could become like a king by being repeatedly reelected.

The Ratification Debate

• Approval needed from _____________ states before the Constitution could go into

effect .

•Importance of Massachusetts: Antifederalists hoped it would reject the Constitution

because opposition was strong where Shays’ Rebellion had occurred. It was approved

after a major campaign by the Federalists.

•Importance of Virginia: Virginia was ___________ and ____________. If it rejected the

Constitution, ________________ and other states might do so, too.

The Bill of Rights

Many states believed that a bill of rights was essential to protect basic liberties

and to prot ect against abuses by the ______________.

•First Amendment: guarantees freedom of ____________, ___________, and

______________.

• Second Amendment: deals with the right to _________________________.

• Third Amendment: bars Congress from _____________________________________.

•Fourth Amendment: protects citizens from _________________________________

or _____________________________.

•Fifth through Eighth Amendments: protect citizens who are ____________________

_____________________________________________________________________.

•Ninth and Tenth Amendments: limit the powers of the _________________________

to t hose granted in

the _________________________.

Refer to this page to answer the Chapter 7 Focus Question on page 102.

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 100 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

Unit 2 Chapter 7 Assessment 101

Chapter 7 Assessment

Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Who had the most political power under the Articles of Confederation?

A the President

B the state governments

C the Continental Congress

2. What was a result of the Great Compromise during the Constitutional

Convention?

A the immediate end to the slave trade

B adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution

C the creation of a legislative branch with two houses

3. One reason that some of the Antifederalists opposed the Constitution was

A they believed the Constitution should include a bill of rights.

B they believed it gave too much power to the states.

C they believed they had a better plan for the national government.

Directions: Follow the steps to answer this question:

What do the successes and failures of the government under the Articles of

Confederation tell you about it?

Step 1: Recall information: List two successes and two failures of the government

under the Articles of Confederation.

Step 2: Compare: What do the successes of the government tell you about it?

What do the failures of the government tell you about it?

Step 3: Complete the topic sentence that follows. Then write two or three more

sentences that discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States ______________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Successes Failures

1.

2.

1.

2.

What the Successes Tell You What the Failures Tell You

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102 Unit 2 Chapter 7 Notetaking Study Guide

Chapter 7 Notetaking Study Guide

Now you are ready to answer the Chapter 7 Focus Question: How did the U.S.

Constitution overcome the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and

provide for the organization of the new government?

 Complete the following charts to help you answer this question. Use the notes

that you took for each section.

Articles of Confederation

Form of

government

• single branch: a one-house legislature called Congress

•each state had one

vote(s)

• _____ states had to agree before a law could go into effect

Limited

government

• limited ______________ government; most power held by the

_______________

• ________________ could not enforce laws

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Virginia Plan •strong central government

• three branches of government:

•executive

•

• legislature divided into ______________ houses

•representation based on ___________________

•Small st ates objected to the plan because the more

_____________ a state had, t he more ____________ it would have.

New Jersey Plan • ______________ house(s) in Congress

•equal

representation for each state

•expanded powers of Congress to ________________________ and

_______________________________

The Great

Compr omise

Two houses of Congress

•lower house: ______________________________

•representation based on ______________________

• upper house: ______________________________

•each state had _______ seats

The Three-Fifths

Compr omise

•Southerners said that enslaved people should be counted in calcu-

lating how many ___________________ a state should have in

Congress. Northerners objected because enslaved people were not

allowed to ____________.

• As a compromise each enslaved person was counted as three fifths

of a __________ .

Refer to this page to answer the Unit 2 Focus Question on page 119.

ssahnairnsgch07ac06.fm Page 102 Monday, December 12, 2005 6:40 PM

Unit 2 Constitution Notetaking Study Guide 103

Constitution Notetaking Study Guide

Question to Think About As you read the Constitution in your textbook and

take notes, keep this question in mind: How do the amendments affect life in

the United States today?

 Use the charts on this page and the next to record key information about

amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Some of the information has been filled in

to get you started.

AMENDMENTS 11–18 TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

Amendment Year

Ratified

Subject Does the amendment allow… Yes

or No

Eleventh 1795 suits

against

states

a citizen of one state to sue the

government of another state in

federal court?

no

Twelfth electors to cast one ballot for

President and Vice President?

