Budget of the U.S. Government

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

Budget

of the U.S.

Government

FISCAL YEAR 2024

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

Budget

of the U.S.

Government

FISCAL YEAR 2024

THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS

Budget of the United States Government,

Fiscal Year 2024 contains the Budget Message of the

President, information on the President’s priorities,

and summary tables.

Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United

States Government, Fiscal Year 2024 contains anal-

yses that are designed to highlight speciﬁed subject

areas or provide other signiﬁcant presentations of

budget data that place the budget in perspective.

This volume includes economic and accounting anal-

yses, information on Federal receipts and collections,

analyses of Federal spending, information on Federal

borrowing and debt, baseline or current services es-

timates, and other technical presentations.

Supplemental tables and other materials that

are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume

are available at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/

analytical-perspectives/.

Appendix, Budget of the United States

Government, Fiscal Year 2024 contains detailed in-

formation on the various appropriations and funds

that constitute the budget and is designed primarily

for the use of the Appropriations Committees. The

Appendix contains more detailed ﬁnancial informa-

tion on individual programs and appropriation ac-

counts than any of the other budget documents. It

includes for each agency: the proposed text of ap-

propriations language; budget schedules for each ac-

count; legislative proposals; narrative explanations

of each budget account; and proposed general provi-

sions applicable to the appropriations of entire agen-

cies or group of agencies. Information is also provid-

ed on certain activities whose transactions are not

part of the budget totals.

BUDGET INFORMATION AVAILABLE ONLINE

The President’s Budget and supporting materi-

als are available online at https://whitehouse.gov/

omb/budget/. This link includes electronic versions

of all the budget volumes, supplemental materials

that are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume,

spreadsheets of many of the budget tables, and a

public use budget database. This link also includes

Historical Tables that provide data on budget re-

ceipts, outlays, surpluses or deﬁcits, Federal debt,

and Federal employment over an extended time pe-

riod, generally from 1940 or earlier to 2028. Also

available are links to documents and materials from

budgets of prior years.

For more information on access to electronic ver-

sions of the budget documents, call (202) 512-1530

in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293-6498. To pur-

chase the printed documents call (202) 512-1800.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Ofce

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800

Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001

ISBN 978-0-16-095956-1

9 780160 959561

90000

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2023

GENERAL NOTES

1. All years referenced for budget data are ﬁscal

years unless otherwise noted. All years referenced

for economic data are calendar years unless other-

wise noted.

2. Detail in this document may not add to the totals

due to rounding.

Table of Contents

The Budget Message of the President ................................................................................................1

Delivering Results for the American People ....................................................................................5

Growing the Economy from the Bottom Up and Middle Out .....................................................17

Ensuring an Equitable, Effective, and Accountable Government that

Delivers Results for All ...............................................................................................................49

Department of Agriculture .................................................................................................................55

Department of Commerce ................................................................................................................... 59

Department of Defense ........................................................................................................................ 63

Department of Education ...................................................................................................................67

Department of Energy .........................................................................................................................71

Department of Health and Human Services ..................................................................................75

Department of Homeland Security ...................................................................................................83

Department of Housing and Urban Development ........................................................................87

Department of the Interior ................................................................................................................. 91

Department of Justice .........................................................................................................................95

Department of Labor ............................................................................................................................99

Department of State and Other International Programs .........................................................103

Department of Transportation ........................................................................................................109

Department of the Treasury ............................................................................................................. 113

Department of Veterans Affairs ....................................................................................................... 115

Corps of Engineers—Civil Works ....................................................................................................119

Environmental Protection Agency .................................................................................................121

National Aeronautics and Space Administration .......................................................................125

National Science Foundation ........................................................................................................... 127

Small Business Administration .......................................................................................................129

Social Security Administration .......................................................................................................131

Summary Tables ..................................................................................................................................133

OMB Contributors to the 2024 Budget ...........................................................................................171

Page

THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT

To The Congress of The UniTed sTaTes:

When I took office 2 years ago, COVID-19 was raging and our economy was reeling. Millions

of workers had lost their jobs, hundreds of thousands of businesses closed, supply chains were

snarled, and schools were still shuttered. Families across the Nation were feeling real pain.

But today, 230 million Americans have been vaccinated. We have created a record 12 million

jobs, and unemployment is at a more than 50-year low, with near-record lows for Black and

Latino workers and women. Wages are rising, inflation is slowing, manufacturing is booming,

and our economy is growing. More Americans have health insurance than ever before, and a

record 10 million Americans have applied to start a small business—each application an act of

hope. Our economic plan for the Nation is working, and American families are starting to have

a little more breathing room.

I ran for President to rebuild our economy from the bottom up and middle out, not from the

top down—because when the middle class does well, the poor have a ladder up and the wealthy

still do well. We all do well. For too long, though, the backbone of America, the middle class,

has been hollowed out. Too many American jobs were shipped overseas. Unions were weak-

ened. Once-thriving cities and towns have become shadows of what they were. My economic

vision is about investing in those places and people who have been forgotten. That is what we

have done in these historic past 2 years.

Together, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, CHIPS and Science Act, and Inflation Reduction

Act are among the most significant public investments in our Nation’s history, expected to draw

more than $3.5 trillion in public and private funding for infrastructure and industries of the

future—including clean energy. It is simple: you cannot be the number one economy in the

world unless you have the best infrastructure in the world. So we are finally rebuilding our

roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports, water systems, and more to keep our people safe, our

goods moving, and our economy growing. We have already announced over 20,000 projects and

awards, creating tens of thousands of good-paying union jobs while requiring that all construc-

tion materials are made in America. Americans everywhere can take pride in seeing shovels

in the ground for that work.

Meanwhile, the CHIPS and Science Act is making sure America once again leads the world

in developing and manufacturing the semiconductors that power everything from cellphones to

cars. The United States invented those chips, and it is time that we make them at home again

so our economy never again relies on chips manufactured abroad. Private companies have

already pledged $300 billion in new investments in American manufacturing, many thanks

to this law, and they are breaking ground on facilities that will employ tens of thousands of

Americans with good jobs and breathe new life into communities across the United States.

At the same time, we are taking on powerful special interests to cut costs for working fami-

lies—for example, lowering healthcare and prescription drug costs by extending Affordable Care

Act subsidies and capping insulin prices and out-of-pocket drug costs for seniors on Medicare.

The Inflation Reduction Act also gives Medicare the power to negotiate drug prices, lowering

prices for Americans and saving taxpayers billions of dollars a year. It makes the world’s most

2 THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT

significant investment in fighting the existential threat of climate change—lowering families’

utility bills, building cleaner and more resilient water systems, investing in rural communities,

and leading the world to a clean energy economy.

Throughout, we have delivered on our commitment to fiscal responsibility, cutting the defi-

cit by more than $1.7 trillion in the first 2 years of my Administration—the largest reduction

in American history. I have signed into law additional deficit reduction by finally making the

wealthy and corporations pay their fair share, including with a new 15 percent minimum tax

on billion-dollar corporations, many of which had been paying zero in taxes. We have also stood

firm in our commitment to not raise taxes on anyone earning less than $400,000 a year.

Now, it is time to finish the job, building on the ambitious progress we have made with new

investments in America’s future. My 2024 Budget is a blue-collar blueprint to rebuild America

in a fiscally responsible way that leaves no one behind. The Budget continues lowering costs for

families—with new measures to expand health coverage, cap prescription drug costs, invest in

quality child care, build affordable housing, reduce home energy bills, make college more afford-

able, and more. This Budget protects and strengthens Social Security and Medicare—lifelines

that tens of millions of seniors have paid into their whole lives with every paycheck so they can

retire with dignity. It rejects any cuts to these programs, extends the solvency of the Medicare

Trust Fund by at least 25 years, and invests in service delivery so that seniors and people

with disabilities can access the benefits they have earned. This Budget also keeps growing our

economy by investing in the foundation of its strength: the American people. That means help-

ing families by providing paid family and medical leave and restoring the full Child Tax Credit,

which cut child poverty in half in 2021 to the lowest level in history. It means expanding small

business loans; standing up for workers and their fundamental right to organize; investing in

science and innovation; expanding access to preschool; and improving pathways to community

college, career-connected high schools, and other high-quality job training. It also means work-

ing hard to make our communities safer, expanding access to mental healthcare, ending cancer

as we know it, and much more.

In addition, this Budget cements our commitment to confronting global challenges and keep-

ing America safe. It outlines crucial investments to out-compete China globally and to continue

support for Ukraine in the face of unprovoked Russian aggression. It also continues our work to

restore America’s global leadership—reviving key alliances and partnerships, strengthening our

military, fostering democracy and human rights, protecting global health, honoring our veterans,

fixing our immigration system at home, and advancing cybersecurity through implementation of

the National Cybersecurity Strategy I just signed.

Importantly, my Budget does all of this while lowering deficits by nearly $3 trillion over the

next decade. We more than fully pay for these investments in our future by asking the wealthy

and big corporations to pay their fair share. We propose a billionaire minimum tax, requiring

the wealthiest Americans to pay at least 25 percent on all of their income, including appreci-

ated assets—because no billionaire should ever pay a lower tax rate than a school teacher or

a firefighter. This Budget also proposes quadrupling the tax on corporate stock buybacks, so

companies invest more in production to improve quality and lower prices, and less in buybacks

that only benefit shareholders and CEOs. This Budget closes tax loopholes for the wealthy and

cracks down on tax cheats, and it once again ensures that no one earning less than $400,000 a

year will pay a penny more in new taxes, period.

Today, our Nation is at an inflection point that will determine our future for decades to come.

But because of the investments that we have made, the United States of America is better

THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 3

positioned to lead than any Nation on Earth. The Budget reflects our values as a Nation—a

Nation of good people, growing in a new age of possibilities, and standing as a beacon to the

world. Together, let us put those values into practice and prove that democracy delivers as we

keep building a stronger, fairer economy that leaves no one behind.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

The WhiTe hoUse,

March 2023

DELIVERING RESULTS FOR THE

AMERICAN PEOPLE

When the President took ofﬁce, America faced

acute and historic challenges: a once-in-a-centu-

ry pandemic; an economy gripped by the most

severe downturn since the Great Depression; a

worsening climate crisis; and a legacy of racial in-

justice. From the ﬁrst days of his Administration,

the President moved swiftly to tackle these chal-

lenges, deliver results for the American people,

and ensure the Nation emerged stronger than

ever. Two years later, while signiﬁcant challeng-

es remain, America has made historic progress

under the President’s leadership.

GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

In January 2021, the President inherited a

pandemic that was raging and an economy that

was reeling. Roughly one percent of Americans

were fully vaccinated, less than half of the

Nation’s schools were open for in-person instruc-

tion, and the virus had dramatically upended the

lives of Americans all across the Nation. More

than 10 million Americans were unable to ﬁnd

work and the unemployment rate stood at 6.3

percent. Millions of women were forced to drop

out of the labor force. Hundreds of thousands of

small businesses had shuttered. The American

economy was facing one of its darkest moments

in a generation.

In the face of these crises, the President imme-

diately took action to rescue the economy. Within

months of taking ofﬁce, he signed into law the

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American

Rescue Plan), which helped change the course of

the pandemic and jumpstart a historic recovery.

The American Rescue Plan funded an unprec-

edented vaccination campaign that has helped

fully vaccinate nearly 230 million Americans

against COVID-19, re-opened schools for in-per-

son learning, helped 200,000 child care provid-

ers keep their doors open, helped cut child pov-

erty nearly in half in 2021, provided emergency

rental assistance payments to households that

may have otherwise faced eviction, and delivered

critical relief to American families.

Even as the President took urgent action to

bring the economy back from the pandemic and

jumpstart a recovery, he also began implement-

ing his strategy to rebuild the U.S. economy from

the bottom up and middle out—not from the

top down. Over the course of just two years, the

President amassed a series of historic legisla-

tive accomplishments and took executive actions

that are laying the foundation for steady and

stable growth over the long term—rebuilding

America’s infrastructure and building a clean

energy economy, fueling a manufacturing boom

that is bringing record investment and jobs back

to the United States, supporting workers and

small businesses, promoting fair competition,

and lowering costs for families on everything

from prescription drugs to healthcare to energy

bills.

Just over two years after the President took of-

ﬁce, it is clear that his economic strategy is work-

ing. Since January 2021, the economy has added

more than 12 million jobs—more jobs created in

just two years than any president has ever cre-

ated in an entire four-year term. The job mar-

ket has recovered all of the jobs that were lost

6 DELIVERING RESULTS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

during the pandemic—and faster than in the past

three recoveries. The unemployment rate has

fallen from 6.3 percent to 3.4 percent—the lowest

level in 54 years. Hispanic and African American

unemployment rates are near record lows. As of

January 2023, women’s unemployment, which

was more severely impacted by the onset of the

pandemic, is at its lowest level in 70 years. More

Americans are working than at any point in

American history. 2021 and 2022 were the two

best years for small business creation on record.

Companies have invested more than $300 billion

in American manufacturing since the President

took ofﬁce. The President’s actions to lower pre-

scription drug costs and make the wealthy and

large corporations pay their fair share will reduce

the deﬁcit by hundreds of billions of dollars over

the coming decade.

To close tax loopholes that allow some of

the most proﬁtable corporations in the United

States to avoid paying Federal income taxes, the

President signed into law a 15-percent minimum

tax on the proﬁts that large corporations—those

with over $1 billion in proﬁts—report to share-

holders. He signed into law a surcharge on cor-

porate stock buybacks, which encourages busi-

nesses to invest in their growth and productivity

as opposed to paying out corporate executive prof-

its or funneling tax-preferred proﬁts to wealthy

shareholders. The President signed legislation

into law that will crack down on wealthy tax

cheats—without increasing audit rates for fami-

lies or small businesses making under $400,000

per year.

Providing Families More Breathing

Room and Economic Security

As the economy continues to transition from

a historically strong recovery to stable, steady

growth, the President has remained laser-focused

on his top economic priority: taking action to lower

costs for working families and give the American

people more breathing room. While more work

remains—and the Nation could see setbacks

along the way—there are clear signs that the

President’s economic strategy is working: annual

inﬂation has fallen over the past six months, even

as the labor market remains strong and real wag-

es are rising.

The strength of America’s jobs recovery, along

with the Administration’s policies designed to

help workers and families, have left families

more economically secure than before the pan-

demic. Compared to pre-pandemic levels, house-

holds are now less likely to be delinquent on their

credit card bills and mortgages, and more likely

to have health insurance. A record-setting 16.3

million people signed up for Patient Protection

and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act)

coverage this year, and the national uninsured

rate hit an all-time low last year. Families are

facing fewer evictions and foreclosures than they

were before the pandemic, and bankruptcy rates

are lower as well. This economic security is giv-

ing families peace of mind and breathing room

that they did not have before the pandemic. Child

poverty also fell to a historic low in 2021, and the

President has taken action to lift nearly one mil-

lion children out of poverty by modernizing nutri-

tion beneﬁts.

Last summer, the President signed into law the

Inﬂation Reduction Act (Public Law 117-169), his-

toric legislation to lower costs for families, build

a clean energy economy and combat the climate

crisis, reduce the deﬁcit, and ﬁnally ask the larg-

est corporations to begin to pay their fair share—

all while ensuring that no one making less than

$400,000 per year would pay a penny more in tax-

es. The Inﬂation Reduction Act lowers prescrip-

tion drug costs by capping out of pocket expenses

for seniors at $2,000 per year and ﬁnally letting

Medicare negotiate prices. It lowers healthcare

costs by ensuring millions of Americans continue

to save hundreds per year on health insurance

premiums. Consumers in these plans saved an

average of $800 on their premiums in 2021 as

part of the American Rescue Plan. It lowers ener-

gy costs by putting America on track to meet the

President’s climate goals, which will save families

an average of $500 per year on their energy costs.

At the beginning of this year, key provisions

of the Inﬂation Reduction Act took effect that

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 7

are already delivering results for the American

people. As of January 2023, insulin is capped

at $35 for a monthly prescription, more recom-

mended vaccines—including shingles and teta-

nus—are free for Americans on Medicare Part D,

and pharmaceutical companies have to write a

check to Medicare if they raise drug prices faster

than inﬂation. When working- and middle-class

Americans buy an electric vehicle or make their

homes more efﬁcient, they can now get a tax cred-

it—putting money back in their pockets while

helping accelerate a clean energy transition that

leaves no one behind.

At the same time, the Administration has

worked to unsnarl pandemic-driven supply chain

bottlenecks that contributed to higher prices,

helping further ease inﬂationary pressures.

Within months of taking ofﬁce, the President

signed two landmark Executive Orders direct-

ing agencies to fortify the Nation’s critical supply

chains. The President also launched a ﬁrst-ever

Supply Chain Disruptions Task Force, designed

to pivot, adapt, and surge support to immediate

and evolving supply chain challenges. Together,

these actions have made an impact. Despite dire

warnings of a looming supply chain meltdown

ahead of the holidays in 2021, holiday season

delivery times were below pre-pandemic levels

and more than 97 percent of packages were de-

livered on time or with minimal delays. Progress

strengthening America’s supply chains continued

in 2022. The average cost of shipping an ocean

container is trending down, congestion at major

ports in Los Angeles and Long Beach has eased,

and more than 90 percent of goods at grocery

stores and drug stores are in stock and available

on shelves—in line with pre-pandemic averages.

The President has also taken bold action to help

address high gas prices resulting from Russia’s

invasion of Ukraine. Last year, the President au-

thorized the historic release of 180 million bar-

rels from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, and

he rallied international partners to release an

unprecedented amount of oil to stabilize global

markets. Today, gas prices in the United States

have fallen sharply from their summer peak in

2022, even as the economy and job growth have

remained strong.

Promoting Competition and

Entrepreneurship

The President’s economic plan is also focused on

promoting fair competition across the American

economy to help ensure small businesses and en-

trepreneurs have an opportunity to thrive. As the

President has said, “capitalism without competi-

tion isn’t capitalism. It’s exploitation.”

In July 2021, the President signed a his-

toric Executive Order creating a White House

Competition Council and directing Federal agen-

cies to take action to spur greater competition

across industries. Since then, agencies have made

signiﬁcant progress implementing the Executive

Order—taking more than 90 actions across ma-

jor sectors of the economy. Already, those actions

have helped level the playing ﬁeld for small

businesses and unlocked real savings for the

American people.

The Administration’s actions to crack down on

unfair hidden junk fees are producing results.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has

targeted overdraft and bounced check fees, sur-

prise overdraft fees, and surprise depositor fees—

efforts that have already driven changes at 15 of

the largest 20 banks and that are expected to re-

duce fees by more than $1 billion annually. The

Department of Transportation (DOT) proposed a

rule to require airlines and online booking ser-

vices to show the full price of a plane ticket up

front. DOT also published a dashboard of airline

policies when ﬂights are delayed or cancelled due

to issues under the airlines’ control, leading nine

airlines to change policies to guarantee coverage

of hotels and 10 airlines to guarantee coverage

of meals, none of which were guaranteed before.

The Federal Communications Commission re-

leased new rules that will go into effect next year

to require broadband providers to use “nutrition

labels”—similar to those used for food products—

to convey key information to consumers about in-

ternet service options in an accessible format.

8 DELIVERING RESULTS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

At the same time, the President has taken ac-

tion to help lower the average cost of hearing

aids by as much as $3,000 per pair by allowing

Americans to purchase hearing aids over-the-

counter—producing savings for the nearly 30

million Americans with hearing loss. The Federal

Trade Commission released a proposed rule to ban

non-compete clauses, which stiﬂes wage growth

for American workers by making it more difﬁ-

cult for workers to leave for higher-paying jobs.

In December 2022, the President signed into law

the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022,

which updated merger ﬁling fees for the ﬁrst time

in more than 20 years, raising them on the larger

mergers that contribute to consolidation and re-

duce competition while lowering fees on smaller

acquisitions. To help lower shipping costs, the

President also worked with the Congress to pass

the Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 2022, which

will cut costs for shippers, and in turn American

families, and ensure fairer treatment for exports

sent by American farmers and ranchers.

Powering a Manufacturing

Boom across America

A core part of the President’s economic plan

is an industrial strategy to revitalize America’s

manufacturing base, strengthen supply chains,

and position U.S. workers and businesses to lead

in global competition—and that strategy is pay-

ing off. Since January 2021, the economy has

added more than 800,000 manufacturing jobs,

the most jobs added over a two-year period in

over 35 years. Manufacturing as a share of Gross

Domestic Product has returned to pre-pandemic

levels—a faster recovery than any other busi-

ness cycle since 1953. The President’s plan has

catalyzed private investment that will grow the

economy, ensure that those beneﬁts are broadly

shared in communities across the Nation, and

bring good-paying manufacturing jobs back from

overseas.

In August 2022, the President signed into law

the CHIPS and Science Act (Public Law 117-

167)—historic bipartisan legislation that is help-

ing power America’s manufacturing boom and

bringing supply chains—and jobs—back to the

United States. The law serves as a down pay-

ment on the future of discovery that will create

good-paying manufacturing jobs, support local

economies and communities, connect regional

industries with high-tech research and devel-

opment, and bolster U.S. competitiveness glob-

ally. The CHIPS and Science Act, along with the

Inﬂation Reduction Act, have sent clear signals

to the private sector about the demand for clean

energy and innovative technologies. In just the

two years since the President took ofﬁce, the

Administration’s actions have spurred more than

$700 billion in private investment in manufac-

turing, utilities, and energy from more than 200

companies in all 50 States.

The President has also delivered on his com-

mitment to make the promise of Buy American

real. In his ﬁrst week in ofﬁce, he issued an

Executive Order that created the ﬁrst-ever

Made in America Ofﬁce within the Ofﬁce of

Management and Budget, strengthened and cen-

tralized the waiver review process, and directed

the Federal Acquisition Regulatory (FAR) Council

to close loopholes in Buy American regulations.

Since then, the FAR Council published the most

signiﬁcant updates to the Buy American Act in

nearly 70 years to ensure taxpayer dollars create

good-paying jobs here at home, strengthen criti-

cal supply chains, and position U.S. businesses to

compete in strategic industries. These new rules

already raised the domestic content threshold to

qualify as Made in America from 55 percent to

60 percent—part of a phased increase up to 75

percent by 2029.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 9

DELIVERING PROGRESS ACROSS AMERICA

As the President’s economic plan continues to

produce results, the Administration has also de-

livered historic progress that is helping build a

better America—rebuilding the Nation’s crum-

bling infrastructure, leading the world in tack-

ling the climate crisis, delivering for veterans,

making America’s communities safer, promoting

women’s health, and advancing equity across the

U.S. economy and Nation.