Thirteenth slavery to exist in the United States? no

Fourteenth states to make laws that limit the

rights of citizens?

Fifteenth right to

vote—

race, color,

servitude

the federal government or states to

limit the right to vote based on race?

Sixteenth Congress to tax people on their

income?

Seventeenth state legislatures to choose

senators?

Eighteenth 1919 people to make, sell, or transport

alcohol?

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 103 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

104 Unit 2 Constitution Notetaking Study Guide

 Complete this chart to record information about the last nine amendments to

the U.S. Constitution.

Refer to these charts to answer the Unit 2 Focus Question on page 119.

AMENDMENTS 19–27 TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

Amendment Year

Ratified

Subject(s) Does the amendment allow… Yes

or No

Nineteenth 1920 women’s

suffrage

women to vote in state and federal

elections?

yes

Twentieth the Vice-President-elect to become

President if the President-elect

dies before taking office?

Twenty-first people to make, sell, or transport

alcohol?

Twenty-second presidential

tenure

a person to serve as President for

more than two terms?

Twenty-third the people living in the District of

Columbia to vote for President?

Twenty-fourth 1964 U.S. citizens to be required to pay a

tax before voting in federal

elections?

Twenty-fifth the Vice President to take over the

duties of President if the President

declares that he or she is unable to

carry them out?

Twenty-sixth citizens eighteen or older to vote? yes

Twenty-seventh members of Congress to receive

right away a pay increase they

voted for themselves?

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 104 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

Citizenship Handbook 105

Citizenship Handbook

What You Will Learn

The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the United

States. It determines the structure of the federal govern-

ment. Government also operates at the state and local levels.

Citizenship Handbook Focus Question

As you read this handbook, keep this question in mind:

How did the Constitution create a strong government with

roots in history that allowed for change and met the needs

of the people?

Summary 1

Summary 1 Focus Questions

• What were the ideas behind the Constitution?

• What is the structure of the Constitution?

• What are the basic principles of the Constitution?

Summary

In drafting the Constitution, the Framers used ideas and

principles from historical documents and thinkers.

Ideas Behind the Constitution

The writers of the Constitution looked to the Roman Repub-

lic as a model. A republic is a government in which citizens

rule themselves through elected representatives.

The following principles from the Magna Carta and the

English Bill of Rights also influenced the Constitution:

• Citizens have rights, which the government must protect.

• Even the head of the government must obey the law.

• Taxes cannot be raised without the consent of the people.

• Elections should be held frequently.

• People accused of crimes have two rights: trial by jury

and habeas corpus. This means that individuals cannot

be held in prison unless they are charged with a crime.

• People have the right to private property, or property

owned by an individual.

Enlightenment thinkers John Locke and Baron de Mon-

tesquieu were also key influences. Locke declared that every

Reading Strategy

In a republic, elected representa-

tives make decisions and policies

that carry out the will of citizens.

Underline the princi-

ple intended to make

sure that representa-

tives really follow the

wishes of the

people.

Mark

THE

Text

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 105 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

106 Citizenship Handbook

person has a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Montesquieu introduced the idea of separation of powers.

This states that the powers of government must be clearly

divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Each colonial charter identified the power and limits of

government by the king of England. In writing the Constitu-

tion, the Founders wanted to prevent the abuses of George

III listed in the Declaration of Independence.

Structure of the Constitution

The Preamble, or opening statement, of the Constitution

outlines the goals of the document. Seven sections called the

articles make up the Constitution’s main body. The first

three articles describe the branches of government: legisla-

tive, executive, and judicial. Article 4 requires states to

honor one another’s laws and sets up a system for admitting

new states. Article 5 provides a process for amending the

Constitution. Article 6 declares the Constitution as the

“supreme law of the land.” Article 7 sets up the way for the

states to ratify the Constitution.

Principles of the Constitution

The Constitution rests on seven basic principles.

• Popular sovereignty states that the people are the main

source of the government’s power.

• Limited government means the government only has

powers given to it by the Constitution.

• Separation of powers divides the government into three

branches. Each branch has its own duties.

• Checks and balances is a system by which each branch

of government can limit the actions of the other two.

• Federalism is the division of power between the federal

government and the states.

• Republicanism provides for a government in which

people elect representatives to carry out their will.

• The principle of individual rights means the Constitu-

tion protects rights such as freedom of speech.

Check Your Progress

1. What was Montesquieu’s idea of the separation of powers?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is described in the first three articles of the

Constitution?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

✓

Checkpoint

Name two documents from British

history that influenced the U.S.

Constitution.

______________________________

✓

Checkpoint

List two issues dealt with in Article

4 of the Constitution.

______________________________

✓

Checkpoint

List three of the basic principles

embodied in the Constitution.

______________________________

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 106 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

Citizenship Handbook 107

Constitution Notetaking Study Guide

Keep in mind the Summary 1 Focus Questions as you read about the Constitu-

tion in your textbook and take notes.

 Use these charts to help you record key Constitution facts. Some information

has been filled in to get you started.

Ideas Behind the Constitution

Ideas from Rome and England

The Example of Rome: The government of early Rome was a __________ in which

citizens ruled through _____________________________. However, this form of

government collapsed and was replaced with a ____________.

Documents from England: The ________________ and the English __________________

placed limits on the power of rulers and protected the ____________ of citizens.

Ideas from the Enlightenment

John Locke:

1.

2.

3. People have a right to rebel if a ruler violates the people’s natural rights.

Baron de Montesquieu:

Separation of powers: ______________________________________________________

Articles of the Constitution

Article Subject of the Article

Article 1

Article 2 establishes the powers of and limits on the President

Article 3 establishes the powers of and limits on the Courts

Article 4

Article 5

Article 6

Article 7

Seven Principles of the Constitution

Principle Meaning

Popular Sovereignty The people are the primary source of the government’s power.

Limited Government

Separation of Powers

Checks and Balances Each branch of government limits the actions of the others.

Federalism

Republicanism

Individual Rights

re

p

ublic

Refer to this page to answer the Citizenship Handbook Focus Question on page 118.

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 107 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

108 Citizenship Handbook

Summary 2

Summary 2 Focus Question

What are the powers of each branch of government?

Summary

The federal government consists of three branches, each of

which has its own unique powers and responsibilities.

How the Federal Government Works:

The Legislative Branch

The first article of the Constitution sets up the Congress to

make the nation’s laws. Congress is made up of two bodies:

the Senate and the House of Representatives.

The Senate is based on equal representation and has two

senators from each state. Each serves a six-year term. The

Vice President is also the president of the Senate.

The House of Representatives is the larger of the two

bodies. Representation in the House is based on a state’s

population. People elect their representatives for two-year

terms. The leader of the House, the Speaker, manages

debates and agendas

in the House.

Congress’s most important power is to make laws. Most

laws start as bills, or proposals, that are introduced in the

House or the Senate. Congress can also collect taxes, coin

money, establish post offices, fix standard weights and

measures, and declare war.

How the Federal Government Works:

The Executive Branch

Article 2 of the Constitution sets up the executive branch to

carry out laws and to run the affairs of the national govern-

ment. The President is the head of the executive branch. The

branch also includes the Vice President, the Cabinet, and the

many governmental departments and agencies. The Consti-

tution says little about the powers of the President. Today,

the President can veto bills, propose laws, grant pardons,

appoint high officials, and negotiate treaties. The President

also serves as commander in chief of the armed forces.

The President serves a four-year term and cannot serve

more than two terms. The President is elected through a

system called the electoral college. Americans do not

directly elect the President but rather they vote for a group

of electors. The number of electors depends on each state’s



Vocabulary Builder

Read the bracketed text. Based on

context clues, write a definition of

agenda.

______________________________



Checkpoint

Name the two bodies of the legisla-

tive branch.

______________________________

ssahnairnsg_chb_ac06.fm Page 108 Tuesday, December 13, 2005 12:26 PM

Citizenship Handbook 109

number of senators and representatives. In most states, the

candidate with the majority of popular votes receives that

state’s electoral votes. The candidate who gets the most

electoral votes becomes President.

How the Federal Government Works:

The Judicial Branch

The Constitution also creates a Supreme Court. It also

authorizes Congress to establish other courts as needed.

Most federal cases begin in district courts, where evi-

dence is presented and a judge or a jury decides the facts of

a case. If a party disagrees with the decision of the judge or

jury, it may appeal. An appeal asks that the decision be

reviewed by a higher court. A judge in an appellate court, or

court of appeals, reviews the decision to determine if the

lower court interpreted and applied the law correctly.