Rebuilding America’s Infrastructure

For decades, members of both parties in

Washington have talked about the urgency of

rebuilding America’s crumbling infrastructure—

without ever delivering. But in the fall of 2021,

after working across the aisle to forge consen-

sus and compromise, the President signed into

law the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

(Bipartisan Infrastructure Law)—a once-in-a-

generation investment in the Nation’s infrastruc-

ture and competitiveness that is ushering in an

infrastructure decade.

In the year-and-a-half since the President

signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the

Administration has been hard at work delivering

on the law’s promise: rebuilding roads, bridges,

ports, and airports; upgrading public transit and

rail systems; replacing lead pipes to provide clean

water; cleaning up pollution to protect the health

of Americans; providing affordable, high-speed

internet to every family in America; delivering

cheaper and cleaner energy; and creating good-

paying jobs.

To date, the Administration has announced

nearly $200 billion from the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law and more than 20,000 spe-

ciﬁc projects, reaching over 4,500 communities

across all 50 States, the District of Columbia,

and the Territories. That funding has allowed the

Administration to: launch 3,700 bridge repair and

replacement projects across the Nation; begin re-

pair of over 69,000 miles of roadway; award funds

for more than 3,000 new clean transit school

buses; increase enrollment in the Affordable

Connectivity program that helps ensure house-

holds can afford the high speed internet they

need for work, school, healthcare, and more to

over 16 million households; and approve State

plans for water funding, electric vehicle charging

networks, and high-speed internet deployment.

Earlier this year, the President announced

awards for regionally or nationally-signiﬁcant

projects, including over $2 billion to upgrade

some of the Nation’s most economically signiﬁ-

cant bridges and over $1.2 billion in Mega grants.

These infrastructure investments will create

good-paying jobs—including union jobs and jobs

that do not require a four-year college degree. The

projects will grow the economy, strengthen sup-

ply chains, improve mobility for residents, and

make America’s transportation systems safer for

all users.

To ensure projects are delivered on time, on

task, and on budget, the Administration released

The Biden-Harris Permitting Action Plan to

Rebuild America’s Infrastructure, Accelerate the

Clean Energy Transition, Revitalize Communities,

and Create Jobs to strengthen Federal permitting

and environmental reviews, as well as The Biden-

Harris Action Plan for Accelerating Infrastructure

with more than 20 commitments from Federal

agencies pledging to speed progress. The

Administration also launched the Infrastructure

Talent Pipeline Challenge, with more than 350

commitments from companies, colleges, and non-

proﬁts to invest in workforce development.

Leading the World to Tackle

the Climate Crisis

In the two years since taking ofﬁce, the

President’s leadership to tackle the climate crisis

has boosted U.S. manufacturing and deployment

of cost-cutting clean energy technologies, put the

Nation on a durable path aligned with limiting

warming to 1.5 °C, galvanized global action by

partners and the private sector, and advanced en-

vironmental justice.

10 DELIVERING RESULTS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

On the ﬁrst day of his Administration, the

President rejoined the Paris Agreement—

strengthening international partnerships that

are key to addressing the climate crisis on the

global stage. The President set an ambitious do-

mestic goal to reduce greenhouse gas pollution 50

to 52 percent from 2005 levels by 2030 and has

rallied countries around the world to make their

own bold contributions. At the 27th Conference

of the Parties to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change, the President an-

nounced that America would lead the way as the

ﬁrst Nation to require major Federal contractors

to publicly disclose their greenhouse gas emis-

sions and climate-related ﬁnancial risks and set

science-based emissions reduction targets.

In signing the Inﬂation Reduction Act last

year, the President secured the largest invest-

ment to advance energy security and combat cli-

mate change in American history. The Inﬂation

Reduction Act makes direct investments in inno-

vation and deployment of cost-saving clean ener-

gy technologies while lowering costs for American

families who electrify their homes, purchase

electric vehicles, and install rooftop solar. As cli-

mate disasters continue to threaten communities

across the Nation, the law also includes critical

investments in climate resilience. The Inﬂation

Reduction Act will spur unprecedented actions

to ensure that these transformative investments

create good-paying and union American jobs and

beneﬁt low-income and disadvantaged communi-

ties—including through a new $3 billion grant

program for community-based organizations that

work to address local pollution concerns.

At the same time, the Administration has

launched numerous initiatives to accelerate

America’s clean energy future and conserve

America’s ecosystems. To jumpstart an electric

transportation future that is Made in America,

the President brought together automakers and

autoworkers around an ambitious goal that 50

percent of vehicles sold by 2030 will be electric.

The Administration has announced new climate-

smart agriculture and forestry initiatives, protec-

tions for cherished landscapes and habitats, and

the America the Beautiful Initiative to conserve

30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. To

ensure no one is left out of the beneﬁts of the clean

energy economy, the President established the

Interagency Working Group on Coal and Power

Plan Communities and Economic Revitalization

to direct Federal technical assistance and re-

sources toward investments in the places that

kept America’s lights on for generations.

Environmental justice is embedded in all the

work the Administration is doing to tackle the

climate crisis. The President’s Justice40 initia-

tive ensures that 40 percent of the beneﬁts from

Federal investments in climate and clean en-

ergy are delivered to disadvantaged communi-

ties. The Administration launched a Climate and

Economic Justice Screening Tool to help agencies

better identify communities that can beneﬁt from

the Justice40 Initiative.

Honoring America’s Commitment

to the Nation’s Veterans

One of the Nation’s most sacred obligations is

to care for America’s veterans, their families, care-

givers, and survivors. The President delivered on

this commitment by signing the Sergeant First

Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to

Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022 (PACT

Act), the most signiﬁcant bill in American history

to address veterans’ exposure to burn pits and

other toxic substances. Under the law, more than

ﬁve million veterans will be eligible for services,

including expanded access to healthcare and

disability compensation beneﬁts. The PACT Act

also expands access to beneﬁts and services for

veterans’ families, caregivers, and survivors, and

strengthens the President’s Cancer Moonshot ini-

tiative, making progress toward addressing rare

cancers that make up approximately 25 percent

of all Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) cancer

diagnoses.

The Administration is also taking key steps to

address veteran suicide. In July 2022, VA tran-

sitioned the Veterans Crisis Line to the new 988

Suicide and Crisis Lifeline’s national network,

making it easier for veterans in crisis to connect

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 11

to more than 500 suicide prevention coordinators

and ensuring follow-up services.

Recognizing the diversity of America’s veter-

ans, the Administration is also taking action to

advance equity across veterans’ services. In the

last year, VA committed to improving maternal

health and expanded access to specialized cancer

screenings and reproductive healthcare. In addi-

tion to ending the ban on transgender service, the

Administration is committed to providing gender

afﬁrming care to the Nation’s veterans—and last

year, the VA announced that it was extending

survivor beneﬁts to certain survivors of Lesbian,

Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex

veterans.

Making America’s Communities Safer

From day one, the President has taken deci-

sive and historic action to make America’s com-

munities safer. Last year, the President brought

Members of Congress from both parties together

to secure the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act—

the ﬁrst signiﬁcant piece of legislation to address

the epidemic of gun violence in America’s com-

munities in three decades. This historic legisla-

tion expands background checks and funds crisis

intervention, including red-ﬂag laws, and helps

keep guns out of the hands of people, including

convicted dating partners, who are a danger to

themselves and others. The Act makes historic

investments in violence prevention and reduction

programs, addresses the youth mental crisis by

expanding community violence prevention pro-

grams, and expands trauma-informed services

to mitigate the impact of violence. It also builds

on the Administration’s efforts to crack down on

ghost guns, rogue dealers, and gun trafﬁcking.

The President has also been clear about the

Administration’s commitment to investing in

safe, effective, and accountable community po-

licing and crime prevention. In December 2022,

the President signed the bipartisan funding bill

that increased funding for the Department of

Justice’s Community Oriented Policing Solutions

Ofﬁce by more than $150 million and included

$50 million for the Agency’s Community Violence

Intervention programs. In addition to these criti-

cal investments, the President issued a historic

Executive Order last year to advance effective

accountable policing and reform America’s crimi-

nal justice system. The Administration is also

strategically deploying historic funding to reduce

gun crime. The Administration made certain

American Rescue Plan funding—$350 billion in

State and local funding, and $122 billion in K-12

funding—available as unprecedented resources

for States and cities to invest in hiring ofﬁcers for

accountable community policing, as well as crime

prevention and intervention.

Promoting Women’s Healthcare and

Defending Reproductive Rights

In June 2022, the Supreme Court issued the

Dobbs decision that overturned Roe v. Wade and

eliminated a woman’s constitutional right to

choose, taking away a right from the American

people that had been the law of the land for nearly

50 years. In the wake of this ruling, the President

has been clear that the only way to secure a wom-

an’s right to choose is for the Congress to pass a

law restoring the protections of Roe. In addition,

the President has defended reproductive rights

and protected access to safe and legal abortion—

including signing two Executive Orders and a

Presidential Memorandum to safeguard access

to medication abortion and contraception, ensure

patients receive emergency medical care and

healthcare free from discrimination, protect pa-

tients’ and doctors’ privacy, and support patients

traveling out of State for medical care.

Thanks to the Affordable Care Act and the

Administration’s work to protect and expand

it, more Americans have healthcare coverage

than at any other time in history—and women

can no longer be charged more for health insur-

ance simply because they are women. Last year,

the Administration approved requests from

more than half of the States and the District

of Columbia to extend postpartum Medicaid

12 DELIVERING RESULTS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

coverage to 12 months. In June 2022, the President

and Vice President released the Administration’s

Blueprint for Addressing the Maternal Health

Crisis, a whole-of-Government approach for com-

batting maternal mortality and morbidity and re-

ducing persistent disparities.

Advancing Equity

On his ﬁrst day in ofﬁce, the President signed

a sweeping Executive Order directing the entire

Federal Government to advance an ambitious

equity and racial justice agenda—not as a one-

year project, but as part of a sustained commit-

ment to make the promise of America real for

every American. Since then, the Administration

has made signiﬁcant progress advancing equity

across the Federal Government, including by re-

leasing a second Executive Order that strength-

ens its ability to create opportunities for commu-

nities and populations that have been historically

underserved, and continues to build an America

in which all can participate, prosper, and reach

their full potential.

The President also hosted the ﬁrst White House

Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health

in over 50 years and released the Biden-Harris

Administration National Strategy on Hunger,

Nutrition, and Health (National Strategy on

Hunger, Nutrition, and Health) to end hunger and

reduce diet-related chronic diseases, which dis-

proportionately impact historically underserved

communities, by 2030. The National Strategy on

Hunger, Nutrition, and Health provides a road-

map of actions Federal agencies will take and

makes a call to action to all sectors of society to

collectively achieve the President’s goals.

The Administration has also announced new

steps to advance economic justice. These include

taking action to eliminate administrative bar-

riers that disproportionately impact workers of

color, delivering equitable infrastructure invest-

ments through the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law, advancing environmental justice through

the Justice40 Initiative, and making his-

toric investments in tribal communities. The

Administration has also made progress deliver-

ing on the President’s goal of increasing the share

of awards to small disadvantaged businesses

(SDBs) from roughly 10 percent to 15 percent

by 2025. In 2021, the Administration awarded a

record level of contracting dollars to SDBs, and

based on initial data, 2022 is expected to exceed

that record.

The Administration has deployed record in-

vestments to tribal nations and Native commu-

nities, including through the American Rescue

Plan, the largest direct Federal investment in

Indian Country in history, and the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law, the largest single investment

in infrastructure for Indian Country ever. The

Administration has taken additional steps to: im-

prove and standardize tribal consultation; expand

protections for tribal victims under the Violence

Against Women Act Reauthorization Act of 2022;

develop new public safety and justice strategies

for Native communities, including to address

the epidemic of missing or murdered Indigenous

people; and secure—for the ﬁrst time in history—

advance appropriations for the Indian Health

Service, which would ensure a more predictable

funding stream and improve health outcomes

across Indian Country.

In April 2022, the President launched the Rural

Partners Network (RPN), which is now support-

ing 37 rural communities across 10 States and

Puerto Rico. RPN is an all-of-Government pro-

gram that partners with rural and tribal people

to access resources and funding to create local

jobs, build infrastructure, and support long-term

economic stability on their own terms. Through

RPN, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

is hiring new full-time Federal staff who are from

the region to work hand in hand with RPN com-

munity leaders. There are 20 Federal agencies,

including regional commissions, contributing to

RPN to ensure selected rural communities have

access to the full breadth of resources across the

Federal Government.

The President has also signed historic bipar-

tisan legislation to ensure women and Lesbian,

Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 13

Americans are treated equitably under the law.

Last year, the President signed the Respect for

Marriage Act to ensure that every American—

no matter their race, gender, or sexual orienta-

tion—can marry the person they love without the

threat of government interference. The bipartisan

funding bill the President signed in December

2022 included the Pregnant Workers Fairness

Act—which provides long-overdue protections

for pregnant workers—as well as $700 million

for the Violence Against Women Act, the highest

funding level in history for the landmark law the

President ﬁrst authored and championed in 1994

and reauthorized in March 2022.

Making Progress to End

Cancer as We Know It

One year ago, the President and First Lady

reignited the Cancer Moonshot, setting an ambi-

tious, achievable goal: to reduce the death rate

from cancer by at least 50 percent over the next

25 years, and improve the experience of people

and families living with and surviving cancer, ul-

timately ending cancer as we know it today.

The Cancer Moonshot has spurred tremendous

action across the Federal Government and from

the public and private sectors, building a strong

foundation for the work ahead. The President

stood up the ﬁrst-ever Cancer Cabinet to mobilize

the Federal Government, and called on individu-

als, healthcare providers, and leaders across sec-

tors to step up and take action in ﬁve key priority

areas: 1) close the screening gap; 2) understand

and address environmental and toxic exposure;

3) decrease the impact of preventable cancers;

4) bring cutting-edge research through the pipe-

line to patients and communities; and 5) support

patients and caregivers.

To date, the Cancer Moonshot has announced

over 25 new programs, policies, and resources

to address these ﬁve priority areas. More than

60 private companies, non-proﬁts, academic

institutions, and patient groups have also stepped

up with new actions and collaborations.

Notably, this includes at least one major ad-

vancement in each of these priority areas. To im-

prove cancer screening, the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention issued grants as part of

an ongoing ﬁve-year total investment greater

than $1 billion to advance cancer prevention

and control reaching every State, Territory, and

tribal organizations and the National Cancer

Institute launched a large national trial that

could identify effective blood tests for the de-

tection of one or more cancers. Due to the

President’s leadership in delivering biparti-

san legislation, the Environmental Protection

Agency, through Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

funding, is cleaning up toxic sites and replacing

lead pipes and service lines as part of efforts

to address environmental and toxic exposures.

In addition, VA is implementing the President’s

bipartisan PACT Act, which includes cancer as

a priority category for veterans’ beneﬁts claims,

helping these veterans gain more timely access

to healthcare and other ﬁnancial beneﬁts. In

cancer prevention, USDA announced its new

Agricultural Science Center of Excellence for

Nutrition and Diet for Better Health to ac-

celerate research on diet-related chronic dis-

eases, including cancer as part of the Cancer

Moonshot and National Strategy on Hunger,

Nutrition, and Health. To drive innovation, the

President launched the Advanced Research

Projects Agency for Health, a new agency to

deliver new ways to prevent, detect, and treat

cancer and other diseases, appointed its ﬁrst-

ever Director, and secured $2.5 billion in ini-

tial investment, including $1.5 billion in the

bipartisan funding bill the President signed

in December 2022. In addition, to support pa-

tients, tens of thousands of cancer patients

could see their prescription drug costs go down

by thousands annually because the President

signed the Inﬂation Reduction Act, which caps

out-of-pocket prescription drug costs at $2,000

per year for Medicare beneﬁciaries.

14 DELIVERING RESULTS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

KEEPING AMERICA SAFE AND RESTORING AMERICA’S GLOBAL LEADERSHIP

As the President delivers results for the

American people at home, he has also taken ac-

tion to restore American leadership on the world

stage—leading with America’s values, working

in lockstep with America’s allies and partners,

investing in the Nation’s military edge, and ad-

dressing the most signiﬁcant challenges and op-

portunities before us. In the early years of what

will be a decisive decade, America is better posi-

tioned than any Nation on earth to win the com-

petition for the 21

Century.

Under the President’s leadership, the United

States has rallied the world to support the people

of Ukraine, deepened America’s alliances with

Europe, and strengthened the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization, including through congres-

sional support for the accession of two new states,

Sweden and Finland. America has provided tens

of billions of dollars in direct military and budget-

ary support to make sure the Ukrainian govern-

ment can defend its sovereignty and territorial

integrity and to protect and provide basic servic-

es to the Ukrainian people, including healthcare,

education, and emergency personnel. As Russia’s

invasion continues to displace Ukrainians, the

United States has welcomed more than 275,000

Ukrainians seeking refuge since March 2022.

In the Indo-Paciﬁc, the President has taken ac-

tion to deepen America’s security and economic

partnerships to shape the rules of the road and

strengthen America’s edge in the competition

with China—including hosting the ﬁrst-ever U.S.-

Paciﬁc Islands Summit at the White House. At

the 2022 G20 Summit in Indonesia, the President

demonstrated the Administration’s commitment

to the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and

Investment, which catalyzes public and private

ﬁnance to advance climate and energy security,

global health security, digital connectivity, gender

equity and equality, and transportation infrastruc-

ture across the world—all while creating oppor-

tunities for American businesses. The President

has fostered democracy and shared prosperity in

the Western Hemisphere through the Americas

Partnership for Economic Prosperity, a historic

new agreement to drive Western Hemisphere

economic recovery and growth and deliver for

working people. The President also hosted the

U.S.-Africa Leaders’ Summit, underscoring

America’s commitment to expanding and deepen-

ing America’s partnership with African countries,

institutions, and people, including supporting the

African Union to join the G20 as a permanent

member.

Working with allies and partners, the President

has moved swiftly to confront a broad range of

pressing global challenges. From his ﬁrst days in

ofﬁce, the President has led with a bold agenda

to address the climate crisis and increase energy

security at home and around the world. Through

the President’s Emergency Plan for Adaptation

and Resilience (PREPARE), the United States

is helping vulnerable nations build resilience to

the devastating impacts of the climate crisis. The

Administration is also embedding the costs of

climate change into the investment strategies of

U.S. development ﬁnance institutions and work-

ing with America’s partners to do the same.

At the President’s direction, the United States

is also taking action to advance global public

health. To protect the Nation and the world, the

President committed to directly supporting at

least 50 countries, by 2025, to strengthen and

achieve regional, national, and local capacity in

ﬁve critical areas to prevent, detect, and respond

to infectious disease threats.

Since day one of the Administration, the

President has called for a new mechanism to

catalyze global progress to prevent, detect, and

respond to infectious disease threats, and togeth-

er with the G20 and other partners, the United

States helped launch and support a historic new

Pandemic Fund at the World Bank. This fund

is working at the national, regional, and global

levels to support pandemic prevention, prepared-

ness, and response while strengthening local

health systems.

In the face of growing threats to women’s hu-

man rights and opportunity around the world,

the Administration continues to advance gender

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 15

equity and equality at home and abroad. The

Administration has worked to prevent and re-

spond to gender-based violence, including where

rape is used as a weapon of war. In addition,

the Administration has supported the full and

equal participation of women and girls in the

economy by addressing barriers to participation,

which will improve economic security for women

and families and promote economic growth and

development.

As America leads with diplomacy, a principled

and adaptive U.S. military underpins America’s

global leadership. In line with the 2022 National

Defense Strategy, the Department of Defense

(DOD) is advancing American priorities through

integrated deterrence, working seamlessly

across all instruments of national power and

America’s global network of allies and partners,

and buttressed by the strongest ﬁghting force

the world has ever known. The United States has

made disciplined investments to design, develop,

and manage a combat-credible force that can

deter Chinese and Russian military aggression

against vital U.S. national interests, and, if nec-

essary, prevail in conﬂict if deterrence fails. These

investments include modernizing America’s nu-

clear deterrent, building resilience in the cyber

and space domains, and investing in new appli-

cations of artiﬁcial intelligence, quantum science,

and biotechnology with the potential to revolu-

tionize how U.S. forces operate. America is act-

ing urgently to build enduring advantages across

the defense ecosystem—not just within DOD, but

also across the defense industrial base and the

array of private sector and academic enterprises

that create and sharpen the Joint Force’s techno-

logical edge.

GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE

BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

Under the President’s leadership—and thanks

to the resilience of the American people—

the United States has not only met historic

challenges at home and abroad, but is poised

to emerge stronger, more resilient, and more

prosperous for decades to come.

The President’s economic strategy is producing

results—with record-breaking job creation,

strong economic growth, major investments

in infrastructure, a resurgence of American

manufacturing, and historic legislative

accomplishments that are laying the foundation

for long-term economic prosperity. America is

leading the world in: building a clean energy

economy and combatting the climate crisis;

turning a generational challenge into an

opportunity to create jobs and strengthen U.S.

energy security; leading the industries of the

future; and advancing environmental justice.

The United States has made smart investments

in America’s communities and people that are

creating more opportunities and advancing

equity, security, and dignity. The President has

restored America’s standing and leadership on

the world stage—rallying allies and partners to

address some of the most pressing challenges

around the globe.

The President’s Budget details a ﬁscally and

economically responsible blueprint to build on

this record of progress, deliver on the agenda

he laid out in his State of the Union Address,

and ﬁnish the job: continuing to lower costs for

families; protecting and strengthening Medicare

and Social Security; growing the economy from

the bottom up and middle out by investing in

America and its people; and reducing the deﬁcit

by asking the wealthy and big corporations to

pay their fair share.

Building on the historic Inﬂation Reduction

Act and other key administrative actions, the

Budget includes a package of proposals that

would give the American people more breathing

room and lower costs—including for health

insurance, prescription drugs, child care and

preschool, higher education, and housing.

The Budget honors the President’s ironclad

commitment to protecting and strengthening

Medicare and Social Security—rejecting any cuts

to these programs, proposing reforms that would

extend the solvency of the Medicare Hospital

Insurance (HI) trust fund by at least 25 years,

and investing in service delivery to speed up

claims processing and ensure Americans receive

the Social Security beneﬁts they have earned.

The Budget proposes smart, targeted

investments to grow the economy from the

bottom up and middle out by investing in

America and its people. The Budget invests in

the foundations of America’s economic strength—

from manufacturing and infrastructure, to

education and job training. The Budget expands

access to high quality healthcare, addresses

long-standing public health challenges, and

helps spur the next generation of medical

breakthroughs that improve health outcomes

in diseases such as cancer. The Budget makes

historic investments to: combat the climate

crisis; advance environmental justice; and

ensure the clean energy future is invented,

built, and made in America. The Budget also

advances equity, dignity, and security across

America’s communities and economy—making

18 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

communities safer and expanding the reach of

America’s promise.