Court cases can be filed under federal or state jurisdic-

tion. A jurisdiction is the power to hear and decide cases.

Most cases are tried under state jurisdiction because they

involve state laws. A case may be placed under federal

jurisdiction if:

• The United States is either suing another party or being

sued by another party.

• The case is based on the Constitution or on a federal law.

• The case involves disputes between different states.

The Supreme Court is at the top of the judicial branch

and consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.

Judges are nominated by the President and approved by

Congress. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal.

Decisions rest on a majority of at least five of the justices.

The most important power of the Supreme Court is the

power to decide what the Constitution means. The Court

can declare whether the acts of the President or laws passed

by Congress are unconstitutional. Unconstitutional means

that an act or law is not allowed by the Constitution.

Check Your Progress

1. Who and what makes up the executive branch?

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ _________________________________________________ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ______________________________________________________________ ____ __________________________ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ______________________________________________________________ ____ ___ __________________________ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ______________________________________________________________ ___ ___ _______________________ __

2. Describe the process by which a justice is added to the

Supreme Court.

___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ _________________________________________________ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ______________________________________________________________ ____ __________________________ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ______________________________________________________________ ____ ___ __________________________ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ______________________________________________________________ ___ ___ _______________________ __



Checkpoint

Name the system by which the

President is elected.

______________________________

Reading Strategy

Do most court cases fall under

state or federal juris-

diction? Underline

the sentence that

tells you this.



Checkpoint

List the two things that the

Supreme Court can declare

unconstitutional.

______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

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110 Citizenship Handbook

Branches of Government Notetaking Study Guide

Keep in mind the Summary 2 Focus Question as you read about the structure of

the U.S. government in your textbook and take notes.

 Use these charts to help you record key facts about the branches of govern-

ment. Some information has been filled in to get you started.

The Legislative Branch

The Senate

Number of members for each state:

_____________

Length of term: _______________

President of the Senate:

_____________________

House of Representatives

Number of members for each state:

__________________

Current number of members: ________

Representatives elected by: ________

_______________________________

Length of term: _______________

Powers of Congress:

1. make ____________, 2. collect _______, 3. coin _________ , 4. establish ___________,

5. fix standard _______________ and ______________, 6. declare _________

The Executive Branch

Duties: Carry out the __________ and run the affairs of _____________________

Head executive: __________

Other members: Vice President, Cabinet, ______________, ______________________

Length of President’s term: ____________, but no more than __________

System by which President is elected: __________________________

The Judicial Branch

Lower Courts

1. In district courts, ______________ is presented during trials, and a __________ or a

________________ decides the facts of the case.

2. A party that disagrees with a decision may ________ to a higher court.

3. Appellate court judges review the decisions of district courts to __________________

_____________________________________________________________________.

4. Jurisdiction is _________________________________________________________.

The Supreme Court

Court consists of: _________________________________________________________

Justices appointed by: __________________________________

_________

__________

Appointments must be approved by: ___________________________________________

Length of Justices’ service: __________________________________________________

Main job: ________________________________________________________________

Number of cases heard per year: ______________________________________________

Most important power: _____________________________________________________

What the court can declare as unconstitutional: _________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

two per state

b

ased on population

nation’s laws post offices

President

two terms

appeal

President

Refer to this page to answer the Citizenship Handbook Focus Question on page 118.

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 110 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

Citizenship Handbook 111

Summary 3

Summary 3 Focus Question

How can the Constitution be amended to meet changing

needs?

Summary

The Founders created a Constitution that allowed for

change. The first ten changes made to the Constitution

concerned the rights of the American people.

Amending the Constitution

The Constitution originally said nothing about the rights of

the American people. This omission

was fixed with the

addition of the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the

Constitution. Such an addition was possible because of

Article 5, which laid out the method of amending the

Constitution. Amending is another word for changing.

There are two ways of proposing an amendment. First,

Congress can propose an amendment. Second, a national

convention can formally propose an amendment.

An amendment can be ratified or approved through

actions of the state legislatures. It can also be ratified

through the actions of state conventions. Conventions are

special meetings to address a specific issue.

The Bill of Rights addresses the freedoms of all citizens.

The Bill of Rights

Amendment Subject Addressed

First freedom of religion, speech, and the press; right of

petition and assembly

Second right to bear arms

Third government cannot force people to quarter troops in

their homes

Fourth protects against unreasonable search and seizure

Fifth rights of people accused of crimes

Sixth right to trial by jury in criminal cases

Seventh right to trial by jury in civil cases

Eighth forbids excessive bail and cruel or unusual

punishment

Ninth people’s rights are not limited to those listed in the

Constitution

Tenth states or people have all powers not denied or

given to federal government by the Constitution

✓

Vocabulary Builder

Omission is a noun meaning

“something left out.” Based on this,

what does the verb omit mean?

______________________________

✓

Checkpoint

What are the first ten amendments

called?

______________________________

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 111 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

112 Citizenship Handbook

The First Amendment

The colonial experience inspired the First Amendment.

Religious groups had all come to North America in the

1600s because they wanted to practice their religion freely.

Yet, some religious leaders were driven from their commu-

nities after disputes with leaders over religious issues. The

Framers drafted the First Amendment because they wanted

to end such disputes. Thus, the First Amendment makes

freedom of religion a basic right. Americans can choose to

follow any religion, or no religion.

The part of the First Amendment that dealt with religion

used ideas that came from the Virginia Statute on Religious

Freedom. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Virginia doc-

ument, later spoke of a “wall of separation between Church

and State.” However, not everyone agrees on how religion

and government should be separated. Some people believe

that the First Amendment means that religion should play

no role in government. Others argue that the Amendment

says only that Congress cannot establish an official church

or limit people’s freedom of worship.

The First Amendment also protects the right to speak

and protects the press from government censorship.

Censorship is the power to review, change, or prevent the

publication of news.

The Framers remembered that King George III and

Parliament had ignored colonists’ petitions protesting the

Stamp Act. Such experiences had a powerful effect on the

people who wrote the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment

thus guarantees the right of Americans to assemble in

peaceful protest. It also protects Americans’ right to petition

the government for a change in policy.

Check Your Progress

1. Explain the two ways by which an amendment to the

Constitution can be ratified.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What colonial experience led American leaders to specif-

ically protect the right of citizens to follow any religion or

no religion?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

✓

Reading Strategy

Underline the topic sentence of the

section under the heading “The

First Amendment.”

Then draw arrows to

two sentences that

explain specific ways

the Framers were

reacting to events of

the colonial period.

✓

Checkpoint

List the five freedoms covered by

the First Amendment.

______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 112 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

Citizenship Handbook 113

Amending the Constitution Notetaking Study Guide

Keep in mind the Summary 3 Focus Question as you read about changing the

Constitution in your textbook and take notes.

 Use these charts to help you record key facts. Some information has been filled

in to get you started.

Amendment Process

Proposing Amendments

1.

2. State legislatures call for a national

convention to formally propose an

amendment.

Ratifying Amendments

1.

2. Action of state conventions

The Bill of Rights

Amendment Rights and Protections

First Amendment • Protects freedom of religion , freedom of _____________,

and freedom of the _____________

• Also protects the right of petition and peaceful

_______________

Second Amendment Right to _______________________

Third Amendment Protects against the ________________ of _______________ in

people’s homes

Fourth Amendment Protects against unreasonable search and ______________

Fifth Amendment Protects the rights of people accused of _____________

Sixth Amendment Right to a ___________ by jury in criminal cases

Seventh Amendment Right to a ___________ by ____________ in ______________

cases

Eighth Amendment Forbids ______________________________ and cruel or

unusual ___________________

Ninth Amendment People’s rights are not limited to

____________________________________________________

Tenth Amendment States or people have all ___________ not denied or

__________________________________ by the Constitution

_______

_

______

_

____

_

______

_

Refer to this page to answer the Citizenship Handbook Focus Question on page 118.

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 113 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

114 Citizenship Handbook

Summary 4

Summary 4 Focus Questions

• What are the powers of state and local governments?

• What are the rights and responsibilities of citizens?

Summary

Not only do state and local governments have many impor-

tant responsibilities, but individual citizens have many

important responsibilities as well.

State and Local Government

The Constitution divides powers between the federal gov-

ernment and state governments. The states concern them-

selves with local needs.