The Budget also reﬂects the Administration’s

commitment to achieving a better future of a free,

open, secure and prosperous world, as laid out in

the President’s 2022 National Security Strategy.

As America faces challenges from authoritarian

powers with revisionist aims, a global climate

crisis, and international economic pressures, it is

clear that the need for a strong and purposeful

American role in the world has never been greater.

The Budget supports American leadership

by investing in America’s inherent national

strengths: the ingenuity, creativity, resilience, and

determination of the American people; America’s

values, diversity, and democratic institutions;

America’s technological leadership and

economic dynamism; and America’s diplomatic

corps, development professionals, intelligence

community, and military servicemembers, all of

whom remain unparalleled. By investing in the

underlying sources and tools of American power

and inﬂuence, the Budget would help America

build the strongest possible international

coalition with the power to shape the global

strategic environment and solve shared global

challenges.

In keeping with the President’s commitment to

ﬁscal responsibility, the Budget more than fully

pays for all of its investments, strengthens the

Nation’s long-term ﬁscal health, and keeps the

economic burden of debt low. The President’s

Budget reduces deﬁcits by nearly $3 trillion

over the next decade by asking the wealthiest

Americans and biggest corporations to pay their

fair share—while ensuring that no one making

less than $400,000 pays a penny in new taxes and

cutting taxes for families with children and low-

income workers.

LOWERING COSTS AND GIVING FAMILIES MORE BREATHING ROOM

The President’s top economic priority is

lowering costs for working families and giving

them more breathing room. While more work

remains—and while America could see more

setbacks along the way—there are clear signs

that the President’s strategy is working. Annual

inﬂation has fallen for seven consecutive months.

Gas prices are down roughly $1.60 per gallon

since their peak last summer. Real wages are

up over the last seven months for working

Americans. Thanks to the Inﬂation Reduction

Act, the United States is lowering costs for

prescription drugs, healthcare, and energy for

tens of millions of Americans all while lowering

America’s deﬁcit. The Administration has taken

action to eliminate junk fees, unsnarl pandemic-

driven supply chain bottlenecks that increased

prices, and promote greater competition across

the American economy. The Budget builds

on this record of progress through additional

proposals to continue lowering everyday costs

for the American people—from health insurance

and prescription drugs, to higher education and

housing, to utilities and child care.

Lowers Healthcare Costs. The President

believes that healthcare should be a right, not a

privilege. With enrollment in affordable health

coverage at an all-time high, the Budget builds

on the success of the Affordable Care Act by

making permanent the expanded premium

tax credits that the Inﬂation Reduction Act

extended. The Budget also provides Medicaid-

like coverage to individuals in States that have

not adopted Medicaid expansion, paired with

ﬁnancial incentives to ensure States maintain

their existing expansions.

Reduces Drug and other Healthcare Costs

for All Americans. The Budget builds upon

the Inﬂation Reduction Act to continue lowering

the cost of prescription drugs. For Medicare,

this includes further strengthening its newly

established negotiation power by negotiating

more drugs and bringing drugs into negotiation

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 19

sooner after they launch. The Budget also proposes

to limit Medicare Part D cost-sharing for high-

value generic drugs, such as certain generic drugs

used for chronic conditions like hypertension and

high cholesterol, to no more than $2. For Medicaid,

the Budget includes proposals to ensure Medicaid

and the Children’s Health Insurance Program

(CHIP) are prudent purchasers of prescriptions

drugs, such as authorizing the Department of

Health and Human Services (HHS) to negotiate

supplemental drug rebates on behalf of interested

States in order to pool purchasing power. For

the commercial market, the Budget includes

proposals to curb inﬂation in prescription drug

prices and cap the prices of insulin products at

$35 for a monthly prescription.

Expands Access to Affordable, High-

Quality Early Child Care and Learning.

The Budget advances the President’s goal of

ensuring that all families can access affordable,

high-quality child care and free, high-quality

preschool, helping children learn, giving families

breathing room, and growing the economy. The

President’s plan enables States to increase child

care options for more than 16 million young

children and lower costs so that parents can

afford to send their children to the high-quality

child care program of their choice, allowing them

to go to work or pursue training with the peace

of mind that their children are being set up for a

lifetime of success.

The Budget also funds a Federal-State

partnership that provides high-quality, universal,

free preschool, offered in the setting of a parent’s

choice—from public schools to child care

providers to Head Start—to support healthy

child development and ensure children enter

kindergarten ready to succeed. The proposal

enables States to increase preschool access and

quality. The Budget provides access to high-

quality preschool to all of the approximately

four million four-year-old children in the Nation,

and gives States the ﬂexibility to expand

preschool to three-year-olds after preschool is

available to all four-year-olds. The estimated cost

of these child care and preschool investments is

$600 billion over 10 years.

For 2024, the Budget also provides $22.1 billion

for HHS’s existing early care and education

programs, an increase of $2.1 billion over the

2023 enacted level. This includes $9 billion for

the Child Care and Development Block Grant, an

increase of nearly $1 billion over the 2023 enacted

level, to expand access to quality, affordable child

care for families across the Nation. The Budget

helps young children enter kindergarten ready to

learn by providing $13.1 billion for Head Start, an

increase of $1.1 billion over the 2023 enacted level.

In addition, the Budget includes $500 million for

a demonstration program in the Department of

Education to create or expand free, high-quality

preschool in school or community-based settings,

including Head Start, for children eligible to

attend Title I schools.

Increases Affordable Housing Supply to

Reduce Costs. To address the critical shortage

of affordable housing in communities throughout

the Nation, the Budget includes $59 billion in

mandatory funding and tax incentives aimed at

increasing the affordable housing supply. The

Budget also includes $10 billion in mandatory

funding to incentivize State, local, and regional

jurisdictions to make progress in removing

barriers to affordable housing developments, such

as restrictive zoning. These investments would

increase the development of affordable rental

and owner-occupied housing, including units

affordable to extremely low-income families. By

expanding the supply of housing, the Budget would

help curb cost growth across the broader housing

market. The Budget also provides $1.8 billion for

the HOME Investment Partnerships Program

(HOME), an increase of $300 million over the

2023 enacted level, to construct and rehabilitate

affordable rental housing and provide

homeownership opportunities. In addition, the

Budget provides $258 million to support 2,200

units of new permanently affordable housing

speciﬁcally for the elderly and persons with

disabilities, supporting the Administration’s

priority to maximize independent living for

people with disabilities; and $459 million for the

U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) rural

housing programs to increase rural housing

opportunities, reduce rent burdens for low-income

20 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

rural tenants, and also increase the resiliency of

rural housing to the impacts of climate change. In

addition, the Budget includes $3.4 billion for the

Community Development Block Grant program

to help communities modernize infrastructure,

invest in economic development, create parks

and other public amenities, and provide social

services.

Reduces Costs for Homeowners and

Expands Access to Homeownership. To make

homeownership more affordable for underserved

borrowers, including ﬁrst-time, low- to moderate-

income, and minority homebuyers, the Federal

Housing Administration (FHA) is reducing the

annual mortgage insurance premiums new

borrowers will pay by about one-third, saving

the average FHA borrower approximately $800

in the ﬁrst year of their mortgage loan and

providing continued savings for the duration of

the loan. The Budget also reﬂects a reduction

in mortgage insurance fees for Native American

borrowers in the Indian Home Loan Guarantee

Program, which would save borrowers over $500

on average in their ﬁrst year. To assist rural low-

income homeowners, the Budget includes a new

proposal to eliminate the existing low-income

borrower penalty that requires individuals

to repay subsidy costs for USDA’s Single-

Family Direct loans. The Budget also includes

$10 billion in mandatory funding for a new First-

Generation Down Payment Assistance program

to help address racial and ethnic homeownership

and wealth gaps, as well as $100 million for a

HOME down payment assistance pilot to expand

homeownership opportunities for ﬁrst-generation

and/or low-wealth ﬁrst-time homebuyers and

$15 million to increase the availability of FHA

small balance mortgages.

Expands Access to Affordable Rent

through the Housing Choice Voucher

(HCV) Program. The HCV program currently

provides 2.3 million low-income families with

rental assistance to obtain housing in the private

market. The Budget provides $32.7 billion, an

increase of $2.4 billion (including emergency

funding) over the 2023 enacted level, to maintain

services for all currently assisted families

and to expand assistance to an additional

50,000 households, particularly those who

are experiencing homelessness or ﬂeeing, or

attempting to ﬂee, domestic violence or other

forms of gender-based violence. The Budget

further expands assistance to another 130,000

households with funding from HCV program

reserves. To further ensure that more households

have access to safe and affordable housing, the

Budget includes mandatory funding to support

two populations that are particularly vulnerable

to homelessness—youth aging out of foster care

and extremely low-income (ELI) veterans. The

Budget provides $9 billion to establish a housing

voucher program for all 20,000 youth aging out

of foster care annually, and provides $13 billion

to incrementally expand rental assistance for

450,000 ELI veteran families, paving a path to

guaranteed assistance for all who have served

the Nation and are in need. In all, the Budget

proposes to expand assistance to well over

200,000 additional households.

Improves College Affordability and

Expands Free Community College. To help

low- and middle-income students overcome

ﬁnancial barriers to postsecondary education,

the Budget proposes to increase the discretionary

maximum Pell Grant by $500, expanding access

to the grant to reach over 6.8 million students

with money for college. This request builds on

successful bipartisan efforts to increase the

maximum Pell Grant award by $900 over the past

two years, and creates a path to double the award

by 2029. The Budget also invests mandatory

funding to expand free community college across

the Nation. To lay the groundwork for this

program, the Budget includes $500 million in

a new discretionary grant program to provide

two-years of free community college for students

enrolled in high-quality programs that lead

to a four-year degree or a good paying job. In

addition, the Budget provides mandatory funding

for two years of subsidized tuition for students

from families earning less than $125,000 enrolled

in a four-year Historically Black College and

University (HBCU), Tribally Controlled College

and University (TCCU), or Minority-Serving

Institution (MSI).

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 21

Lowers Home Energy and Water Costs.

The Budget provides $4.1 billion, a $111 million

increase from the 2023 enacted level (excluding

emergency appropriations), for the Low Income

Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP).

Since the Low Income Household Water Assistance

Program (LIHWAP) expires at the end of 2023,

the Budget proposes to increase LIHEAP funding

and allow States the option to use a portion

of their LIHEAP funds to provide water bill

assistance to low-income households. The Budget

builds on the $13 billion provided in the Inﬂation

Reduction Act to reduce energy bills for families,

expand clean energy, transform rural power

production, and create thousands of good-paying

jobs for people across rural America. The Budget

provides $30 million for grants and $1 billion for

loan guarantees for renewable energy systems

and energy efﬁciency improvements for farmers

and rural small businesses.

Moves Goods More Quickly through the

Nation’s Ports and Waterways. The Budget

continues support for modernizing America’s

port and waterway infrastructure initiated under

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law—helping

further address cost pressures. The Budget

includes $230 million for the Port Infrastructure

Development Program to strengthen maritime

freight capacity. In addition to keeping the

Nation’s supply chain moving by improving

efﬁciency, the Department of Transportation

(DOT) will prioritize projects that also lower

emissions—reducing environmental impact in

and around the Nation’s ports.

Builds and Protects a Fair and Resilient

Food Supply Chain. The Budget supports

ongoing actions to develop more diverse, robust,

and resilient local and regional supply chains

by targeting funding to increase the production

capacity among smaller producers, including

continuing overtime user fee relief for small and

very small meat and poultry establishments as

established in the American Rescue Plan. The

Budget complements these targeted investments

by strengthening market oversight through

the Agricultural Marketing Service to support

fair markets and competitive meat and poultry

product prices for American families and

increasing safeguards against invasive pests and

zoonotic diseases through the Animal and Plant

Health Inspection Service.

Fosters Competitive and Productive

Markets and Targets Corporate Concen-

tration. Vigorous marketplace competition

through robust enforcement of antitrust law can

help reduce costs and raise wages. The Budget

advances this effort by including a historic

increase of $100 million over the 2023 enacted

level for the Department of Justice (DOJ)

Antitrust Division. The President also supports

legislation that would align executives’ interests

with the long-term interests of shareholders,

workers, and the economy by requiring

executives to hold on to company shares that

they receive for several years after receiving

them, and prohibiting them from selling shares

in the years after a stock buyback. This would

discourage corporations from using proﬁts

to repurchase stock and enrich executives,

rather than investing in long-term growth and

innovation.

PROTECTING AND STRENGTHENING MEDICARE AND SOCIAL

SECURITY

The President has always believed that

Medicare and Social Security are a promise—a

rock-solid guarantee—that generations of

Americans have counted on to be able to retire

with dignity and security. As the President has

made clear, he will reject any efforts to cut the

Medicare or Social Security beneﬁts that seniors

and people with disabilities have earned and

paid into their entire working lives. The Budget

honors that ironclad commitment—not only by

22 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

ﬁrmly opposing beneﬁt cuts to either program,

but by embracing reforms that would protect

and strengthen both programs. The President is

committed to working with the Congress to ensure

Medicare and Social Security remain strong for

their beneﬁciaries, now and in the future.

Protects and Strengthens Medicare. The

Budget would extend the solvency of the HI

trust fund by at least 25 years, without cutting

any beneﬁts, or raising costs for people with

Medicare. The Budget includes key reforms to

the tax code to ensure high-income individuals

pay their fair share into the HI trust fund. The

Budget also directs the revenue from the Net

Investment Income Tax into the HI trust fund as

was originally intended. In addition, the Budget

directs the savings from the Budget’s proposed

drug reforms into the HI trust fund.

Protects the Social Security Beneﬁts that

Americans Have Earned. The Administration

is committed to protecting and strengthening

Social Security and opposes any attempt to cut

Social Security beneﬁts for current or future

recipients. The Administration looks forward

to working with the Congress to responsibly

strengthen Social Security by ensuring that

high-income individuals pay their fair share. In

addition, the Administration looks forward to

improving the Supplemental Security Income

program to help low-income older Americans and

people with disabilities afford their basic needs.

The Budget also invests in staff, information

technology, and other improvements at the Social

Security Administration (SSA), providing an

increase of $1.4 billion, a 10-percent increase

from the 2023 enacted level. These funds would

improve customer service at SSA’s ﬁeld ofﬁces,

State disability determination services, and

teleservice centers for retirees, individuals with

disabilities, and their families. The Budget also

adds staff to process more disability claims and

reduce the amount of time claimants have to wait

for decisions on vital beneﬁts.

INVESTING IN THE FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICA’S ECONOMIC

STRENGTH

The President’s economic strategy is producing

results for the American people. Since the

President took ofﬁce, the economy has added more

than 12 million new jobs—including more than

800,000 manufacturing jobs—the unemployment

rate is at the lowest level in 54 years, and the last

two years were the strongest two years for small

business applications on record. The President’s

plan is rebuilding America’s infrastructure,

promoting workers, making the economy more

competitive, and fueling a manufacturing boom

that is strengthening parts of the Nation that

have long been left behind while creating good

jobs for workers, including those without college

degrees. The Budget builds on this record of

economic progress through additional proposals

to continue fueling a resurgence in American

manufacturing and investing in infrastructure,

supporting workers and entrepreneurs, improving

education, and expanding access to housing.

Boosting American Manufacturing

and Investing in Infrastructure

and Emerging Technologies

Continues Implementation of the

President’s Historic Bipartisan Infra-

structure Law. Implementation of President’s

historic Bipartisan Infrastructure Law is already

well underway. The Budget builds on this

progress by providing a total of $76.1 billion for

highway, highway safety, and transit formula

programs, supporting the amounts authorized

for year three of the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law. This includes $60.1 billion for the Federal-

Aid Highway program, an increase of $1.3 billion

compared to 2023 enacted, to continue repairing

and upgrading the Nation’s highways and bridges

and build out a national network of electric

vehicle chargers to help reach the President’s

climate goals—as well as $14 billion to support

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 23

transit agencies across the Nation. The Budget

also provides $4.6 billion for DOT to advance the

Nation’s most urgent and complex transportation

infrastructure projects, in conjunction with the

signiﬁcant resources provided in the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. These funds would support

transformational projects that would increase

safety, improve mobility for commuters and

freight trafﬁc, and spur shared economic

growth. Building on the $1 billion provided in

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2024

for operating and maintaining Army Corps

of Engineers—Civil Works program’s (Corps)

infrastructure, the Budget invests in the Corps’

continued operations, maintenance, and improved

reliability.

Tackles 21

Century Aviation Challenges.

The Budget provides $16.5 billion in discretionary

budget authority for the Federal Aviation

Administration. This funding would continue

the hiring and training surge of air trafﬁc

controllers started in 2023 to rebuild the pipeline

of new controllers needed to meet projected trafﬁc

demands. The Budget increases investment in the

facilities and systems that comprise the National

Airspace System (NAS) by over $500 million

to $3.5 billion, to address maintenance and

modernization and to ensure the NAS continues

to safely accommodate the growth in traditional

commercial aviation trafﬁc alongside new

entrants from the commercial space, unmanned

aircraft, and advanced air mobility industries.

The Budget also includes continued investment

in FAA’s multiyear effort of reforming aircraft

certiﬁcation, as well as increasing its safety

oversight capabilities.

Invests in American Manufacturing. To

build on the ongoing resurgence of American

manufacturing, the Budget provides $375 million

for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology’s (NIST) Industrial Technology

Services, a $163 million increase above the

2023 enacted level. This includes a $98 million

increase to Manufacturing USA to support

the progress of NIST’s existing manufacturing

institute, funding for a new institute to be

launched in 2023, and $60 million to be awarded

competitively across the Government-wide

network of manufacturing institutes to promote

domestic production of institute-developed

technologies. The Budget includes $277 million,

a $102 million increase over the 2023 enacted

level, for the Manufacturing Extension

Partnership, a public-private partnership with

centers in every State that offers advisory

services to an increasingly diverse set of small

and medium enterprises so they can thrive in

the global economy. The Budget also includes

funding to help strengthen U.S. global leadership

in the technologies of the future by accelerating

the development of key technologies and

establishing dynamic, collaborative networks for

research and innovation.

Strengthens U.S. Leadership in Emerging

Technologies. The Budget provides $25 billion,

an increase of approximately $6.5 billion from the

2023 enacted level, for CHIPS and Science Act-

authorized activities. This includes $11.3 billion

at the National Science Foundation (NSF),

$8.8 billion at the Department of Energy’s (DOE)

Ofﬁce of Science, $1 billion at NIST and $4 billion

at the Department of Commerce’s (Commerce)

Economic Development Administration (EDA).

These investments include $1.2 billion for the

CHIPS and Science Act-authorized Directorate

for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships

within NSF to help accelerate and translate

scientiﬁc research into innovations, industries,

and jobs. The Directorate will work with

programs across the Agency and with other

Federal and non-Federal entities to expedite

technology development in emerging areas that

are crucial for U.S. technological leadership.

The Budget provides $300 million to invest in

NSF’s Regional Innovation Engines program,

bringing together State and local governments,

institutions of higher education, labor unions,

businesses, and community-based organizations

across the Nation to galvanize use-inspired

research, technology translation, and workforce

development. Within DOE’s Ofﬁce of Science,

the Budget supports cutting-edge research at

the national laboratories and universities and

building and operating world-class scientiﬁc user

facilities and the largest investment in fusion

24 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

energy in history. The Budget requests more than

$4 billion at EDA to fund grants that enable the

growth of Regional Technology and Innovation

Hubs Program that foster the geographic

diversity of innovation and create quality jobs in

underserved and vulnerable communities across

the Nation.

Supporting Workers, Families,

Entrepreneurs, and Small Businesses

Cuts Taxes for Families with Children and

American Workers. The Budget would expand

key tax cuts beneﬁtting lower- and middle-income

workers and families. The President is calling

for the restoration of the full Child Tax Credit

enacted in the American Rescue Plan, which cut

child poverty in half in 2021, to the lowest level in

history. The Budget would expand the credit from

$2,000 per child to $3,000 per child for children

six years old and above, and to $3,600 per child

for children under six. In addition, the Budget

would permanently reform the credit to make

it fully refundable, so that it no longer excludes

children in the lowest-income families, and allow

families to receive monthly advance payments.

The President also calls on the Congress to make

the Earned Income Tax Credit expansion for

childless workers permanent, which would help

pull low-paid workers out of poverty.

Provides National, Comprehensive Paid

Family and Medical Leave. The vast majority

of America’s workers do not have access to paid

family leave, including three out of four private

sector workers. Among the lowest-paid workers,

who are predominately women and workers of

color, 92 percent have no access to paid family

leave through their employers. As many as

one in ﬁve retirees leave the workforce earlier

than planned to care for an ill family member,

which negatively impacts families as well as

the Nation’s labor supply and productivity.

The Budget proposes to establish a national,

comprehensive paid family and medical leave

program administered by SSA. The program

would: provide workers with progressive, partial

wage replacement to take time off for family and

medical reasons; include robust administrative

funding; and use an inclusive family deﬁnition.

The Budget would provide up to 12 weeks of leave

to allow eligible workers to take time off to: care

for and bond with a new child; care for a seriously

ill loved one; heal from their own serious illness;

address circumstances arising from a loved

one’s military deployment; or ﬁnd safety from

domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking.

The Budget would also provide up to three days

of leave to grieve the death of a loved one. The

Administration looks forward to continuing to

work with the Congress to make this critical

investment and strengthen America’s economy.

Calls for Paid Sick Leave for All

Workers. Millions of workers in America have

to choose between a needed paycheck—or even

a job—and taking care of a family member or

themselves when they are sick. Workers without

paid sick days are more likely to go to work when

sick, send their child to school when sick, and do

without the healthcare they need to get better.

Paid sick days are also good for business, leading to

lower employee turnover, increased productivity,

and reducing the spread of contagious diseases.

The President calls on the Congress to require

employers to provide seven job-protected paid

sick days each year to all workers and ensure

that employers cannot penalize workers for

taking time off to address their health needs or

the health needs of their families or to seek safety

from domestic violence, dating violence, sexual

assault, or stalking.

Empowers and Protects Workers. The

Budget invests $2.3 billion, an increase of

$430 million above the 2023 enacted level,

in the Department of Labor’s (DOL) worker

protection agencies. The Budget would enable

DOL to protect workers’ wages and beneﬁts,

combat exploitative child labor, address the

misclassiﬁcation of workers as independent

contractors, and improve workplace health and

safety. The Budget also provides resources to

support vigorous enforcement of the Family

and Medical Leave Act of 1993, especially where

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 25

employers have retaliated against or otherwise

penalized employees for taking federally protected

leave from work. Similarly, the Budget increases

funding for the National Labor Relations Board

(NLRB) and the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (EEOC), to help level the playing

ﬁeld for workers, protecting their right to fair

representation and better working conditions

and secure equal opportunity for workers from all

walks of life. The Budget would also strengthen

the EEOC’s steadfast enforcement of the

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 to help

protect the right of individuals with disabilities

to full, equitable participation in the workplace.

Expands Penalties when Employers

Violate Workers’ Rights to Organize, Receive

Fair Wages, and Have a Safe and Healthy

Workplace Free from Discrimination.

Employers often receive only a slap on the wrist—

at most—when they ﬁre or retaliate against

workers for exercising their right to organize and

collectively bargain, steal wages from workers,

force workers to work in unsafe conditions,

exploit children, or otherwise ﬂagrantly violate

the Nation’s labor laws. To deter employers from

violating workers’ rights, ensure those who do

violate their rights are held accountable, and

level the playing ﬁeld for responsible employers,

the Budget proposes instituting and meaningfully

increasing penalties at DOL, EEOC, and NLRB for

employers that violate workplace safety, health,

wage and hour, child labor, equal opportunity, and

labor organizing rules.

Expands Workforce Training that

Provides Pathways to Good Jobs. The

Budget invests in effective, evidence-based

training models that would ensure all workers—

particularly women, workers of color, those living

in rural areas, workers with disabilities, and

others underrepresented in growing ﬁelds—have

the skills they need to compete for and secure good

jobs. The Budget provides $200 million for a new

Sectoral Employment through Career Training

for Occupational Readiness program to support

the development and expansion of public-private

partnerships between employers, education and

training providers, and community-based groups

to equitably deliver high-quality training focused

on growing industries. The Budget invests

$335 million, a $50 million increase above the

2023 enacted level, in Registered Apprenticeship,

an evidence-based earn-and-learn model that is

a critical tool for training future workforces in

the construction, clean energy, semiconductor,

transportation and logistics, education, and other

growing and in-demand industries. The Budget

also invests $100 million, a $35 million increase

above the 2023 enacted level, to build community

colleges’ capacity to work with the public

workforce development system and employers to

design and deliver high-quality training programs

in communities across the Nation.

Modernizes, Protects, and Strengthens

Unemployment Insurance (UI). The UI

program provides a critical safety net for workers

who have lost a job through no fault of their

own, and helps protect the economy as a whole

from further damage during downturns. UI was

critical in helping millions of Americans through

unexpected job losses during the COVID-19

pandemic. However, the pandemic also exposed

vulnerabilities in the program. The Budget

invests $3.7 billion, an increase of $522 million

above the 2023 enacted level, to modernize,

protect, and strengthen the UI program. This

includes investments aimed at tackling fraud,

including funding to support more robust identity

veriﬁcation for UI applicants, help States develop

and test fraud-prevention tools and strategies,

and allow the DOL’s Ofﬁce of Inspector General

to increase its investigations into fraud rings

targeting the UI program. In addition, the

Budget proposes a comprehensive legislative

package of program integrity proposals designed

to provide States with new tools and resources

to combat UI fraud and improper payments

while ensuring equity and accessibility for all

claimants. The Budget also proposes principles

to guide future efforts to reform the UI system,

including improving beneﬁt levels and access,

scaling UI beneﬁts automatically during

recessions, expanding eligibility to reﬂect the

modern labor force, improving State and Federal

solvency through more equitable and progressive

26 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

ﬁnancing, expanding reemployment services, and

further safeguarding the program from fraud.

Broadens Access to Capital for Small

Businesses. The Budget supports historic

lending levels across the 7(a), 504, Small Business

Investment Company (SBIC), and Microloan

programs. The nearly $58 billion in lending

provided in the Budget would address the need for

greater access to affordable capital, particularly

in underserved communities. Increasing the

authorized lending level for the SBIC program

by 20 percent to $6 billion would signiﬁcantly

expand the availability of venture capital funding

for small businesses.

Supports Minority-Owned Business to

Narrow Racial Wealth Gaps. The Budget

increases the capacity of the Minority Business

Development Agency by providing the full

$110 million authorized in the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law, which would bolster services

provided to minority-owned, including women

of color-owned, enterprises by expanding the

Business Center program, funding Rural

Business Centers, opening new regional ofﬁces,

and supporting innovative initiatives to foster

economic resiliency.

Making Historic Investments

in Education

Invests in High-Poverty Schools. To help

ensure that every student receives a high-quality

education, the Budget provides $20.5 billion for

Title I, a $2.2 billion increase above the 2023

enacted level. This funding would continue historic

progress over the past two years, as the Congress

has enacted a total increase of $1.9 billion for

Title I since 2021. Title I delivers critical funding

to 90 percent of school districts across the Nation,

helping them to provide students in low-income

communities the academic opportunities and

support they need to succeed. This increase in

funding addresses chronic funding gaps between

high-poverty schools—which disproportionately

serve students of color—and their wealthier

counterparts and would help schools sustain

critical investments in accelerated learning

and other areas that were made with American

Rescue Plan funds.

Increases Support for Children with

Disabilities.

Every child with a disability

should have access to the high-quality early

intervention, special education services, and

personnel needed to thrive in school and graduate

ready for college or a career. The Budget invests

$16.8 billion in Individuals with Disabilities

Education Act (IDEA) grants to support special

education and related services for more than

seven million students with disabilities in grades

Pre-K through 12, an increase of $2.1 billion

above the 2023 enacted level. The Budget also

invests $932 million in IDEA Part C grants—an

increase of $392 million above the 2023 enacted

level—which support early intervention services

for infants and families with disabilities that are

critical to supporting children’s developmental

and academic outcomes. The increased funding

would support States in implementing important

reforms to expand enrollment of underserved

children, including children of color, children

from low-income families, and children living in

rural areas. The Budget also includes funding to

develop tools and programs to support children

with disabilities in military families and other

highly mobile populations.

Expands Institutional Capacity at

HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs, and Community

Colleges. The Budget increases institutional

capacity at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs, and under-

resourced institutions, including community

colleges, by providing an increase of $429 million

above the 2023 enacted level. This signiﬁcant

funding includes $350 million for four-year

HBCUs, TCCUs, and MSIs to expand research

and development (R&D) infrastructure at these

institutions. These capacity enhancements

complement the Budget’s proposal for two years

of subsidized tuition for students from families

earning less than $125,000 enrolled in a four-

year HBCU, TCCU, or MSI.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 27

EXPANDING ACCESS TO HIGH-QUALITY HEALTHCARE AND

STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

Since the President took ofﬁce: a record-setting

16.3 million people signed up for health coverage

through the Affordable Care Act; the national

uninsured rate has hit an all-time low; and the

Administration has taken action to protect millions

of consumers from surprise medical bills, cap

insulin prescriptions for Medicare beneﬁciaries at

$35 per month, lower healthcare premiums, close

the “family glitch” loophole, protect American’s

access to reproductive healthcare, allow Medicare

to negotiate for lower prescription drug prices,

and supercharge efforts to end cancer as we know

it. The Budget expands on this progress through

a package of proposals that would expand access

to high-quality healthcare and strengthen

America’s public health infrastructure.

Expanding Access to High-

Quality Healthcare

Expands Access to Quality, Affordable

Healthcare. The Budget invests $150 billion

over 10 years to improve and expand Medicaid

home and community-based services, such as

personal care services, which would allow older

Americans and individuals with disabilities to

remain in their homes and stay active in their

communities as well as improve the quality of

jobs for home care workers and support family

caregivers. Because community health centers—

which provide comprehensive services regardless

of ability to pay—serve one in three people living

in poverty and one in ﬁve rural residents, the

Budget puts the Health Center Program on a

path to double its size and expand its reach. To

bolster the healthcare workforce, the Budget

expands the National Health Service Corps,

which provides loan repayment and scholarships

to healthcare professionals in exchange for

practicing in underserved areas, and the Teaching

Health Center Graduate Medical Education

Program, which trains residents in community-

based healthcare clinics in rural and high need

areas. The Administration also looks forward to

working with the Congress on ways to strengthen

Medicare and Medicaid through measures such

as improving access to dental, hearing, and vision

coverage.

Supports Family Planning Services for

More Americans. For more than 50 years, Title

X family planning clinics have played a critical

role in ensuring access to a broad range of high-

quality family planning and preventive health

services. Most Title X clients live in poverty

and the uninsured rate of Title X users is twice

the national average, making the Title X family

planning program a critical part of the public

health safety net. The program has served as

a point of entry into care for nearly 195 million

people over its more than 50-year history. The

Budget includes $512 million, a 79-percent

increase above the 2023 enacted level, for the

Title X Family Planning program to increase the

number of patients served to 4.5 million.

Advances Maternal Health and Health

Equity. The United States has the highest

maternal mortality rate among developed

nations, and rates are disproportionately high for

Black and American Indian and Alaska Native

women. The Budget includes $471 million to:

support the ongoing implementation of the White

House Blueprint for Addressing the Maternal

Health Crisis and to reduce maternal mortality

and morbidity rates; expand maternal health

initiatives in rural communities; implement

implicit bias training for healthcare providers;

create pregnancy medical home demonstration

projects; and address the highest rates of perinatal

health disparities, including by supporting the

perinatal health workforce. In addition, the

Budget requires all States to provide continuous

Medicaid coverage for 12 months postpartum,

eliminating gaps in health insurance at a critical

time. To address the lack of data on health

disparities and further improve access to care,

the Budget strengthens collection and evaluation

of sociodemographic data.

28 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

Supports Rural Health. Rural America

faces persistent disparities in access to

healthcare, including higher uninsured rates,

limited healthcare provider availability, and

rural hospital closures. Providing Medicaid-

like coverage to individuals in States that have

not adopted Medicaid expansion under the

Affordable Care Act, as the Budget proposes, is

critical for rural communities. The Budget also

includes investments to improve the health of

rural communities, including by helping rural

hospitals stay open, expanding the pipeline of

rural healthcare workers, and facilitating access

to quality care. The Budget provides assistance

to rural hospitals at-risk of closure and to support

expansion of hospital service lines to meet rural

communities’ needs. The Budget also supports

rural healthcare workforce development and

training programs and telehealth. Recognizing

that rural communities have higher rates of

suicide, and high rates of overdose deaths and

mental illness, the Budget provides dedicated

funding to rural communities, including rural

health clinics, to support behavioral health.

The Budget also supports the ﬁnancing and

infrastructure of rural healthcare through

USDA’s Rural Development Programs.

Guarantees Adequate and Stable Funding

for the Indian Health Service (IHS). The

Administration is committed to upholding the

United States’ trust responsibility to tribal nations

by addressing the historical underfunding of IHS.

The enactment of an advance appropriation for

2024 for IHS was a historic and welcome step

toward the goal of securing adequate and stable

funding to improve the overall health status of

American Indians and Alaska Natives. Building

on the advance appropriation, the Budget

requests an additional $3 billion in 2024 for a

total of $8.1 billion in discretionary resources.

In addition, the Budget reclassiﬁes contract

support costs and leases as mandatory for a total

of $9.4 billion in discretionary and mandatory

resources in 2024. The Budget proposes all IHS

resources as mandatory beginning in 2025.

Strengthening Public Health and

Improving Health Outcomes

Advances the Cancer Moonshot Goals.

The Cancer Moonshot Initiative aims to reduce

the cancer death rate by at least 50 percent over

the next 25 years, and improve the experience

of people who are living with or have survived

cancer, their families, and caregivers. Reaching

these goals will require progress in ways to

prevent, detect, and treat cancer and ensure that

the tools we have and those we develop along the

way reach more Americans. Investments across

the Cancer Cabinet agencies would be targeted to

priority actions including: 1) close the screening

gap; 2) understand and address environmental

exposure; 3) decrease the impact of preventable

cancers; 4) bring cutting-edge research through

the pipeline to patients and communities;

and 5) support patients and caregivers. The

Budget includes $1 billion for dedicated Cancer

Moonshot activities across the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), IHS, the

Health Resources and Services Administration,

and the Food and Drug Administration, as well

as a total investment at the National Cancer

Institute (NCI) of $7.8 billion to drive progress

on ways to prevent, detect, and treat cancer.

In addition, the Budget proposes to increase

mandatory funding for the 21st Century Cures

Act Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot initiative at

NCI through 2026. The Budget also provides

an increase of $1 billion for the Advanced

Research Projects Agency for Health, for a total

of $2.5 billion, to drive innovative health research

and speed the implementation of breakthroughs

that would transform the treatment, prevention,

and early detection of cancer and other diseases.

As the Administration works to address the

single biggest driver of cancer deaths in this

Nation—smoking—the Budget also includes a

total investment of $257.5 million in tobacco

prevention and control efforts at CDC, including

tobacco cessation activities to help Americans

quit.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 29

Transforms Behavioral Healthcare. The

United States is facing a behavioral health

crisis. Recently enacted legislation, such as

the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, takes

signiﬁcant steps to address this crisis and the

Administration is implementing these behavioral

health and school mental health investments.

Still, much more can be done. Nearly one in four

adults 18 and older, and one in three adults aged 18

to 25, had a mental illness in the past year. Suicide

is the second leading cause of death for young

people ages 10 to 24 and teen girls, in particular,

are experiencing record high levels of violence,

sadness, and suicide risk. More than 46 million

people had a substance use disorder, nearly 94

percent of whom did not receive treatment. For

people with private health insurance, the Budget

expands coverage of mental health beneﬁts and

strengthens the network of behavioral health

providers. For people with Medicare, the Budget

lowers patients’ costs for mental health services,

requires parity in coverage between behavioral

health and medical beneﬁts, and expands coverage

for behavioral health providers. The Budget

provides historic investments in the behavioral

health workforce, youth mental healthcare,

Certiﬁed Community Based Behavioral Health

Clinics, Community Mental Health Centers, and

mental health research. The Budget strengthens

access to crisis services by investing in the 988

Suicide and Crisis Lifeline to address 100 percent

of estimated contacts, scaling follow-up crisis

services, and expanding CDC’s suicide prevention

program to all States, the District of Columbia,

and 18 tribal and territorial jurisdictions.

Prepares for Future Pandemics and

Other Biological Threats. The United States

must catalyze advances in science, technology,

and core capabilities to prevent and prepare for

future biological threats, which could emerge

with increasing frequency. The Budget includes

$20 billion in mandatory funding for HHS public

health agencies in support of the Administration’s

pandemic prevention and preparedness and

biodefense priorities as outlined in the 2021

American Pandemic Preparedness: Transforming

Our Capabilities plan and 2022 National

Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan

for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing

Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving Global

Health Security (National Biodefense Strategy and

Implementation Plan). The Budget also includes

$400 million in new discretionary resources within

the Administration for Strategic Preparedness

and Response to prepare for pandemics and

biological threats, as well as key discretionary

investments for the Biomedical Advanced

Research and Development Authority and the

Strategic National Stockpile to support advanced

development and procurement of vaccines,

therapeutics, and diagnostic capabilities against

known and unknown high priority threats. In

addition, the Budget includes mandatory funding

to catalyze development of drugs that address

the pandemic threat of antimicrobial resistance.

The Budget proposes key new HHS authorities

to improve preparedness, incorporating lessons

learned from recent public health emergencies,

such as to enhance the visibility and the resilience

of the medical product supply chain.

Invests in the Treatment and Prevention of

Infectious Diseases. The Budget invests in the

treatment and prevention of infectious diseases,

including Hepatitis C, HIV, and other vaccine-

preventable diseases, by supporting comprehensive

programs that would expand access to curative and

preventive medications. The Budget includes a

new mandatory proposal for a national program to

signiﬁcantly expand screening, testing, treatment,

prevention, and monitoring of Hepatitis C

infections in the United States, with a speciﬁc

focus on populations with high infection levels.

This program would support Federal procurement

of life-saving treatments, while bolstering provider

capacity and related public health efforts such as

testing, communication, and surveillance. The

Budget invests $850 million in the Ending the HIV

Epidemic Initiative across HHS to aggressively

reduce new HIV cases, increase access to pre-

exposure prophylaxis (also known as PrEP), and

ensure equitable access to services and support for

those living with HIV. The Budget also reduces

Medicaid costs by eliminating barriers to accessing

PrEP for Medicaid beneﬁciaries and proposes a new

mandatory program to: guarantee PrEP at no cost

for all uninsured and underinsured individuals;

30 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

provide essential wrap-around services through

States, IHS, tribal entities, and localities; and

establish a network of community providers to

reach underserved areas and populations. In

addition, the Budget proposes a new Vaccines for

Adults program to provide uninsured adults with

access to routine and outbreak vaccines at no cost

and expands the Vaccines for Children program to

include all children under age 19 enrolled in the

Children’s Health Insurance Program.

Supports Survivors of Domestic Violence

and Other Forms of Gender-Based Violence.

The Budget proposes signiﬁcant increases to

support and protect survivors of gender-based

violence, including $519 million for the Family

Violence Prevention and Services (FVPSA)

program to support domestic violence survivors—

double the 2023 enacted level. This amount

continues funding availability for FVPSA-funded

resource centers, including those that support

the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer,

and Intersex community. The Budget would

provide additional funding for domestic violence

hotlines and cash assistance for survivors of

domestic violence, as well as funding to support

a demonstration project evaluating services

for survivors at the intersection of housing

instability, substance use coercion, and child

welfare. In addition, the Budget would provide

over $66 million for victims of human trafﬁcking

and survivors of torture, an increase of nearly

$17 million from the 2023 enacted level.

TAKING HISTORIC ACTION TO LOWER ENERGY PRICES, CREATING

CLEAN ENERGY JOBS WHILE CONFRONTING THE CLIMATE CRISIS,

AND PROTECTING CLEAN AIR AND WATER

Under the President’s leadership, the United

States is leading the world in: building a clean

energy economy; tackling the climate crisis;

creating clean energy jobs; protecting America’s

communities from climate disasters; advancing

environmental justice; and cutting energy bills

for hard working families. The Administration is

continuing to implement the Inﬂation Reduction

Act and the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law—the

largest investments that any country has made in

clean energy, energy security, climate change, and

clean air and water in history—which is already

galvanizing the Nation’s clean energy transition

and making solar panels, energy efﬁcient homes,

and electric cars more affordable for American

families. The Budget invests in clean energy across

America, bringing jobs to rural communities and

cities, leaving no one behind.

Cutting Energy and Water Bills

for American Families and

Creating Clean Energy Jobs

Creates Jobs Building Clean Energy

Infrastructure and Cuts Energy Cost for

American Families. Clean energy has become

a centerpiece of the American economy. The

Budget invests nearly $4.5 billion to create good

paying jobs building clean infrastructure projects

all across the Nation. The Budget supports clean

energy workforce and infrastructure projects

across the Nation, including: $1.8 billion to

weatherize and retroﬁt low-income Americans’

homes; $83 million to electrify tribal homes

and transition tribal colleges and universities

to renewable energy; and $107 million for the

Department of Energy’s Grid Deployment

Ofﬁce to support utilities and State and local

governments in building a grid that is more

secure, reliable, and resilient and that integrates

increasing levels of renewable energy. These

investments, which complement and bolster the

historic funding in the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law and Inﬂation Reduction Act, would create

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 31

high-quality jobs while driving progress toward

the Administration’s climate goals, including

carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035. The

Budget supports efforts at the Department of the

Interior (DOI) to meet the Administration’s goal of

deploying 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity

by 2030 and also provides $60 million to expand

offshore wind permitting activities at the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

to allow NOAA to use the best available science

to help meet the Administration’s deployment

goal while protecting biodiversity and promoting

sustainable ocean co-use.

Makes Historic Investments in Cutting-

Edge Research to Advance Clean Energy

Innovation. The Budget provides $16.5 billion

to support climate science and clean energy

innovation. The Budget proposes over $5.1 billion

to fund a broad portfolio of research to improve

understanding of the changing climate and

inform adaptation and resilience measures

across multiple agencies, including DOI,

National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Commerce, NSF, and others. The Budget supports

U.S. preeminence in developing innovative

technologies that accelerate the transition to a

clean energy economy by investing more than

$11.3 billion. To boost American innovation and

reestablish American leadership in research and

scientiﬁc discovery, the Budget also provides

a historic investment of $8.8 billion for DOE’s

Ofﬁce of Science and $1.2 billion at NSF,

advancing toward the CHIPS and Science Act

authorizations to support: global leadership in the

technologies of the future; advancing the Nation’s

understanding of climate change; identifying and

accelerating novel technologies for clean energy;

and positioning the U.S. to meet the demand for

isotopes. The Budget also includes $1 billion for

fusion, the largest ever investment in the promise

of a clean energy power source.

Cuts Climate Warming Pollution. The

Budget invests in reducing climate warming

pollution toward achieving the President’s target

to cut carbon emissions 50 to 52 percent by

2030. These investments include an additional

$64.4 million at the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) to implement the American

Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020

and continue phasing out potent greenhouse

gases known as hydroﬂuorocarbons. The

Budget supports $1.2 billion in DOE industrial

decarbonization activities, including a DOE

Industrial Technologies joint strategy team to

drive adoption of industrial decarbonization

solutions, expanded R&D efforts in the new

Industrial Efﬁciency and Decarbonization

Ofﬁce, and $160 million to support at least two

large-scale industrial decarbonization projects

directly beneﬁtting disadvantaged communities

funded through the Ofﬁce of Clean Energy

Demonstrations.

Accelerates American Manufacturing and

Deployment of Clean Energy Technologies.

The Budget also includes $75 million for the

Department of Energy to carry out the President’s

recent determinations under the Defense

Production Act to enhance domestic supply chain

capacity for key climate technologies. To build

on the resurgence of American manufacturing,

the Budget complements funding provided in

the Inﬂation Reduction Act by providing robust

support for Loan Program Ofﬁce administrative

expenses to originate and oversee the ambitious

growth in the ﬁnancing of clean energy and

advanced technology vehicle manufacturing

projects envisioned in the Inﬂation Reduction Act.

Increases Permitting Capacity. The Budget

invests in environmental permitting programs

to expedite delivery of new and modernized

infrastructure. The Budget also proposes to

expand existing transfer authority by enabling

Federal agencies to transfer funds provided under

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to the U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA Fisheries

to improve efﬁciencies and increase capacity

for environmental planning and consultation.

Together with existing law, this proposal would

accelerate and improve environmental reviews

in support of responsible development of priority

infrastructure projects and energy solutions.