State governments are like the federal government. Each

state has its own constitution that can be amended. States

have the same three branches of government as the federal

government. Each state has a legislature, a governor who

serves as the chief executive, and a judiciary. There are some

differences between federal and state governments.

Nebraska, for instance, is the only state in the Union with a

one-house legislature.

State governments have the power to create corporate

law, regulate trade within the state, maintain public schools,

and establish local governments. States also make laws

about marriage and divorce, conduct elections, and provide

for public safety.

The Constitution identifies the powers of the federal and

state government. However, it says nothing about local

governments. Local government consists of smaller units

such as counties, cities, and towns.

Local governments spend most of their budgets on

education. Cities, towns, and school districts hire teachers,

buy books, and maintain school buildings. Local govern-

ments control the school system. However they must meet

the state’s education standards.

Local governments play a more direct role in people’s

lives than state government does. For instance, local govern-

ments hire firefighters, police officers, and garbage collec-

tors. They also maintain local roads and hospitals, provide

public services, run libraries, oversee parks and recreational

facilities, and inspect buildings for safety.

✓

Checkpoint

Name three units of local

government.

______________________________

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Citizenship Handbook 115

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship

A citizen is someone who is entitled to all the rights and

privileges of a nation. A person must be born in the United

States, have a parent who is a United States citizen, be

naturalized, or be 18 years old or younger when his or her

parents are naturalized. Naturalization is the legal process

of becoming a citizen. To be naturalized, a person must live

in the United States for five years, then apply for citizenship,

take a citizenship exam, undergo interviews, and then take

the citizenship oath.

Many of American citizens’ rights are spelled out in the

Bill of Rights. But the Ninth Amendment states that citizens’

rights are not limited to the ones listed in the Constitution.

Over the years, federal and state laws have identified other

rights. For example, the Constitution does not mention

education. But today, laws in every state guarantee that

children have the right to an education.

The law holds citizens to certain responsibilities. For

example, every citizen must obey the law and pay taxes. If

they do not, they face legal punishment. Good citizens meet

other responsibilities as well. These are not required by law,

but they are important. These responsibilities include learn-

ing about important issues and voting.

Some people participate in the political

process through

interest groups. An interest group is an organization that

represents the concerns of a particular group. They work to

influence lawmakers. Examples of interest groups are the

National Rifle Association and the Sierra Club.

Young people, too, can get involved in the political

process. For example, students in one community in Califor-

nia needed assistance paying for public transportation. They

organized to solve this problem. Using their First Amend-

ment rights, they collected signatures on petitions and held

peaceful public rallies. Finally, local transportation officials

came up with a plan to solve the problem.

Check Your Progress

1. Which level or levels of government are responsible for

education?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which amendment states that citizens have rights not

mentioned in the Constitution?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

✓

Reading Strategy

The underlined

sentence is a

specific example.

Draw an arrow to the

general statement it

supports.

Vocabulary Builder

Political comes from the Greek word

polis, meaning “city.” The word

police shares the same root.

✓

Checkpoint

Name two examples of interest

groups.

______________________________

Mark

THE

Text

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 115 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

116 Citizenship Handbook

Governments and Citizens Notetaking Study Guide

Keep in mind the Summary 4 Focus Questions as you read about the powers of

state and local governments and the responsibilities of citizens in your textbook

and take notes.

 Use these charts to help you record key facts. Some information has been filled

in to get you started.

State Government

Each state has its own constitution .

State governments made up of:

• executive (headed by _____________)

•

Powers of State Government:

• create corporate law

•

Local Government

Includes county , ______________, and _____________

Most of local budgets are spent on ____________________.

Local governments hire ____________________, ______________________, and

_____________________________.

Local governments maintain ________________ and ______________ and provide public

services.

Citizenship

• A ___________ is entitled to all the rights and privileges of a particular nation.

• To be a citizen of the United States, a person must be one of the following:

1.

2. have a parent who is a citizen

3.

• ____________________ is the official legal process of becoming a citizen. Steps in

process:

1.

2. apply for citizenship

3.

4.

5.

• Some responsibilities of citizens are required by __________.

• Other responsibilities are not required by law. These include serving the community ,

staying well informed, _____________ in elections, and helping to create a just

______________.

___________

_

______

_

________

_

Refer to this page to answer the Citizenship Handbook Focus Question on page 118.