32 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

Strengthening Resilience

Bolsters Community Resilience to

Climate Change. The Budget invests more

than $23 billion for climate resilience across

DOI, USDA, Department of Homeland Security

(DHS), and the Department of Defense

(DOD). These investments would help build

communities’ resilience to ﬂoods, wildﬁres, and

storms, improve conservation and ecosystem

management, strengthen America’s disaster

response capabilities, increase the resiliency of

rural housing to the impacts of climate change

while reducing rent burdens, and ensure the

resilience of the Nation’s defense to climate

change. The Budget includes $500 million for

ﬂood hazard mapping, including the development

of new data to support future ﬂood conditions, as

well as funding to sustain the Civilian Climate

Corps. The Budget’s investments complement

historic funding provided for climate resilience

through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and

Inﬂation Reduction Act.

Strengthens Conservation. The Budget

supports efforts to restore, conserve, and

protect the natural world. The Budget: invests

signiﬁcant resources across the six key focus

areas in the America the Beautiful Initiative;

invests in providing greenspace in underserved

communities; supports tribal co-stewardship

and co-management; and supports the ﬁrst-ever

national nature assessment. The Budget also

provides $26 million to develop the Conservation

and Stewardship Atlas, which would help inform

conservation decisions. The Budget also provides

nearly $1.2 billion to increase conservation

adoption across privately owned land through

the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

These investments complement the historic

funding provided for restoration, conservation

and protection of public lands and waters

through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,

Inﬂation Reduction Act, Great American

Outdoors Act, National Parks and Public Land

Legacy Restoration Fund, and Land and Water

Conservation Fund.

Strengthens the Nation’s Frontline

Defenses against Catastrophic Wildﬁres

and Provides Long-Term Investments in the

Wildland Fireﬁghting Workforce. As both the

frequency and intensity of catastrophic wildﬁres

are expected to increase due to climate change,

the Budget provides for critical mitigation and

response efforts and invests in America’s Federal

wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce. The Budget

invests in the Federal wildland ﬁreﬁghting

workforce by ensuring that no Federal wildland

ﬁreﬁghter makes less than $15 an hour and by

creating a new comprehensive and equitable

compensation structure. In addition, the Budget

increases the size of the workforce and supports

additional mental and physical health services for

the workforce. Together, these efforts would help

address long-standing recruitment and retention

challenges, build upon the historic reforms in the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, and ensure that the

workforce receives the enhanced support it needs

to continue meeting evolving mission demands.

The Budget provides the USDA $323 million to

support ongoing implementation of the 10-year

Wildﬁre Crisis Strategy to increase the scale of

fuel and restoration treatments within high-

risk “ﬁresheds” as part of the Administration’s

comprehensive, nationwide response to the threat

of catastrophic wildﬁre to natural resources,

communities, and infrastructure. The Budget

also provides $314 million for DOI to help reduce

the risk and severity of wildﬁres through fuels

management and restore lands devastated by

catastrophic ﬁre.

Increases Resilience to the Effects of

Drought. The Budget helps ensure communities

across the West have access to a resilient and

reliable water supply by investing in rural water

projects, water conservation, development of

desalination technologies, and water recycling

and reuse projects. The Budget complements

the nearly $1.7 billion provided in 2024 for

western water infrastructure through the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, as well as the

nearly $4.6 billion that was provided by the

Inﬂation Reduction Act for drought mitigation

and domestic water supply projects through the

Bureau of Reclamation. The Budget provides

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 33

funding to address the ongoing drought in the

western United States, including funding for

WaterSMART, Central Valley Project drought

activities, and implementation funding for the

Drought Contingency Plans to conserve water in

the Colorado River System, which is at historically

low levels. The Budget also requests new funding

at DOE to invest in desalination.

Invests in Flood Risk Management and

Mitigation. The Budget invests in programs that

help communities address the risks associated

with ﬂoods. Investments include over $1 billion

for the Corps to address coastal and inland ﬂood

risks and $175 million for ﬂood mitigation grants

through the Federal Emergency Management

Agency (FEMA). 

Protecting Clean Air and Water While

Advancing Environmental Justice and

Delivering for Communities Left Behind

Advances Equity and Environmental

Justice. The Administration continues to

prioritize efforts to deliver environmental justice

in communities across the United States, including

meeting the President’s Justice40 commitment to

ensure at least 40 percent of the beneﬁts of Federal

investments in climate and clean energy reach

disadvantaged communities, including rural and

tribal communities. The Budget bolsters these

efforts by investing nearly $1.8 billion across

EPA to support creating high-quality jobs, clean

up pollution, advance racial equity, and secure

environmental justice for communities that bear

the brunt of toxic pollution and impacts of climate

change. The Budget provides EPA $246 million for

civil enforcement efforts, which includes funding

to increase enforcement efforts in communities

with high pollution exposure. The Budget

provides DOE with $66million to implement the

Department’s Justice40 efforts and strengthen

the Department’s environmental justice mission,

including $54 million for the Ofﬁce of Economic

Impact and Diversity and $12 million for Legacy

Management. It also provides $70 million for

Community Capacity Building initiatives in

the Ofﬁce of Environmental Management and

the National Nuclear Security Administration

(NNSA) for areas of persistent poverty around

the Department’s sites, and $50 million for the

newly established Ofﬁce of State and Community

Energy Programs to launch a new Energy Burden

Reduction Pilot to retroﬁt low-income homes

with efﬁcient electric appliances and systems. In

addition, the Budget invests $35 million for the

Corps in technical and planning assistance, in

23 studies, and in the construction of 33 projects

to help disadvantaged and tribal communities

address their water resources challenges in

line with the President’s Justice40 Initiative—

including funding for the Tribal Partnership

Program.

Supports the President’s Goal of

Accelerating the Replacement of All Lead

Pipes and Upgrades the Nation’s Drinking

Water and Wastewater Infrastructure. The

Budget provides EPA $219 million for two grants

dedicated to remediating lead contamination in

water—Reducing Lead in Drinking Water and

Lead Testing in School and Child Care Program

Drinking Water—an increase of $163 million over

the 2023 enacted level. The Budget also funds

other grants and loans that can be used for lead

service line replacements. The Budget updates

the cross-Government Lead Pipe Replacement

Funding Inventory that was published for the

ﬁrst time with the 2023 Budget. The Budget

also provides EPA more than $4 billion for water

infrastructure, an increase of $1 billion over

the 2023 enacted level. These resources would

advance efforts to upgrade drinking water and

wastewater infrastructure nationwide, with

a focus on decreasing health disparities in

underserved and rural communities that have

historically been overlooked.

Supports Legacy Energy Communities.

To address changes in the energy economy, the

Budget continues to invest in strategic planning,

partnership development, and training and

reemployment activities for displaced workers.

The Budget provides $20 million to support the

Department of Labor’s role in the multi-agency

Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and

Economic Revitalization (also known as POWER+)

34 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

Initiative, which aims to assist displaced workers

and transform local economies and communities

transitioning away from fossil fuel production

to new, sustainable industries. The Budget

also includes $67 million for the Department

of Labor’s (DOL) Workforce Opportunities for

Rural Communities, a program—administered

in partnership with the Appalachian Regional

Commission, the Delta Regional Authority, and

the Northern Border Regional Commission—that

aims to help these communities develop local

and regional workforce development strategies

that promote long-term economic stability and

opportunities for workers, especially those

connected to the energy industry.

Reduces Health and Environmental

Hazards for At-Risk Communities. The

Budget includes $8.3 billion for DOE’s

Environmental Management program to support

the cleanup of communities used during the

Manhattan Project and Cold War for nuclear

weapons production. The Budget also provides

$196 million for the Ofﬁce of Legacy Management

to ensure cleanup remedies at these sites remain

protective of human health and the environment.

The Budget also provides $356 million for EPA’s

Superfund program to continue cleaning up

some of the Nation’s most contaminated land

and respond to environmental emergencies and

natural disasters, as part of a cancer prevention

strategy. In addition, an estimated $2.5 billion in

Superfund tax revenue would be available to EPA

in 2024. The Administration would ensure that

investments for the cleanup of legacy pollution

support the Justice40 Initiative to beneﬁt

disadvantaged communities.

Tackles Per- and Polyﬂuoroalkyl

Substances (PFAS) Pollution. PFAS are a

set of man-made chemicals that threaten the

health and safety of communities across the

Nation, disproportionately impacting historically

disadvantaged communities. To tackle PFAS

pollution, the Budget provides approximately

$170 million, $44 million over the 2023 Budget

request, for EPA to continue working toward

commitments made in the 2021 PFAS Strategic

Roadmap: EPA’s Commitments to Action

2021-2024, including: increasing America’s

knowledge of PFAS impacts to human health

and ecological effects; restricting use to prevent

PFAS from entering the air, land, and water; and

remediating PFAS that have been released into

the environment.

Doubling Down on America’s

Global Climate Leadership

Increases Global Energy Security,

Infrastructure, and Resilience. The Budget

supports the President’s pledge to: more than

quadruple international climate ﬁnance; and

request more than $3 billion for the President’s

Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience

(PREPARE). This includes a $1.6 billion

contribution to the Green Climate Fund and a

$1.2 billion loan to the Clean Technology Fund.

The Budget also advances new tools, such as

loan guarantees, to reassert U.S. leadership in

the Indo-Paciﬁc by ﬁnancing energy security and

infrastructure projects and reducing reliance on

volatile energy supplies and prices. The Budget

also builds resilience to better prepare for and

respond to extreme weather events and other

disasters.

ADVANCING EQUITY, SECURITY, AND OPPORTUNITY, AND

STRENGTHENING AMERICAN DEMOCRACY

From the start of the Administration, the

President has been focused on strengthening

America’s democracy, expanding opportunities

for all Americans and making communities

more safe, just, and equitable. The President

signed a Day One Executive Order to promote

equity across the Federal Government,

increased Federal contract dollars ﬂowing to

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 35

small disadvantaged businesses, made historic

investments in HBCUs, TCCUs, and MSIs,

invested in community policing, and bolstered

civil rights enforcement. The Administration

reafﬁrmed this commitment to equity through

a second Executive Order, issued earlier this

year, that builds on these successes. Last year,

the President signed the ﬁrst signiﬁcant piece of

legislation to address the epidemic of gun violence

in 30 years, the Bipartisan Safer Communities

Act, which is now being implemented across

Government. In addition to proving that

democracy can deliver for the American people,

the President has secured key reforms to bolster

U.S. democratic institutions, including signing

into law the bipartisan Electoral Count Reform

Act of 2022. The Budget continues to advance

these goals by tackling crime, making America’s

communities safer, reforming the criminal justice

system, advancing equity and opportunity

for all Americans, delivering results for tribal

communities, and making robust investments to

strengthen America’s democracy.

Making America’s Communities

Safer by Preventing, Reducing,

and Combating Crime

Invests in Federal Law Enforcement to

Combat Gun Violence and Other Violent

Crime. The Budget makes robust investments

to bolster Federal law enforcement capacity.

The Budget includes $17.8 billion, an increase

of $1.2 billion above the 2023 enacted level,

for DOJ law enforcement, including a total

of nearly $2 billion for the Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives to expand

multijurisdictional gun trafﬁcking strike forces

with additional personnel, increase regulation

of the ﬁrearms industry, and implement the

Bipartisan Safer Communities Act. The Budget

includes $1.9 billion for the U.S. Marshals Service

to support personnel dedicated to ﬁghting violent

crime, including through fugitive apprehension

and enforcement operations. The Budget also

provides $51 million to the Federal Bureau of

Investigation (FBI) to support the continued

implementation of enhanced background checks

required by the Bipartisan Safer Communities

Act. In addition, the Budget provides a total of

$2.9 billion for the U.S. Attorneys, which includes

130 new positions to support the prosecution of

violent crimes.

Supports State, Local, and Tribal Law

Enforcement and Public Safety. The Budget

provides $4.9 billion in discretionary resources

for State and local grants and $30 billion in

mandatory resources to support States, local,

and tribal efforts to protect U.S. communities and

promote public safety. This includes $537 million

for the COPS Hiring Program discretionary

topline, an increase of $213 million or 66 percent

over the 2023 enacted level. The Budget also

includes $717 million, an $86 million increase, in

Tribal Public Safety and Justice funding at DOI.

Reinvigorates Federal Civil Rights

Enforcement. In order to address longstanding

inequities and strengthen civil rights protections,

the Budget invests $252 million, an increase of

$62 million over the 2023 enacted level, in the

DOJ Civil Rights Division. These resources

would support police reform via pattern-or-

practice investigations, the prosecution of hate

crimes, enforcement of voting rights, and efforts

to provide equitable access to justice.

Prioritizes Efforts to End Gender-Based

Violence. The Budget proposes $1 billion to

support implementation of programs through

the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA),

which was recently reauthorized and strengthened

in 2022. This is a $300 million or 43-percent

increase over the 2023 enacted level, which was

the highest funding level in history. The Budget

supports substantial increases for longstanding

VAWA programs, including key investments in

legal assistance for victims, transitional housing,

and sexual assault services. The Budget strongly

supports underserved and tribal communities

by providing $35 million for culturally-speciﬁc

services, $10 million for underserved populations,

$15 million to assist enforcement of tribal special

domestic violence jurisdiction, and $3 million to

support tribal Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys.

The Budget also provides $14 million to address

36 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

technological abuse through funding new

VAWA programs to address cybercrimes against

individuals. In addition, the Budget provides

$120 million, an increase of $65 million above

the 2023 enacted level, to the Ofﬁce of Justice

Programs for the Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to

address the rape kit backlog, and for the Regional

Sexual Assault Investigative Training Academies

Program.

Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice

System. The Budget leverages the capacity of the

Federal justice system to advance criminal justice

reform initiatives and serve as a model for reform

that is comprehensive, evidence-informed, and

high-impact to enhance public safety and advance

equity. The Budget supports key investments in

First Step Act of 2018 (FSA) implementation,

including the continuation and expansion of the

historic collaboration between the Bureau of

Prisons (BOP) and DOL for a national initiative

to provide comprehensive, intensive, and market-

driven workforce development services and

reentry to people in the Federal prison system,

both during their time in BOP facilities and after

they are transferred to community placement. In

total, the Budget continues to invest $409 million

in base resources for FSA implementation, to

support rehabilitative programming, improve

conditions of conﬁnement, and hire additional

FSA-dedicated programmatic staff. The Budget

also invests $300 million to support the ﬁrst year

of a new 10-year Accelerating Justice System

Reform program, with a total of $14.7 billion in

mandatory funding requested over the following

nine years. This program would provide State,

local, and tribal governments with additional

resources for crime prevention.

Reforms the Juvenile Justice System.

The Budget proposes $760 million for juvenile

justice programs, an increase of $360 million over

the 2023 enacted level, to bolster diversionary

juvenile justice strategies.

Counters Cyber Threats. The Budget

expands DOJ’s ability to pursue cyber threats

through investments that support efforts to

build cyber investigative capabilities at FBI

ﬁeld divisions nationwide. These investments

include an additional $63 million for more agents,

enhanced response capabilities, and strengthened

intelligence collection and analysis capabilities.

These investments are in line with the National

Cybersecurity Strategy that emphasizes a whole-

of-Nation approach to addressing the ongoing

cyber threat.

Expanding Opportunity,

Advancing Equity, and Delivering

for Tribal Communities

Advances Efforts to End Homelessness.

To prevent and reduce homelessness, the Budget

provides $3.7 billion, an increase of $116 million

over the 2023 enacted level, for the Department

of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Homeless Assistance Grants to meet renewal

needs and expand assistance to approximately

25,000 additional households, including

survivors of domestic violence and homeless

youth. These targeted resources would support

the Administration’s recently released Federal

Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness.

The Budget also provides $505 million for

Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS,

serving a population with a disproportionately

high rate of homelessness and providing a critical

link to services.

Prevents Evictions. To assist renters in

accessing resources to avoid eviction, make the

legal process during eviction proceedings fairer,

and mitigate future housing instability, the

Budget provides $3 billion in mandatory spending

for competitive grants to promote and solidify

State and local efforts to reform eviction policies

by providing access to legal counsel, emergency

rental assistance, and other forms of rent relief.

Advances Equity by Preventing and

Redressing Housing Discrimination. The

Budget provides $90 million to support State

and local fair housing enforcement organizations

and to further education, outreach, and training

on rights and responsibilities under Federal fair

housing laws. The Budget also invests in HUD

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 37

staff and technical assistance to afﬁrmatively

further fair housing and reduce barriers that

restrict housing and neighborhood choice.

Expands Access to Credit to Underserved

Communities. The Budget provides

$341 million for the Community Development

Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund, an increase

of $17 million, or ﬁve percent, above the 2023

enacted level, which provides historically

underserved and often low-income communities

access to credit, capital, and ﬁnancial support

to grow businesses, increase affordable housing,

and reinforce healthy neighborhood development.

To better address the shortage of long-term

affordable credit for development projects in

disadvantaged communities and unlock up to

$500 million in ﬁnancing support, the Budget

also includes a $10 million subsidy for the CDFI

Fund’s Bond Guarantee Program.

Advances Child and Family Well-Being in

the Child Welfare System. The Budget proposes

to expand and incentivize the use of evidence-

based foster care prevention services to keep

families safely together and reduce the number

of children entering foster care. The Budget

provides States with support and incentives to

place more foster children with relatives or other

adults who have an existing emotional bond with

the children and fewer children in group homes

and institutions, while also providing additional

funding to support youth who age out of care

without a permanent caregiver. The Budget

proposes to nearly double ﬂexible funding for

States through the Promoting Safe and Stable

Families program, and proposes new provisions

to expand access to legal representation for

children and families in the child welfare system.

In addition, the Budget proposes to make the

adoption tax credit refundable and to extend the

credit to legal guardianships. This would reduce

the ﬁnancial burden on low- and moderate-income

families wishing to pursue adoption, as well as

for families who opt for legal guardianship.

Increases Food Security. The Budget

strengthens Federal nutrition assistance

programs to increase food security, including in

underserved communities. As called for in the

Biden-Harris Administration National Strategy

on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health, the Budget

provides over $15 billion over 10 years to allow

more States and schools to leverage participation

in the Community Eligibility Program to

provide healthy and free school meals to an

additional nine million children. The Budget

includes $6.3 billion to fully fund the 6.5 million

individuals expected to participate in the Special

Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,

Infants, and Children.

Delivers Signiﬁcant Funding to Tribal

Communities. The Administration is committed

to upholding the Federal Government’s trust

and treaty responsibilities to Tribes and Native

communities. Building on the historic advance

appropriation for IHS for 2024, the Budget

requests $9.4 billion in discretionary and

mandatory resources in 2024, and proposes

all resources as mandatory beginning in 2025.

Building on feedback from extensive tribal

consultations, the Budget provides $4.7 billion

for DOI’s tribal programs, more than $690 million

above the 2023 enacted level, including investments

that would support public safety and justice,

social services, and educational needs to uphold

Federal trust responsibilities and advance equity

for Native communities—and continue efforts

to address the crisis of Missing and Murdered

Indigenous Persons. The Budget also provides

over $1 billion in HUD funding to support tribal

efforts to expand affordable housing, improve

housing conditions and infrastructure, and

increase economic opportunities for low-income

families. To ensure that tribal communities have

safe, reliable water supply, the Budget builds on

investments in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

by providing $2.8 billion in mandatory funding to

the Indian Water Rights Settlement Completion

Fund to cover the costs of enacted and future

water rights settlements, as well as operations

and maintenance costs.

Supports Economic Opportunity in Rural

Communities. The Rural Partners Network

(RPN) is an all-of-Government program led by

USDA that partners with rural and tribal people

38 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

to access resources and funding to create local

jobs, build infrastructure, and support long-term

economic stability on their own terms. The Budget

provides $32 million to expand RPN. Through

RPN, USDA is hiring new full-time Federal staff

who are from the region to work hand-in-hand

with RPN community leaders. This investment

will also support https://Rural.gov, a one-stop-

shop for all rural communities to access Federal

resources.

Strengthens American Democracy. The

Administration continues to prioritize efforts to

restore and strengthen American democracy. To

provide State and local election ofﬁcials with a

sustained funding stream for critical capital

investments in America’s election infrastructure

and increased stafﬁng and measures to ensure

security and better serve voters, the Budget

proposes $5 billion in new election assistance

funding to be allocated over 10 years. The

Budget includes $1.5 billion for AmeriCorps, a

$166 million increase above the 2023 enacted

level, to: support increasing the living allowance

provided to AmeriCorps members so that national

service is a more accessible pathway to success;

and create opportunities for Americans to serve

together in common purpose. The Budget also

invests $73 million to support American history

and civics education programs, an increase of

$50 million over the 2023 enacted level, to help

students understand the U.S. Constitution and

how the United States system of Government

works and build the skills required to fully

participate in civic life. In addition, the

Administration will work with the Congress to

support independent local journalism to better

inform Americans about the matters that impact

their lives and hold the powerful accountable.

KEEPING AMERICA SAFE AND CONFRONTING GLOBAL CHALLENGES

Even as he has taken decisive action to

strengthen America at home, the President has

worked with allies and partners around the world

to confront pressing global challenges. Under the

President’s leadership, America has rallied the

world to support the people of Ukraine as they

defend their sovereignty against Russia’s brutal

invasion. The Administration has reinvigorated

crucial partnerships, fostered democracy and

economic prosperity, advanced global health,

furthered gender equity and equality around the

world, invested in the U.S. immigration system,

and strengthened America’s military. At the

same time, the President has taken action to

honor the Nation’s sacred obligation to veterans

by signing into law the bipartisan Sergeant First

Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise

to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022

(PACT Act), the most signiﬁcant bill in American

history to address veterans’ exposure to burn

pits and other toxic substances. The Budget

builds on this progress through proposals to

continue: addressing threats to global security

and strengthening the U.S. military; addressing

pressing global challenges; securing the border

and strengthening the U.S. immigration system;

and honoring America’s commitment to veterans,

servicemembers, families, caregivers, and

survivors.

Strengthens the Military to Meet Amer-

ica’s Defense Needs. The Budget continues

to ensure that U.S. Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen,

Marines, and Guardians remain the best

trained and equipped ﬁghting forces in the

world. The Budget places additional emphasis

on foundational investments to sustain

current weapon systems and support increased

training across the Department, while pursuing

technological enhancements to extend the service

life of materiel vital to the warﬁghter. At the

same time, the Budget strengthens DOD’s civilian

workforce as a critical contributor to the Nation’s

security. In addition, the Budget continues the

recapitalization and optimization of the four

public Naval Shipyards to meet future submarine

and carrier maintenance requirements. In line

with the National Defense Strategy, the Budget

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 39

optimizes force structure to build a Joint Force

that is lethal, resilient, sustainable, survivable,

agile, and responsive. The Budget supports

DOD’s plan to upgrade capabilities by redirecting

resources to cutting-edge technologies in high-

priority platforms.

Supports Ukraine, European Allies,

and Partners. The Budget provides over

$6billion to support Ukraine, the United States’

strong alliance with the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO), and other European

partner states by prioritizing funding to enhance

the capabilities and readiness of United States,

allied, and partner forces in the face of continued

Russian aggression.

Promotes Integrated Deterrence in the

Indo-Paciﬁc and Globally. To sustain and

strengthen deterrence, the Budget prioritizes The

Peoples Republic of China (PRC) as America’s

pacing challenge in line with the National Defense

Strategy. DOD’s 2024 Paciﬁc Deterrence Initiative

highlights $9.1 billion of key investments the

Department is making, focuses on strengthening

deterrence in the region, and demonstrates the

Department’s long-term commitment to the Indo-

Paciﬁc. DOD is building the concepts, capabilities,

and posture necessary to meet these challenges,

working to integrate deterrence efforts across the

United States Government and with U.S. allies

and partners.

Counters Malign Inﬂuence. To assert U.S.

leadership in strategic competition with the

PRC, the Budget includes $400 million for the

Countering PRC Inﬂuence Fund. In addition,

the Budget requests $753 million for Ukraine to

continue to counter Russian malign inﬂuence and

to meet emerging needs related to security, energy,

cybersecurity, disinformation, macroeconomic

stabilization, and civil society resilience. The

Budget also requests continued Foreign Military

Financing loan and loan guarantee authority

to ensure availability of a ﬁnancing tool to help

America’s partners invest in U.S. equipment.

Counters Persistent Threats. While focused

on maintaining robust deterrence against the

PRC and Russia, the Budget also enables DOD to

counter other persistent threats including those

posed by North Korea, Iran, and violent extremist

organizations.

Modernizes the Nuclear Deterrent. The

Budget provides $37.7 billion to DOD to maintain

a strong nuclear deterrent as a foundational

aspect of integrated deterrence, for the security of

the Nation and U.S. allies. The Budget supports

the U.S. nuclear triad and the necessary ongoing

nuclear modernization programs, to include the

nuclear command, control, and communication

networks. In addition, the Budget provides

$23.8 billion to the Department of Energy’s NNSA

to make historic investments in the Nation’s

nuclear security enterprise to implement the

President’s Nuclear Posture Review; support

a safe, secure, and effective nuclear stockpile;

reduce nuclear risks; and provide nuclear power

to the U.S. Navy.

Strengthens Democracy and Defends

Human Rights Globally. The Budget provides

more than $3.4 billion to advance democratic

governance and foster democratic renewal. The

Budget would strengthen free and independent

media, ﬁght corruption, bolster democratic

institutions, advance technology for democracy,

promote gender equality and women’s civic and

political participation, and defend free and fair

elections and political processes. Within this

total, the Budget includes $345 million for the

President’s Initiative for Democratic Renewal,

$25 million for the President’s new African

Democratic and Political Transitions initiative,

as well as targeted increases for “bright spot”

countries experiencing democratic opportunities.

Addressing Pressing Global Challenges

Deepens Alliances and Partnerships in

the Indo-Paciﬁc to Out-Compete China.

The Budget includes more than $2.3 billion

in discretionary funding for the Department

of State and the U.S. Agency for International

Development to support an open, secure, and

connected Indo-Paciﬁc and implement the

40 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

Indo-Paciﬁc Strategy to strengthen and modernize

America’s alliances and partnerships in this

vital region. This total includes $90 million for

the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and

$50 million for the advancement of the Indo-

Paciﬁc Economic Framework for Prosperity. In

addition, the Budget expands funding for U.S.

diplomatic presence throughout the region,

with particular focus on the Paciﬁc Islands. The

Budget also includes a new mandatory proposal

to Out-Compete China and advance American

prosperity through game-changing investments

in infrastructure and the Indo-Paciﬁc. This

includes: $2 billion to bolster Indo-Paciﬁc

countries through economic competitiveness and

secure and resilient supply chains; $2 billion to

support “hard” infrastructure; and $2 billion to

advance the U.S. International Development

Finance Corporation’s equity program at scale, a

key ﬁnancing tool to strengthen the U.S. role in the

Indo-Paciﬁc. The Budget also proposes $7.1 billion

in economic assistance and continuation of postal

services over the next 20 years for the Compacts

of Free Association with the freely associated

states of the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and

Palau.

Reinforces Collective Action to Address

Global Challenges. The Budget supports

continued U.S. multilateral engagement on

shared global challenges at the United Nations

(UN) and other international organizations.

The Budget fully meets U.S. annual

contributions to international organizations

and pays UN peacekeeping dues on time and

in full. The Budget also proposes increases

for key opportunities to advance U.S. interests

and compete with adversaries, including by:

strengthening collective security through

NATO, bolstering U.S. leadership at the UN by

beginning to synchronize $40 million in annual

contributions; providing $150 million to support

a U.S. return to the UN Educational, Scientiﬁc

and Cultural Organization; and contributing

$57 million to support the UN Population Fund.

The Budget also requests nearly $2.3 billion for

contributions to multilateral development banks,

maintaining the United States’ role as the largest

World Bank donor to support poverty reduction

and development in low- and middle-income

countries. This includes a $1.4 billion investment

in the International Development Association

(IDA), as part of the United States’ pledge of

$3.5 billion in support of the most recent IDA

replenishment. The Budget also proposes the

largest request for the Peace Corps in history in

order to sustain operations and partner with host

countries to address global challenges and spur

U.S. development leadership.

Advances the Partnership for Global

Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). The

Budget supports more than $50 billion through

PGII in direct foreign assistance, development

and export ﬁnance, and private sector funding.

PGII leverages public and private ﬁnance to

advance climate and energy security, health

and health security, digital connectivity, gender

equity and equality, and related transportation

infrastructure—all while creating opportunities

for American businesses.

Bolsters American Leadership in

Global Health. To reinforce U.S. leadership

in addressing global health and health security

challenges, the Budget includes $10.9 billion,

a $370 million increase above the 2023 enacted

level. This includes over $1.2 billion to prepare

for, prevent, detect, and respond to infectious

disease outbreaks—including by expanding U.S.

bilateral partnerships with countries to improve

health security capacity. This over $1.2 billion

also includes $500 million for the Pandemic Fund

to catalyze and accelerate improvements to global

health security and pandemic preparedness.

The Budget also invests dedicated funds for the

Administration’s Global Health Worker Initiative

to enhance global efforts to better train, equip,

and protect the health workforce—which would

strengthen countries’ abilities to provide core

health services and respond to crises. The

Budget also increases investments in high-

impact and lifesaving voluntary family planning

and reproductive health programs to address

signiﬁcant unmet global needs for these services.

The Budget sustains U.S. leadership in the Global

Fund’s historic seventh replenishment, providing

$2 billion for the second year of a $6 billion

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 41

three-year pledge to save lives and accelerate

the ﬁght against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and

malaria.

Enhances Biodefense and Pandemic

Preparedness. The Budget provides robust

funding to support the Administration’s National

Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan

and provide resources for the recommendations

from DOD’s Biodefense Posture Review.

Advances Gender Equity and Equality

Around the World. The Administration

remains steadfast in its commitment to invest in

opportunities for women and girls and support

the needs of marginalized communities, including

the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer,

and Intersex community. Reﬂective of that

commitment, the Budget requests more than

$3 billion to advance gender equity and equality

across a broad range of sectors.

Bolsters Hemispheric Economic

Investment and Migration Management

Efforts. In support of the Los Angeles

Declaration on Migration and Protection, the

Budget invests $430 million for hemispheric

migration management. This assistance would

bolster stability for affected communities,

enhance legal pathways and protection, and

strengthen humane border management

throughout the region. The Budget proposes

a new regional economic opportunity fund, the

Americas Partnership Opportunity Fund, to

address migration management challenges faced

by high and upper-middle income countries

in the region. The Budget also requests up

to $40 million for the Global Concessional

Financing Facility to support programs aimed

at improving the lives of migrants and refugees

in the Western Hemisphere and $75 million for

the Inter-American Development Bank’s IDB

Invest to increase private sector investment in

the Americas.

Builds Security and Prosperity in Central

America and Haiti. The Budget requests

more than $1 billion to advance the President’s

commitment to work with the Congress to

provide $4 billion over four years to address the

root causes of migration and improve the lives

of people in Central America. Assistance would

bolster localization efforts, enhance the rule of

law, and support economic growth for all segments

of society. Further, in response to deteriorating

conditions and widespread violence in Haiti, the

Budget invests $291 million to strengthen Haiti’s

recovery from political, health, and economic

shocks, by strengthening the capacity of the

Haitian National Police, combating corruption,

strengthening the capacity of civil society,

responding to health emergencies and health

needs, and supporting services for marginalized

populations.

Sustains U.S. Leadership on Refugee and

Humanitarian Issues, including Addressing

Food Insecurity. The Budget requests more than

$10.5 billion to respond to the persisting needs of

the world’s most vulnerable, including those needs

arising from conﬂict and natural disasters. The

Budget supports the United States’ revitalized

refugee admissions program, including the

resettlement of up to 125,000 refugees and related

efforts, such as Uniting for Ukraine. In addition,

the Budget supports the President’s pledge to

alleviate global food insecurity by providing

nearly $1.2 billion in bilateral agriculture and

food security programming.

Deepens Alliances through Space

Exploration. The Budget provides increased

funding for two Mars missions that are

partnerships with the European Space Agency,

including one in which the United States is

replacing Russia as a partner. The Budget

would also include initial funding for a space tug

that would reduce reliance on Russia and help

prepare for a new era of U.S.-built commercial

space stations.

Protects Afghan Allies. The Budget

supports Enduring Welcome (EW), the whole-of-

Government effort to expeditiously process the

applications of America’s Afghan allies, such as

Afghan Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) candidates,

and family reuniﬁcation cases, and welcome

them to the United States—while simultaneously

42 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

safeguarding national security. The Budget fully

supports implementation of EW by leveraging

Department of State balances estimated to enable

more than $2 billion in support in 2024, and by

proposing a substantial increase to the number of

SIVs available for Afghan allies.

Strengthening Border Security and

Improving the Immigration System

Enhances Border Security and

Immigration Enforcement. Strengthening

border security and providing safe, lawful

pathways for migration remain top priorities

for the Administration. The Budget includes

nearly $25 billion for U.S. Customs and Border

Protection (CBP) and Immigration and Customs

Enforcement (ICE), an increase of almost

$800 million over the 2023 enacted level when

controlling for border management amounts.

The Budget includes funds for CBP to hire an

additional 350 Border Patrol Agents, $535 million

for border security technology at and between

ports of entry, $40 million to combat fentanyl

trafﬁcking and disrupt transnational criminal

organizations, and funds to hire an additional

460 processing assistants at CBP and ICE.

Supports a Fair, Orderly, and Humane

Immigration System. The Administration

is committed to improving the Nation’s

immigration system and safeguarding its

integrity and promise by efﬁciently and fairly

adjudicating requests for immigration beneﬁts.

The Budget includes $865 million for the United

States Citizenship and Immigration Services to

process an increasing asylum caseload, reduce

the historically high immigration beneﬁt request

backlog, support the Citizenship and Integration

Grant Program, and improve refugee processing

to advance the Administration’s goal of admitting

125,000 refugees.

Addresses the Situation at the Southwest

Border. Given elevated Southwest Border

encounter levels experienced in a number of

years since 2019, the Budget proposes a new

$4.7 billion contingency fund to aid the DHS and its

components when responding to migration surges

along the Southwest Border. Each ﬁscal year, the

fund would receive appropriations incrementally,

and above the base appropriation, as Southwest

Border encounters reach pre-identiﬁed levels.

DHS would be limited to obligating funds for

surge-related functions and would transfer funds

to CBP, ICE, and FEMA accounts with valid

surge-related obligations.

Improves Immigration Courts. The Budget

invests more than $1.5 billion, an increase of

$595 million above the 2023 enacted level, in

the Executive Ofﬁce for Immigration Review

both to manage and mitigate the backlog of

over 1.8 million cases currently pending in the

immigration courts that this administration

largely inherited from its predecessor. This

funding supports 150 new immigration judge

teams, which includes the support personnel

required to help optimize the operation of the

immigration court system. The Budget would also

invest new resources in legal access programming,

including $150 million in discretionary resources

to provide access to representation for adults and

families in immigration proceedings. Providing

resources to support legal representation in the

immigration system would help make the system

fairer and more equitable, while allowing for

greater efﬁciencies in case processing.

Supports America’s Promise to Refugees.

The Budget provides $7.3 billion to the Ofﬁce

of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) to help rebuild

the Nation’s refugee resettlement infrastructure

and support the resettling of up to 125,000

refugees in 2024. The Budget also helps ensure

that unaccompanied immigrant children receive

appropriate support and services while they

are in ORR’s care and are uniﬁed with relatives

and sponsors as safely and quickly as possible.

The funding would allow ORR to reinforce and

expand on the programmatic improvements the

Administration has made, including expanding

access to counsel to help children navigate complex

immigration court proceedings and enhancing

case management and post-release services. In

addition, the Budget includes an emergency

contingency fund that would provide additional

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 43

resources, beyond the $7.3 billion, when there

are unanticipated increases in the number of

unaccompanied children or other humanitarian

entrants, building on the contingency fund

enacted for 2023.

Honoring the Nation’s

Commitments to America’s Veterans,

Servicemembers, and Their Families,

Caregivers, and Survivors

Expands Healthcare, Beneﬁts, and

Services for Environmental Exposures.

The PACT Act represents the most signiﬁcant

expansion of Veterans healthcare and disability

compensation beneﬁts for veterans exposed to

burn pits and other environmental exposures in

more than 30 years. As part of the PACT Act,

the Congress authorized the Cost of War Toxic

Exposures Fund (TEF) to fund increased costs

above 2021 funding levels for healthcare and

beneﬁts delivery for veterans exposed to a number

of environmental hazards—and ensure there is

sufﬁcient funding available to cover these costs

without shortchanging other elements of veteran

medical care and beneﬁt delivery. The Budget

provides $20.3 billion for the TEF in 2024, which

is $15.3 billion above the 2023 enacted level.

Prioritizes Department of Veterans

Affairs (VA) Medical Care. The Budget

provides a total of $121 billion in discretionary

medical care funding in 2024, $2.3 billion above

the 2023 enacted level, together with $17.1 billion

in the TEF. In addition to fully funding inpatient,

outpatient, mental health, and long-term care

services, the Budget supports programs that

enhance VA healthcare quality and delivery. The

Budget reiterates that medical care for veterans

should be considered separately from other

appropriations categories in order to ensure that

the needs of veterans are never traded off against

other national priorities.

Prioritizes Veterans’ Mental Health

Services and Suicide Prevention. The

Budget invests $139 million within VA research

programs, together with $16.6 billion within the

VA Medical Care program, to increase access to

quality mental healthcare and lower the cost of

mental health services for veterans, with the goal

of helping veterans take charge of their treatment

and live full, meaningful lives. This effort includes

support for the Commander John Scott Hannon

Veterans Mental Health Care Improvement Act of

2019, clinical trials, and epidemiological studies

on risk and prevention factors. In addition, the

Budget provides $559 million to further advance

the Administration’s veteran suicide prevention

initiatives, including continued expansion of the

Veterans Crisis Line’s 988 and additional support

for VA’s National Strategy for Preventing Veteran

Suicide.

Invests in Caregivers Support Programs.

Recognizing the critical role family caregivers

play in supporting the health and wellness of

veterans, the Budget provides robust funding

for the Program of General Caregivers Support

Services. The Budget also speciﬁcally provides

$2.4 billion for the Program of Comprehensive

Assistance for Family Caregivers, which includes

stipend payments and support services to help

empower family caregivers of eligible veterans.

Honors the Memory of All Veterans.

The Budget includes $480 million to ensure

veterans and their families have access to

exceptional memorial beneﬁts. These funds

maintain national shrine standards at the 158

VA-managed cemeteries and provide the initial

operational investment required to continue or

begin activation to open three new cemeteries.

Invests in Critical Veteran Medical

Facilities. The Budget includes $1.6 billion

in discretionary funding and $1.9 billion in

mandatory funding for construction and expansion

of critical infrastructure and facilities, in addition

to a $5 billion investment in discretionary medical

care for non-recurring maintenance to improve

medical facility infrastructure. The Budget also

provides $164 million for grants for construction

of State extended care facilities to deliver high-

quality healthcare, beneﬁts, and services for

veterans.

44 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

Fulﬁlls America’s Commitment to

Military Families. Military families are key to

the readiness and well-being of the All-Volunteer

Force, and therefore are critical to national

security. The Budget continues to support

military families by prioritizing programs,

including the Secretary of Defense’s Taking

Care of People initiatives, that directly support

military spouses, children, caregivers, survivors,

and other dependents, such as expanding access

to child care and Pre-K programs.

Strengthens Programs to Prevent and

Respond to Sexual Assault. Sexual violence

in the Armed Forces is a matter of national

security and military readiness. Fulﬁlling

the President’s promise to transform how the

military addresses sexual assault, the Budget

fully funds DOD’s implementation of the

recommendations of the Independent Review

Commission on Sexual Assault in the Military,

and advances implementation of military justice

reform, including the selection and training of

specialized, independent trial counsel who will

assume jurisdiction over sexual assault, domestic

violence, and related crimes.

REDUCING THE DEFICIT BY ENSURING THE WEALTHY AND BIG

CORPORATIONS PAY THEIR FAIR SHARE

The President’s Budget builds on the economic

and ﬁscal progress the Nation has made over the

past two years: fueling economic growth; creating

jobs; lowering costs for working families; and

laying a strong foundation for future prosperity—

all while reducing deﬁcits and addressing long-

term ﬁscal risks.

The Budget reﬂects the President’s long-held

belief that the best way to responsibly reduce the

deﬁcit is to grow the economy from the bottom up

and middle out and invest in the foundations of

the Nation’s economic strength. That is why the

Budget invests in smart, fully-offset investments

that expand the productive capacity of the

economy, give working families more breathing

room, and promote broadly shared prosperity.

Over the past two years, that approach has

worked, with the deﬁcit falling by a historic

amount.

The President’s Budget expands on this

progress—proposing investments that are more

than fully paid for and reducing deﬁcits by almost

$3 trillion over the next decade by asking the

wealthiest Americans and biggest corporations to

ﬁnally pay their fair share. Under the President’s

policies, annual deﬁcits would fall from current

levels and stabilize throughout the next 10 years,

while the economic burden of debt would remain

in line with historical levels.

Making the Tax System More Fair

The President believes that America needs to

reward work, not wealth. Since taking ofﬁce,

the President has taken numerous actions and

signed signiﬁcant legislation to make the wealthy

and large corporations pay their fair share while

providing tax cuts for working families and

reducing the deﬁcit. Under his plan, no one

making under $400,000 per year will pay more

in new taxes.

Building on the progress the President has

already made to promote a fairer tax code, the

Budget proposes additional tax reforms that

would ensure the wealthy and corporations pay

their fair share.

Proposes a Minimum Tax on Billionaires.

The tax code currently offers special treatment

for the types of income that wealthy people

enjoy. Whereas the wages and salaries that

everyday Americans earn are taxed as ordinary

income, billionaires make their money in ways

that are taxed at lower rates, and sometimes

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 45

not taxed at all. This special treatment,

combined with sophisticated tax planning and

giant loopholes, allows many of the wealthiest

Americans to pay lower rates on their full

income than many middle-class households

pay. To ﬁnally address this glaring problem, the

Budget includes a 25 percent minimum tax on

the wealthiest 0.01 percent, those with wealth of

more than $100 million.

Ensures Corporations Pay Their Fair

Share. The Budget includes an increase to

the rate that corporations pay in taxes on their

proﬁts. Corporations received an enormous tax

break in 2017, cutting effective U.S. tax rates for

U.S. corporations to a low of less than 10 percent.

While their proﬁts have soared, their investment

in the economy did not. Their shareholders and

top executives reaped the beneﬁts, without the

promised trickle down to workers, consumers, or

communities. The Budget would set the corporate

tax rate at 28 percent, still well below the 35

percent rate that prevailed prior to the 2017 tax

law. This tax rate change is complemented by

other proposals to incentivize job creation and

investment in the United States and ensure large

corporations pay their fair share.

Stops the Race to the Bottom in

International Corporate Tax and Ends

Tax Breaks for Offshoring. For decades,

countries have competed for multinational

business by slashing tax rates, at the expense

of having adequate revenues to ﬁnance core

services. Thanks in part to the Administration’s

leadership, more than 130 nations signed on to

a global tax framework to ﬁnally address this

race to the bottom. Building on that framework,

the Budget proposes to reform the international

tax system to reduce the incentives to book

proﬁts in low-tax jurisdictions, stop corporate

inversions to tax havens, and raise the tax rate

on U.S. multinationals’ foreign earnings from

10.5 percent to 21 percent. These reforms would

ensure that proﬁtable multinational corporations

pay their fair share.

Quadruples the Stock Buybacks Tax. Last

year, the President signed into law a surcharge

on corporate stock buybacks, which reduces the

differential tax treatment between buybacks and

dividends and encourages businesses to invest

in their growth and productivity as opposed

to funneling tax-preferred proﬁts to foreign

shareholders. The Budget proposes quadrupling

the stock buybacks tax from one percent to four

percent to address the continued tax advantage

for buybacks and encourage corporations to

invest in productivity and the broader economy.

Repeals President Trump’s Tax Cuts for

the Wealthy and Reforms Capital Gains Tax

to Ensure the Wealthy Pay Their Fair Share.

The 2017 tax law lowered rates for the wealthiest

Americans, delivering massive tax cuts to the

top one percent. The Budget repeals those cuts,

restoring the top tax rate of 39.6 percent for

single ﬁlers making more than $400,000 a year

and married couples making more than $450,000

per year. The Budget also proposes taxing capital

gains at the same rate as wage income for those

with more than $1 million in income and ﬁnally

closes the carried interest loophole that allows

some wealthy investment fund managers to pay

tax at lower rates than their secretaries.

Closes Medicare Tax Loopholes and

Makes the Medicare Trust Fund Solvent for

Another Quarter Century. Current law lets

certain wealthy business owners avoid Medicare

taxes on some of the proﬁts they get from pass-

through businesses. The Budget closes the

loophole that allows certain business owners to

avoid paying Medicare taxes on these proﬁts, and

dedicates revenue raised by the Net Investment

Income Tax (NIIT) to the Medicare HI Trust

Fund, as originally intended. In addition, the

Budget raises the Medicare tax rate on earned

and unearned income and the NIIT rate from 3.8

percent to 5 percent for the wealthiest Americans.