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Citizenship Handbook 117

Citizenship Handbook Assessment

Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The electoral college is the system used to determine who becomes

A chief justice. B President. C senator.

2. In what way are the state governments like the federal government?

A Both levels of government are divided into three branches.

B All states have two-house legislatures, as does the federal government.

C Both levels of government have the power to coin money.

3. Which of the following principles of the U.S. Constitution introduces the idea

that government authority comes from the people?

A limited government

B popular sovereignty

C checks and balances

Directions: Follow the steps to answer this question:

How does the structure of the federal government reflect the Framers’ belief

that power should rest in the hands of citizens?

Step 1: Recall details about each branch of the federal government.

Step 2: Compare: In which of the three branches are the top officeholders most

directly selected by voters?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Step 3: Complete the topic sentence that follows. Then write two or three more

sentences that support your topic sentences.

The Framers of the Constitution felt that power should rest in the hands of the

citizens because ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Branch

Executive Legislative Judicial

Highest office or level Congress

How officeholders are

selected:

nationwide election

through electoral

college system

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 117 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

118 Citizenship Handbook Notetaking Study Guide

Citizenship Handbook Notetaking Study Guide

Now you are ready to answer the Citizenship Handbook Focus Question: How

did the Constitution create a strong government with roots in history that

allowed for change and met the needs of the people?

 Complete the following chart to help you answer this question. Use the notes

that you took for each section.

The Foundation of Strong Government

Ideas Behind the Constitution

American leaders looked to Rome as an example of a_________, or government in which

citizens rule themselves through elected representatives .

The ______________________ and the English ____________________ placed limits on

the ruler and protected the rights of citizens.

The ideas of the European Enlightenment thinkers ____________________ and

__________________________ were very influential.

Structure of the Constitution

The ____________ , or opening statement,

of the Constitution outlines six main goals.

The first three Articles describe the

branches of government: ____________,

______________ and ________________.

The Constitution rests on seven basic principles: popular sovereignty ,

____________________ , ____________________ , _________________________ ,

____________________ , federalism

, and ________________________.

Amendments to the Constitution

An amendment can be ratified or approved by three fourths of

_______________________________ or ___________________________.

The first ten amendments are known as _________________________________.

They address _________________________________________________.

The Ninth Amendment states that Americans are entitled to many rights, not just

those spelled out in the Constitution.

State and Local Government

Like the federal government, each state has a ____________________ and three

____________________________________.

Some of the many duties of state government include regulating trade within the state,

making laws about ________________ and divorce, conducting __________________,

and providing for public _______________.

_________________ government plays the most direct role in people’s lives.

_____________

_

_________________

_

________________

_

_____

_

Refer to this page to answer the Unit 2 Focus Question on page 119.

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 118 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

Unit 2 Pulling It Together Activity

119

Unit 2 Pulling It Together Activity

What You Have Learned

Chapter 5

The American colonists, although united with Britain thoughout the French

and Indian War, grew rebellious over Britain’s effort to control them. As tensions

increased, the spirit of rebellion turned into a call for independence and war.

Chapter 6

In 1776, the colonists officially announced their Declaration of Independence.

A difficult war followed. The American Revolution ended in 1783 with the signing of a

peace treaty declaring American independence from British rule. The United States was

finally its own nation.

Chapter 7

Delegates from each state met in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles

of Confederation. The delegates decided that the nation needed a stronger federal

government.

Citizenship Handbook

To be an active citizen, it is important to understand the ideas

behind the U.S. Constitution.

Think Like a Historian

Read the Unit 2 Essential Question:

What are the roles and responsibilities of

governments and citizens?



Use the organizers on this page and the next to collect information to answer this

question.

What are the responsibilities of citizens? Some of them are listed in this organizer.

Review your section and chapter notes. Then complete the organizer.

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

From the Bill of Rights

• freedom of religion, speech, and the

press

• trial by jury and equal treatment

before the law

•

Civic Responsibilities

• voting

•

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120

Unit 2 Pulling It Together Activity

Look at the other part of the Unit Essential Question. It asks about responsibilities of

government. The organizer below gives you a part of the answer. Review your section

and chapter notes. Then fill in the rest of the organizer.

Federal

Responsibilities of Government

• making treaties, war, and peace

•

State

• enforcing laws

•

Local

• running schools and libraries

•

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