As discussed above, these changes, together

with savings from the Budget’s prescription

drug reforms, would extend the solvency of the

Medicare HI Trust Fund by at least 25 years.

Closes Tax Loopholes. The Budget also

saves billions of dollars by closing other tax

loopholes that overwhelmingly beneﬁt the rich

46 GROWING THE ECONOMY FROM THE BOTTOM UP AND MIDDLE OUT

and the largest, most proﬁtable corporations.

This includes closing the so-called “like-kind

exchange loophole” that lets real estate investors

defer tax indeﬁnitely, reforms to tax preferred

retirement incentives to ensure that the ultra-

wealthy cannot use these incentives to amass tax

free fortunes, and closing a loophole that beneﬁts

wealthy crypto investors.

Addresses Expiring Tax Cuts after 2025.

President Trump and congressional Republicans

deliberately sunset portions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs

Act of 2017 legislation after 2025 to conceal both the

true increase in the deﬁcit—much larger than the

already-massive $2trillion cost estimate—and the

true size of their tax breaks for multi-millionaires

and large corporations. This was one of the most

egregious and ﬁscally reckless budget decisions

in modern history. The President, faced with this

ﬁscally irresponsible legacy, will work with the

Congress to address the 2025 expirations, and focus

tax policy on rewarding work not wealth, based on

the following guiding principles. The President:

• Opposes increasing taxes on people earn-

ing less than $400,000 and supports

cutting taxes for working people and

families with children to give them more

breathing room;

• Opposes cutting taxes for the wealthy—ei-

ther extending tax cuts for the wealthy or

bringing back tax breaks that would ben-

eﬁt the wealthy; and

• Supports additional reforms to ensure

that wealthy people and big corpora-

tions pay their fair share, so that America

pays for the continuation of tax cuts for

people earning less than $400,000 in a ﬁs-

cally responsible manner and address the

problematic sunsets created by President

Trump and congressional Republicans.

Putting America on a

Stronger Fiscal Path

The Budget’s investments and tax reforms

will reduce costs for everyday Americans, boost

economic growth, create high-quality jobs, and

promote shared prosperity while also improving

the ﬁscal outlook of the United States and

reducing ﬁscal risks over the long term.

The President has already presided over

historic deﬁcit reduction in the ﬁrst two years

of the Administration, while also signing into

law hundreds of billions in deﬁcit reduction in

the Inﬂation Reduction Act. Recognizing that

the United States faces ﬁscal challenges over

the coming decades—driven by demographic

pressures, an inequitable and inefﬁcient tax

system, and rising healthcare costs—the Budget

not only offsets its investments, but improves the

medium-term ﬁscal outlook. In total, the Budget

reduces the deﬁcit over the next 10 years by

nearly $3 trillion.

The policies proposed in the Budget would

reduce the deﬁcit, as a share of the economy,

from current levels. Under the Budget policies,

the deﬁcit would decline over the next several

years, stabilizing around ﬁve percent of GDP

throughout the remainder of the 10-year window.

This compares to deﬁcits increasing to six percent

by 2032 in the absence of the President’s policies.

Moreover, under the President’s Budget, the

economic burden of debt would remain low and

in line with recent historical experience over the

next decade. The widespread, persistent and

global phenomenon of falling interest rates even

as debt levels increased over the past four decades

has meant that the burden associated with debt

over the near and medium-term has decreased

substantially. Even with the recent rise in interest

rates from their historic lows, rates today remain

below the levels of the 1990s and 2000s.

Real interest—the Federal Government’s

annual interest payments after adjusting for

inﬂation—directly measures the cost of servicing

the debt: the real resources that must go toward

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 47

paying off old debt rather than investing in

the future or providing services to Americans

now. Real interest has averaged about one

percent of the economy since 1980, and rose to

as high as two percent in the 1990s. Even as the

Budget’s economic assumptions anticipate an

increase in real interest rates over the coming

decade—a projection that is in line with private

forecasters—the Budget policies nevertheless

keep real interest payments in line with the

historical average.

Overall, the Budget details an economically

and ﬁscally responsible plan to strengthen the

U.S. economy, gives families more breathing room,

and reduces long-term ﬁscal risks.

ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE,

AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

THAT DELIVERS RESULTS FOR ALL

Under the President’s leadership, the United

States has made historic progress in the face of

signiﬁcant challenges—powering a strong eco-

nomic and jobs recovery, rebuilding the Nation’s

infrastructure, fueling a resurgence of American

manufacturing, tackling the climate crisis, and

investing in America’s people and communities.

The President’s Management Agenda (PMA)

deﬁnes Government-wide management priori-

ties for all Federal agencies to improve how the

Government operates and performs. The PMA

sets forth an approach to ensure that the Federal

Government has the capacity and capabilities to

continue executing the President’s agenda and

meeting the needs of all Americans.

To help deliver that future, the President’s

Budget advances the goals of the PMA across

three key priority areas: strengthening and

empowering the Federal workforce; delivering

excellent, equitable, and secure Federal ser-

vices and customer experience; and managing

the business of Government to deliver for the

American people. This work—including the in-

vestments the Budget puts forward in support

of the PMA—is critical for bolstering the Federal

Government’s capacity and capabilities to deliv-

er for the American people today and for years

to come.

Values in Action

The Administration’s work to further devel-

op and implement the PMA, including through

the Budget, is guided by values, such as equity,

dignity, accountability, and results. These val-

ues guide the Administration’s work to deliver

results for the public and strengthen the capac-

ity of Federal agencies. The Budget advances

these values by:

Ensuring the Future is Made in America

by America’s Workers. The President’s eco-

nomic agenda is focused on ensuring the fu-

ture is made by all of America’s workers. The

Administration is working to deliver on the

President’s agenda by advancing a whole-of-

Government effort to ensure Federal resources

and programs advance domestic jobs and in-

dustries—which includes updated guidance and

rulemakings as well as through continued trans-

parency and consistency in the waiver process.

The Ofﬁce of Management and Budget (OMB)

recently implemented an update to the Buy

American Act domestic content requirement,

which increased the domestic content standard

from 55 percent to a historic 60 percent in the

fall of 2022—on its way to 75 percent in calen-

dar year 2029. The Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law included the Build America, Buy America

Act (BABA) requiring that all federally ﬁnanced

infrastructure projects must use American iron

and steel, manufactured products, and construc-

tion material. OMB’s Made in America Ofﬁce

continues to work with Federal agencies to imple-

ment the new domestic content requirements for

Federal grants established by BABA. The Made

in America Ofﬁce also proposes to: maximize

the use of domestic goods and service in Federal

procurement and Federal Financial Assistance;

strengthen the U.S. industrial base in critical

sectors; and increase the number of good-paying

jobs thanks to the domestic production of steel

and iron products, manufactured products, and

construction materials.

50 ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

Promoting Accountability and Integrity.

The Administration is committed to improving

program integrity and ensuring effective stew-

ardship of taxpayer dollars, including through

implementation of the American Rescue Plan, the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the CHIPS and

Science Act, and the Inﬂation Reduction Act. To

deliver on those commitments, the Administration

has provided Federal agencies with the tools to

strengthen program integrity and deliver results.

The President has made clear that results, trans-

parency, and accountability go hand-in-hand,

which is why the Budget includes robust legis-

lative and funding proposals that would ensure

agencies and their Inspectors General have the

resources and authorities they need to for appro-

priate oversight of these programs. The Budget:

ensures resources and additional time for in-

vestigations and prosecution of those engaged

in major or systemic pandemic fraud; invests in

identity theft and fraud prevention; and provides

much-needed help for victims.

Managing the Government to Deliver

Results that Improve Lives. Grounded in

proven, evidence-based management practices of

high-performing public and private sector organi-

zations, the Federal Government’s approach to de-

livering a more effective and efﬁcient Government

is operationalized through the Federal

Performance Framework—a set of management

routines that are focused on deﬁning mission suc-

cess, engaging senior leaders to review progress

using data-driven reviews, and reporting results

transparently to the public. Last year, agencies

continued making measurable progress on the 90

Agency Priority Goals (APGs) that advance near-

term performance improvements in outcomes

across key Administration priorities, including

improving customer experience, advancing eq-

uity, combatting climate change, improving the

Nation’s infrastructure, and meeting the health,

welfare, and economic challenges from COVID-19.

An overwhelming majority of APGs are on-track

to meet their performance commitments by the

end of 2023, while those that are lagging are ac-

tively implementing mitigation plans and strate-

gies to overcome barriers informed by quarterly

data-driven reviews. OMB also held strategic

review meetings with each major agency to ana-

lyze management challenges and risks based on

agencies’ assessments of over 400 strategic objec-

tives, including the subset of approximately 90

strategic objectives designated as making “Area

Demonstrating Noteworthy Progress” or a “Focus

Area for Improvement,” based on the analysis

from those reviews. To improve transparency

and usefulness of reporting, a new feature was

added last year to https://Performance.gov—the

Administration’s central performance reporting

portal—that allows users to explore strategic ob-

jectives and priority goals not just by agency but

by policy theme.

Strengthening and Empowering

the Federal Workforce

As the Nation’s largest employer, more than

four million Americans, civilian and military,

serve the Federal Government, both at home

and overseas, carrying out programs and ser-

vices that beneﬁt families across the Nation and

around the world. Federal employees are dedi-

cated and talented professional public servants,

often working demanding jobs. To continue to de-

liver for the American people in the 21

Century,

the Federal Government must win the competi-

tion for highly-skilled talent. The Budget makes

investments that would advance the ﬁrst PMA

priority—strengthening and empowering the

Federal workforce—by: expanding Federal stra-

tegic agency hiring capacity, prioritizing robust

early-career pipelines; implementing strategic di-

versity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility plans;

and reimagining Federal Executive Boards to fos-

ter coordination and collaboration amongst senior

executives outside of Washington, D.C., to better

communicate and execute the Administration’s

management and workforce priorities across re-

gions and communities.

Helping Agencies Attract, Retain, and

Hire Top Talent. Federal agencies are focused

on attracting more people to Federal service over

the long term, while also addressing immedi-

ate agency hiring needs to rebuild capacity. The

Federal Government continues to implement

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 51

strategic hiring practices based on skills rather

than educational qualiﬁcations alone. The Budget

supports the expansion of the Ofﬁce of Personnel

Management’s (OPM) Hiring Experience Ofﬁce

to continue making progress on streamlining hir-

ing, including through pooled hiring actions, and

improving the applicant hiring experience. The

Budget also supports a renewed focus on early

career pipelines as the Administration promotes

the expansion of, and equitable access to Federal

paid internships. The Budget also provides re-

sources to support new agency requirements for

personnel vetting improvements, and its Trusted

Workforce 2.0 Implementation Strategy, which is

designed to ensure all Americans can trust the

Federal workforce to protect people, property, in-

formation, and mission. The Budget provides an

average pay increase of 5.2 percent for civilian and

military personnel—and answers the President’s

call for agencies to lead by example in support-

ing Federal worker organizing and collective bar-

gaining. In addition, the Budget also maintains

the Administration’s unwavering support for the

career civil service through its advancement of

a legislative proposal to block Schedule F, which

would threaten the proper functioning of the

Federal Government by unduly subjecting career

employees to politization and favoritism.

Building the Personnel System and

Support Required to Sustain the Federal

Government as a Model Employer. As the

Government faces increasingly complex challeng-

es, the need for Federal leaders, managers, and

front-line staff with the right skills in the right

jobs has never been greater. To meet this need, the

Budget provides $464 million, $78 million over

the 2023 enacted level, for OPM’s Salaries and

Expenses account to enhance the Agency’s ability

to lead Federal human capital management and,

in alignment with the Agency’s Strategic Plan, to

serve as a centralized leader in Federal human

resources. This funding would support stafﬁng

to improve customer service provided by OPM

to Federal agencies, allowing further collabora-

tion in support of the Federal Government’s stra-

tegic workforce planning and talent acquisition

functions.

Delivering Excellent, Equitable,

and Secure Federal Services

and Customer Experience

Americans rely on Federal services to support

them through disasters, advance their businesses,

provide opportunities for their families, safeguard

their rights, and help rebuild their communities.

The Federal Government must deliver a simple,

seamless, and secure customer experience, on par

with, or more effective than leading consumer

experiences. Irrespective of age, location, digital

savvy, disability, education, or English proﬁcien-

cy, the American people deserve a Government

that understands who they are, what they need,

and how best to deliver for them. The Budget sup-

ports increased mechanisms for providing feed-

back and input from the public into the work of

Government, hiring for the skills and expertise

required to conduct human centered design and

digital service delivery, and the formation of in-

teragency teams to tackle pain points from the

lens of how people experience Government pro-

grams at critical moments in their lives.

The Budget advances these efforts—delivering

excellent, equitable, and secure Federal services

and customer experience—by:

• Standing up or greatly expanding de-

partmental customer experience ofﬁces

at nine Federal agencies, including at the

Departments of Agriculture, Commerce,

Homeland Security, the Interior, Labor,

the Treasury, Veterans Affairs, the Small

Business Administration, and the Social

Security Administration (SSA);

• Hiring more than 120 new full-time equiv-

alent individuals with relevant customer

experience skills;

• Investing in new “Voice of Customer” pro-

grams at seven Federal agencies to collect

and report experience performance data

on key drivers of customer experience from

a broad representation of Americans—

which would drive meaningful service

improvements;

52 ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

• Embedding the General Service

Administration’s Technology Trans-

formation Services (TTS) with six Federal

agencies to work directly on priority ser-

vice improvement projects. The highly

specialized customer experience and digi-

tal delivery talents at TTS provide ﬂexible

surge capacity for Federal agencies in their

customer experience transformation. TTS

will work with the highest-volume and

highest-web-trafﬁc Federal service pro-

viders to improve their website content,

ensuring that information is clear and that

services such as text messaging and virtual

chat agents are more widely available; and

• Supporting speciﬁc service delivery im-

provements, such as: a pilot program at the

Transportation Security Agency to deploy

customer experience professionals at air-

ports to streamline passenger screening,

improve wayﬁnding and communications,

and collect customer feedback; support-

ing the Department of State’s efforts to

build online passport renewal, among oth-

er modernized services; and supporting

the Internal Revenue Service’s customer

experience focus on improving online ac-

count access for taxpayers.

Designing, Building, and Managing

Government Service Delivery for Key Life

Experiences. By better coordinating service de-

livery based on actual life experiences instead of

bureaucratic silos, the Federal Government can

better serve the American public. The Budget

advances these efforts by providing funding for

interagency teams to simplify the process of ac-

cessing Government services. Following the ﬁrst

year of discovery sprints designed to assess the

most effective path forward, the Budget supports

cross-agency, life experience pilots, including:

• Funding for the Health Resources and

Services Administration to help Americans

more easily access essential services fol-

lowing the birth of a child, including by

prioritizing innovative, family-centered,

and culturally competent approaches to

helping families obtain critical support

and information;

• Improving the efﬁciency, program in-

tegrity, and accessibility of safety net

beneﬁts—especially in moments when

families face a ﬁnancial shock—by fund-

ing the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid

Services (CMS) and the Administration for

Children and Families to work with cross-

agency partners to improve data sources

and veriﬁcation services infrastructure;

• Providing resources for SSA and CMS to

jointly pilot efforts to improve the Medicare

enrollment experience for people applying

for Medicare beneﬁts, including for those en-

rolling in Medicare before enrolling in Social

Security, and for exploring options to elimi-

nate the need to have to wait for a Medicare

card in the mail to connect to coverage; and

• Building shared products and platforms

that enable simple, seamless, and secure

services across the Federal Government

such as the U.S. Web Design System, Digital

Analytics Program, Digital.gov, Search.

gov, Touchpoints Feedback Analytics, and

exploring the creation of Government-

wide web content standards and search

engine optimization practices, including

the potential of using Search.gov to better

structure and connect information across

agency websites.

Managing the Business of Government

The Federal Government inﬂuences and re-

shapes markets, supports key supply chains,

drives technological advances, and supports

domestic manufacturing. This scale of impact

creates an opportunity to leverage Federal sys-

tems—including the goods and services the

Government buys and the ﬁnancial assistance

and resources it provides and oversees—to cre-

ate good-paying union jobs, address persistent

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 53

wealth and wage gaps, and tackle other chal-

lenges. The Administration has taken bold action

to leverage Federal acquisition, ﬁnancial assis-

tance, and ﬁnancial management systems to take

on some of the Nation’s most pressing challenges.

The Budget supports this important work and

advances the third PMA priority—managing the

business of Government—by:

Maximizing the Impact of Federal

Procurement. The Administration is using the

Federal Government’s vast purchasing power

to promote clean energy solutions and support

American jobs while advancing equity. In pursuit

of the President’s vision of a clean energy future,

the Administration has set ambitious goals to

reach 100 percent carbon pollution-free Federal

electricity by 2030, 100 percent zero-emission ve-

hicle acquisitions by 2035, and net-zero emissions

in Federal buildings by 2045. Simultaneously, the

Administration is working aggressively to ad-

vance equity through procurement by increasing

the percent of Federal contract award dollars that

go to small disadvantaged businesses—with a his-

toric goal of 15 percent by 2025—which would help

break down barriers, increase access to opportu-

nities and representation in the Federal market-

place, and create a more resilient supplier base.

The Administration is improving the efﬁciency of

the Federal procurement system through measures

such as skills-based hiring, work-based learning,

and increased procurement data interoperability.

Supporting Ongoing Improvements

to Federal Government Capabilities

and Systems in Support of the PMA

The Budget also supports ongoing improve-

ments to Federal Government capabilities that

support an equitable, effective, and accountable

Government by:

Bolstering Federal Cybersecurity. To pro-

tect against foreign adversaries and safeguard

Federal systems that the American people rely

on, the Budget bolsters cybersecurity by ensur-

ing every agency is increasing the security of

public services and is successfully implementing

Executive Order 14028, “Improving the Nation’s

Cybersecurity” and the OMB Memorandum

M-22-09, Moving the U.S. Government Toward

Zero Trust Cybersecurity Principles. OMB

and the Ofﬁce of the National Cyber Director

released the OMB Memorandum M-22-16,

Administration Cybersecurity Priorities for

the 2024 Budget, which lays out three cyber in-

vestment areas for Federal civilian Executive

Branch agencies: Improving the Defense and

Resilience of Government Networks; Deepening

Cross-Sector Collaboration in Defense of

Critical Infrastructure; and Strengthening the

Foundations of our Digitally-Enabled Future.

To advance the Administration’s commitment to

making cyberspace more resilient and defensi-

ble, the Budget provides an additional $145mil-

lion for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure

Security Agency (CISA), for a total of $3.1billion.

This includes $98million to implement the Cyber

Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act

of 2021 and $425million to improve CISA’s inter-

nal cybersecurity and analytical capabilities.

Advancing Federal Agency Capacity for

Evidence-Based Policymaking. The President

has made clear that the Administration will

make decisions guided by the best available sci-

ence and data by: bolstering capacity for evidence

building; investing in skilled evaluators and in

agencies’ capacity for program evaluation ac-

tivities in order to execute priority studies, in-

cluding those identiﬁed in the publicly-posted

Learning Agendas and Annual Evaluation Plans

required by the Foundations for Evidence-Based

Policymaking Act of 2018; investing in skilled

statisticians and statistical infrastructure, in-

cluding those that bolster public trust in statisti-

cal agencies, promote a seamless data user expe-

rience, equip agency leaders in data quality and

conﬁdentiality, and recognize the importance of

Federal statistics in strengthening the evidence

base.

Modernizing Federal Information

Technology (IT) Policies and Technology to

Deliver a Better Experience for the American

People. Technology serves as the foundation of

the Federal Government’s ability to deliver on

54 ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

its mission. The Administration is leading on the

technology issues of the day, taking concrete steps

to protect the Nation’s Federal systems from com-

promises, leveraging the beneﬁts of digital identity

and artiﬁcial intelligence while balancing risk, re-

deﬁning security expectations for software and the

cloud, and maximizing the impact of taxpayer dol-

lars to deliver a better customer experience for the

American people. The Administration is focused

on understanding where agencies are on their IT

modernization journeys and making intentional

investments at the right time to enable secure

technology and innovation to advance from year

to year. To support IT modernization efforts, the

Budget also includes an additional $200 million

for the Technology Modernization Fund (TMF),

an innovative investment program that gives

agencies additional ways to deliver services to the

American public quickly, which manages nearly

$700million for 38 investments, across 22 Federal

agencies, and has received and reviewed more

than 220 proposals totaling $3.5billion in funding

demand. TMF is particularly well-positioned to

make a large impact in the Federal Government’s

ability to deliver excellent, equitable, and secure

services and customer experience by identifying

opportunities to leverage technology across agen-

cies and investing in IT modernization, cybersecu-

rity, and user-facing services. The TMF improves

the likelihood of project success through an incre-

mental investment approach, tying project fund-

ing to delivery of milestones and strong technical

oversight. The TMF has proven to be a catalyst to

show what is possible across Government—and to

scale lessons learned.

Strengthening and Accelerating Federal

Environmental Reviews and Permitting.

With the passage of the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law and the Inﬂation Reduction Act, the United

States is making a once-in-a-generation invest-

ment in America’s infrastructure and competi-

tiveness that will create good-paying union jobs,

grow the U.S. economy, invest in communities,

and combat climate change. To make the most

of these historic investments and ensure the

timely and sound delivery of critical infrastruc-

ture projects, the Administration released The

Biden-Harris Permitting Action Plan to Rebuild

America’s Infrastructure, Accelerate the Clean

Energy Transition, Revitalize Communities, and

Create Jobs (Biden-Harris Permitting Action

Plan) to ensure the Federal environmental re-

view and permitting process is: effective; efﬁcient;

timely and transparent; guided by the best avail-

able science to promote positive environmental

and community outcomes; and shaped by early

and meaningful public engagement. The Budget

provides agencies with resources to execute

the Biden-Harris Permitting Action Plan, and

strengthen and accelerate Federal environmental

reviews and permitting processes. These resourc-

es would help deliver infrastructure investments

on time, on task, and on budget.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Supports a Strong Nutrition Safety Net. The Budget provides $7.1 billion for critical

nutrition programs, including $6.3 billion to fully fund the 6.5 million individuals expected

to participate in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program (SNAP) for Women, Infants,

and Children, which is critical to the health of pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and

young children. This program helps low-income families put nutritious food on the table and

addresses racial disparities in maternal and child health outcomes. The Budget also includes

$15 billion over 10 years to allow more States and schools to leverage participation in the

Community Eligibility Provision to providehealthy and free school meals to an additional

nine million children.

• Builds and Protects a Fair and Resilient Food Supply Chain. The Budget supports on-

going actions to develop more diverse, robust, and resilient local and regional supply chains

by targeting funding to increase the production capacity among smaller producers, including

continuing overtime user fee relief as established in the American Rescue Plan. The Budget

complements these targeted investments by strengthening market oversight through the

Agricultural Marketing Service to support fair markets and competitive meat and poultry

product prices for American families and increasing safeguards against invasive pests and

diseases through the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. These programs build on

the pandemic and supply chain assistance funding in the American Rescue Plan to address

COVID-19 pandemic-related vulnerabilities in the food system and create new market op-

portunities and good-paying jobs that promote a safe and healthy work environment. The

Budget also provides an increase of $102 million above the 2023 enacted level for the Food

Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) for a total of $1.3 billion. This funding would enable

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible for providing nutrition assistance to

low-income Americans and a safety net for the farm sector, and for conserving and preserving the

Nation’s forests and private agricultural lands. The President’s 2024 Budget for USDA invests

in: creating jobs and opportunity in rural communities; lowering energy costs for Americans;

strengthening food supply chains and the nutrition safety net; supporting underserved farmers

and producers; restoring America’s advantage in agriculture; tackling the climate crisis while

mitigating its ongoing impacts; and advancing environmental justice.

The Budget requests $30.1 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $3.8 billion or

14-percent

increase from the 2023 enacted level, excluding Food for Peace Title II Grants,

which are included in the State and International Programs total. Resources provided through

the 2024

Budget complement investments in conservation, forest management, and broadband

deployment provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Ination Reduction Act.

56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the hiring of more inspectors and public health veterinarians, which would help increase the

strength and ﬂexibility of FSIS to respond to market demands and provide safe and healthy

food products.

• Connects More Rural Americans to High-Speed, Affordable, and Reliable Internet.

The President is committed to ensuring that every American has access to broadband in-

ternet. Installing high-speed internet creates high-paying union jobs and strengthens rural

economies, which leads to higher property values, increased job and population growth, lower

unemployment rates, and new business formation. Reliable internet is also crucial for ru-

ral Americans to access healthcare services through telehealth. Building on the $2 billion

for USDA broadband programs provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2023, the

Budget provides $400 million for the ReConnect program, which provides grants and loans

to deploy broadband to unserved areas, especially tribal areas. With the funding provided in

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, USDA has provided nearly $548 million to people living

and working across 21 States and Territories, which is expected to expand access to 43,189

households.

• Invests in the Wildland Fireﬁghting Workforce. The Budget ensures that no Federal ﬁre-

ﬁghter would make less than $15 an hour and invests in the wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce at

USDA and the Department of the Interior (DOI) through a new comprehensive and equitable

compensation structure. The Budget also increases the size of the workforce at USDA and

DOI and supports additional mental and physical health services for that workforce. Together,

these efforts would help address long-standing recruitment and retention challenges. These

investments, totaling $316 million over the 2023 enacted level, would build on the historic

reforms in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and ensure that the Forest Service receives the

support it needs to continue meeting evolving mission demands, as both the frequency and

intensity of catastrophic wildﬁres are expected to continue to increase due to climate change.

• Reduces Catastrophic Wildﬁre Risk. The Budget provides $323 million to complement

$1.8 billion provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and $1.6 billion provided in the

Inﬂation Reduction Act for 2023 to support ongoing implementation of the 10-year Wildﬁre

Crisis Strategy. These resources would increase the scale of hazardous fuel reduction and res-

toration treatments within high-risk “ﬁresheds” as part of the Administration’s comprehensive,

nationwide response to the threat of catastrophic wildﬁre to natural resources, communities,

and infrastructure.

• Increases Climate Resilience. The Budget provides $1.2 billion, $208 million above the

2023 enacted level, to increase conservation adoption and farm income across privately owned

land through the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Budget builds upon

and supports the generational investments provided through the Inﬂation Reduction Act to

increase the voluntary adoption of conservation practices that sequester carbon and reduce

greenhouse gas emissions associated with agricultural production. Within the amount pro-

vided in the Inﬂation Reduction Act are funds to develop a system to quantify environmental

impacts at the ﬁeld level. This important effort supports a foundation for voluntary envi-

ronmental services markets, complementing NRCS’s work by leveraging private and other

non-Federal investments and providing additional income opportunities for America’s farm-

ers. To implement these investments, NRCS would draw upon Federal, State, and private

conservationists, hiring thousands of employees—creating good paying jobs throughout rural

America. The Budget also proposes to make USDA’s cover crop pilot program permanent.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 57

• Lowers Energy Costs and Supports Building Clean Energy in Rural Communities.

Rural communities are critical to achieving the goal of 100 percent clean electricity by 2035.

The Budget builds on the $13 billion provided in the Inﬂation Reduction Act to reduce energy

bills for families, expand clean energy, transform rural power production, and create thou-

sands of good-paying jobs for people across rural America. The Budget provides $30million

for grants and $1 billion for loan guarantees for renewable energy systems and energy ef-

ﬁciency improvements for farmers and rural small businesses. The Budget also provides

$6.5 billion in authority for rural electric loans to support additional clean energy, energy

storage, and transmission projects that would create good-paying jobs. In addition, the Budget

includes $15 million to support the creation of the Rural Clean Energy Initiative. This funding

would provide critical technical assistance to rural electric providers and help to achieve the

President’s clean energy goals and ensure funding reaches rural areas.

• Restores American Leadership in Agricultural Innovation and Research. The

People’s Republic of China has become the largest funder of agricultural research and develop-

ment (R&D) in the world, surpassing the United States and the European Union. The Budget

restores American innovation in agriculture by providing a total of more than $4 billion, a

$299million increase above the 2023 enacted level, for agricultural research, education, and

outreach. This includes $370million to increase capacity among historically underserved pop-

ulations. The Budget provides $7 billion for climate related funding, a $2 billion increase over

the 2023 enacted level. This amount includes $612 million for the Department’s core climate

related R&D activities, which includes the impacts of weather and water cycle variations on

soil, air, and water resources needed for agricultural production. In addition, the Budget in-

vests in ensuring innovative products can come to market safely and efﬁciently with improved

regulatory review.

• Promotes Climate Resiliency and Reduces Housing Insecurity in Rural

Communities. Affordable housing has been a long-standing problem for low-income resi-

dents in rural communities, one that is exacerbated by low energy efﬁciency of the aging

housing stock which means higher costs to families. To help address this, the Budget includes

a new proposal to eliminate the existing low-income borrower penalty that requires individu-

als to repay subsidy costs for Single-Family Direct loans—a requirement that only exists for

rural housing. The Budget also increases funding by $331 million above the 2023 enacted level

for USDA’s multifamily housing programs. This initiative would allow the Administration to

reduce rent burdens for low-income borrowers while also increasing the resiliency of rural

housing to the impacts of climate change through a proposal to require energy and water ef-

ﬁciency improvements and green features in USDA’s rural housing programs that include

construction.

• Supports the 2023 Farm Bill. The Budget provides USDA with the stafﬁng resources neces-

sary to implement the 2023 Farm Bill. The Administration looks forward to working this year

with the Congress, partners, stakeholders, and the public to identify shared priorities for the

2023 Farm Bill that positions USDA to seamlessly continue implementation and build on the

historic legislative achievements of the ﬁrst two years of the Administration. The 2023 Farm

Bill is a crucial opportunity for American agriculture and rural America to transform the food

and agricultural system from one that beneﬁts a few to one that beneﬁts many, while strength-

ening USDA’s nutrition programs, which are among the most far-reaching tools available to

improve the health and well-being of Americans. To advance the vision of agriculture and

rural economies building opportunity from the bottom up and middle out, the Administration

looks forward to working with the Congress to create opportunity and new revenue streams

for American farmers, ranchers, and producers of all sizes through climate smart agriculture

58 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and forestry, biobased products, renewable energy, local and regional food systems, and other

value-added opportunities, while reducing the paperwork burden for Federal programs and

achieving best in Government practices.

The Administration looks forward to working with the Congress to: support new and beginning

farmers; shore up the Federal Government’s commitment to agricultural research; address cli-

mate change through voluntary incentives to reduce climate risk and improvements to crop

insurance; maintain a commitment to conservation programs and investments in clean energy;

continue efforts on food loss and waste; and implement climate-smart agriculture and forestry

actions to open new market opportunities and provide a competitive advantage for American

producers—including small and historically underserved producers and early adopters. In ad-

dition, the Administration seeks to protect rural communities by exploring solutions related

to chemical contaminations of crops, livestock, and water, along with strengthening biode-

fense and animal health and disease protection, in line with the 2022 National Biodefense

Strategy and Implementation Plan for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic

Preparedness, and Achieving Global Security. The 2023 Farm Bill is also a critical opportunity

to ensure that the wealth created in rural America stays there and to empower rural commu-

nities with the tools necessary to advance their locally-led vision.

The 2023 Farm Bill is also an opportunity to make progress toward the goal of ensuring that

all Americans have access to healthy, affordable food, as emphasized in the Biden-Harris

Administration’s National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition and Health. This is an important

moment to reconsider strengthening cross enrollment capabilities across Federal assistance

programs and eliminating barriers to food assistance for vulnerable groups. These barriers

make it difﬁcult for underserved groups to succeed, including low-income college students,

individuals reentering society and seeking a second chance, youth who have aged out of foster

care, kinship families, low-income individuals in the U.S. Territories, and SNAP recipients

facing time limits. Rather than reducing obstacles to employment, research demonstrates

that time limits on SNAP eligibility amplify existing inequities in food and economic security.

Beyond removing barriers to food access, there is also the opportunity to make healthier choic-

es easier by expanding food purchasing options, fruit and vegetable incentives, and local food

procurement through Federal nutrition programs, including by building upon efforts already

plotted by USDA. The Farm Bill reauthorization process is also an opportunity to strengthen

program integrity to address new risks and vulnerabilities while ensuring that USDA can

continue to support the needs of all eligible households.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

The Department of Commerce (Commerce) is responsible for: promoting job creation; supporting

and overseeing international trade; and providing economic, environmental, and scientic

information needed by businesses, citizens, and governments. The President’s 2024 Budget

for Commerce supports American manufacturing, invests in critical economic development

programs, supports minority-owned businesses, and supports the next generation of weather

satellites.

The Budget requests $12.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.3 billion or

11-percent increase above the 2023 enacted level. Resources provided through the 2024Budget

complement investments in high-speed Internet access and climate resilience provided by

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, as well as signicant investments to revitalize the domestic

semiconductor industry provided by the CHIPS and Science Act, and additional support for

climate resilience and science provided by the Ination Reduction Act.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Invests in American Manufacturing. To build on the ongoing resurgence of American

manufacturing, the Budget provides $375 million for the National Institute of Standards and

Technology’s (NIST) Industrial Technology Services, a $163 million increase above the 2023

enacted level. This includes $98 million for Manufacturing USA to support the progress of

NIST’s existing manufacturing institute, funding for a new institute to be launched in 2023,

and $60 million to be awarded competitively across the Government-wide network of manu-

facturing institutes to promote domestic production of institute-developed technologies. The

Budget also includes $277 million, a $102 million increase over the 2023 enacted level, for

the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, a public-private partnership with centers in ev-

ery State that offers advisory services to an increasingly diverse set of small and medium

enterprises so they can thrive in the global economy.

• Promotes American Leadership in Inclusive Technological Development and

Innovation.

The Budget includes $4 billion in mandatory funds for the Economic

Development Administration’s (EDA) Regional Technology and Innovation Hub Program to

build on the one-time $500 million provided in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

The Budget also includes $50 million in discretionary funding to continue to grow founda-

tional resources for these purposes. This funding would enable EDA to establish cutting-edge

and strategic regional technology hubs that foster the geographic diversity of innovation and

create quality jobs in underserved and vulnerable communities across the Nation.

• Advances Climate Science. The Budget continues to strongly support the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) climate research, which underpins

60 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

critical science-based resilience and adaptation efforts across the Nation. The Budget includes

$231 million for NOAA’s climate research programs, a $7 million increase above the 2023

enacted level. These funds would help support the ongoing work of the National Climate

Assessment and continue high-priority long-term observing, monitoring, research, and model-

ing activities.

• Modernizes Research Facilities. The Budget invests in the fundamental infrastructure

that makes science possible. The Budget provides $262 million for maintenance, renova-

tions, and improvements at the NIST research campuses, a $132 million increase above the

2023 enacted level. The Budget also provides $8 million to upgrade facilities at the National

Telecommunications and Information Administration’s ﬁeld-testing site in order to support

advanced research and more efﬁcient use of the radio frequency spectrum.

• Advances the Next Generation of Weather Satellites. The Budget provides $2.1billion

for weather satellites, a $371 million increase from the 2023 enacted level, to maintain the

existing ﬂeet of satellites critical for extreme weather forecasts and invest in next generation

systems that would provide more accurate forecasts and outlooks and new environmental

monitoring capabilities.

• Supports Offshore Wind Energy. The Budget provides $60 million to expand offshore wind

permitting activities at NOAA, a $39 million increase above the 2023 enacted level. This would

allow NOAA to use the best available science to help meet the goal of deploying 30 gigawatts of

offshore energy by 2030 while protecting biodiversity and promoting sustainable ocean co-use.

• Conserves and Protects High-Priority Natural Resources. The Budget provides

$87 million to support National Marine Sanctuaries and Marine Protected Areas as part of the

Administration’s America the Beautiful Initiative, which aims to conserve at least 30 percent

of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. This level of funding is a $19 million increase above the 2023

enacted level and would expand critical conservation work and support the designation pro-

cess for additional sanctuaries. In addition, the Administration is leading an effort to support

development of a long-term strategy to restore Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead

that honors U.S. commitments to tribal nations and balances the priorities of stakeholders,

such as ﬁshing and farming communities.

• Supports Minority-Owned Business to Narrow Racial Wealth Gaps. The Budget

increases the capacity of the Minority Business Development Agency by providing the full

$110 million authorized in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, which would bolster services

provided to minority-owned, including women of color-owned, enterprises by expanding the

Business Center program, funding Rural Business Centers, opening new regional ofﬁces, and

supporting innovative initiatives to foster economic resiliency.

• Promotes Locally-Driven Strategies to Address Economic Distress. The Budget pro-

vides $200 million for EDA to continue the Recompete Pilot Program, which provides ﬂexible,

place-based funding to communities working to reduce economic distress and prime-age em-

ployment gaps by creating good-paying jobs. The Budget also provides $100 million for the

Good Jobs Challenge to fund high-quality, locally-led workforce systems that expand career

opportunities for hard-working Americans.

• Invests in Indigenous Communities. The Budget provides $20 million at EDA to establish

a grant program focused exclusively on the economic development needs of tribal govern-

ments and indigenous communities. This new program underscores the Administration’s

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 61

commitment to indigenous communities and builds on the $100 million provided through the

American Rescue Plan.

• Improves Economic Statistics. The Budget includes investments at the Census Bureau

and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) that would expand understanding of post-second-

ary employment outcomes, use new data sources to improve measures of population health,

improve data about Puerto Rico’s people and economy, and fund research on environmental-

economic statistics. The Budget provides $154 million for BEA, a $24 million increase from

the 2023 enacted level, and provides $1.6 billion for the Census Bureau, a $121 million in-

crease from the 2023 enacted level.

• Protects Critical and Emerging Technology. The Budget provides $222 million to the

Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). These resources would help BIS expand capacity for

export enforcement domestically and overseas, bolster technical capacity to identify critical

and emerging technologies eligible for export control, evaluate the effectiveness of export con-

trols, and increase regional expertise to enhance cooperation on export controls with allies and

partners.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for the military forces needed to safeguard

the United States’ vital national interests. The President’s 2024 Budget for DOD provides the

resources necessary to sustain and strengthen U.S. deterrence, advancing vital national security

interests through integrated deterrence, campaigning, and investments that build enduring

advantages. The Budget supports America’s servicemembers and their families, strengthens

alliances and partnerships, bolsters America’s technological edge, preserves economic

competitiveness, and combats 21

Century security threats.

The Budget requests $842 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $26 billion or

3.2-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level. This growth enables DOD to make the

investments necessary to execute the Administration’s 2022 National Security and National

Defense Strategies.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Promotes Integrated Deterrence in the Indo-Paciﬁc and Globally. To sustain and

strengthen deterrence, the Budget prioritizes China as America’s pacing challenge in line

with the 2022 National Defense Strategy. DOD’s 2024 Paciﬁc Deterrence Initiative high-

lights some of the key investments the Department is making, focuses on strengthening

deterrence in the region, and demonstrates the Department’s long-term commitment to the

Indo-Paciﬁc. DOD is building the concepts, capabilities, and posture necessary to meet these

challenges, working to integrate deterrence efforts across the United States Government and

with U.S. allies and partners.

• Supports Ukraine, European Allies, and Partners. The Budget continues support for

Ukraine, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies, and other European partner

states by prioritizing funding to enhance the capabilities and readiness of United States, al-

lied, and partner forces in the face of continued Russian aggression.

• Counters Persistent Threats. While focused on maintaining robust deterrence against

China and Russia, the Budget also enables DOD to counter other persistent threats includ-

ing those posed by North Korea, Iran, and violent extremist organizations.

• Modernizes the Nuclear Deterrent. The Budget maintains a strong nuclear deterrent as

a foundational aspect of integrated deterrence, for the security of the Nation and U.S. allies.

The Budget supports the U.S. nuclear triad, NATO strategic deterrence, and the necessary

ongoing nuclear modernization programs, to include the nuclear command, control, and com-

munication networks.

64 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

• Advances U.S. Cybersecurity. The Budget continues to invest in cybersecurity programs

to protect the Nation from malicious cyber actors and cyber campaigns. These investments

strengthen cyber protection standards for the defense industrial base and cybersecurity of

DOD networks.

• Prioritizes the Care of Servicemembers and the DOD Civilian Workforce. The Budget

invests in America’s servicemembers and civilian workforce with robust 5.2 percent pay

raises—the largest in decades. The Budget also provides servicemembers with annual rate

increases for both housing and subsistence allowances.

• Fulﬁlls America’s Commitment to Military Families. Military families are key to the

readiness and well-being of the All-Volunteer Force, and therefore are critical to national secu-

rity. The Budget continues to support military families by prioritizing programs, including the

Secretary of Defense’s Taking Care of People initiatives, that directly support military spouses,

children, caregivers, survivors, and other dependents. Speciﬁc programming increases include

the further expansion of community-based child care fee assistance, a public-private partner-

ship to increase child care capacity, and a reduction in parent fees for child care workers in

order to recruit and retain staff.

• Strengthens Programs to Prevent and Respond to Sexual Assault and Implement

Military Justice Reform. The Budget fully funds implementation of the recommendations

of the Independent Review Commission on Sexual Assault in the Military. These investments

would improve the Department’s ongoing work to enhance accountability, prevention, culture,

and victim care and support, and advance the efforts of the Military Departments and Services

to develop capabilities for independent Ofﬁces of Special Trial Counsel, which would assume

jurisdiction over sexual assault, domestic violence, and related crimes.

• Promotes Energy Efﬁciency and Installation Resilience for Warﬁghting Operations.

The Budget invests in power and energy performance, which makes U.S. forces more agile,

efﬁcient, and survivable. The Budget also improves the resilience of DOD facilities and opera-

tions to protect mission critical capabilities.

• Enhances Biodefense and Pandemic Preparedness. The Budget provides robust fund-

ing to support the Administration’s 2022 National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation

Plan for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving

Global Health Security, the National Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Initiative, and to

implement recommendations from DOD’s Biodefense Posture Review.

• Builds the Air Forces Needed for the 21

Century. The Budget funds the procurement of

a mix of highly capable crewed aircraft while continuing to modernize ﬁelded ﬁghter, bomber,

mobility, and training aircraft. The Budget also accelerates the development and procurement

of uncrewed combat aircraft and the relevant autonomy to augment crewed aircraft. Investing

in this mix of aircraft provides an opportunity to increase the resiliency and ﬂexibility of the

ﬂeet to meet future threats, while reducing operating costs.

• Optimizes U.S. Naval Shipbuilding and Modernization. Maintaining U.S. naval power

is critical to reassuring allies and deterring potential adversaries. The Budget proposes ex-

ecutable and responsible investments in the U.S. Navy ﬂeet. The Budget also continues the

recapitalization of the Nation’s strategic ballistic missile submarine ﬂeet while investing in the

submarine industrial base. In addition, the Budget makes meaningful investments in improv-

ing the lethality and survivability of the ﬂeet, particularly improving undersea superiority.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 65

• Supports a Ready and Modern Army. The Budget maintains a ready Army capable of

responding globally as part of the Joint Force through investments in Army modernization

initiatives, including continued investments in the Multi-Domain Task Force providing criti-

cal non-kinetic and long-range strike capabilities. In addition, the Budget modernizes and

expands the production capacity of the industrial base to ensure the Army can meet strategic

demands for critical munitions.

• Invests in Long-Range Fire Capabilities. The safety and security of the Nation requires a

strong, sustainable, and responsive mix of long-range strike capabilities. The Budget invests

in the development and testing of hypersonic strike capabilities while enhancing existing long-

range strike capabilities to bolster deterrence and improve survivability.

• Increases Space Resilience. Space is vital to U.S. national security and integral to mod-

ern warfare. The Budget maintains America’s advantage by improving the resilience of U.S.

space architectures, such as in space sensing and communications, to bolster deterrence and

increase survivability during hostilities.

• Ensures Readiness Across America’s Armed Forces. The Budget continues to ensure

that U.S. Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Guardians remain the best trained and

equipped ﬁghting forces in the world. The Budget places additional emphasis on foundational

investments to sustain current weapon systems and support increased training across the

Department, while pursuing technological enhancements to extend the service life of material

vital to the warﬁghter. At the same time, the Budget strengthens DOD’s civilian workforce

as a critical contributor to the Nation’s security. In addition, the Budget continues the recapi-

talization and optimization of the four public Naval Shipyards to meet future submarine and

carrier maintenance requirements.

• Optimizes Force Structure. In line with the National Defense Strategy, the Budget opti-

mizes force structure to build a Joint Force that is lethal, resilient, sustainable, survivable,

agile, and responsive. The Budget supports DOD’s plan to upgrade capabilities by redirecting

resources to cutting-edge technologies in high-priority platforms.

• Supports Defense Research and Development (R&D) and the Defense Technology

Industrial Base. DOD plays a critical role in overall Federal R&D that spurs innovation,

yields high-value technology, enables America to maintain and build advantages over strate-

gic competitors, and creates good-paying jobs. The Budget prioritizes defense R&D, testing,

and evaluation funding to invest in breakthrough technologies that drive innovation, support

capacity in the defense technology industrial base, ensure American technological leadership,

and underpin the development of future defense capabilities.

• Strengthens the U.S. Supply Chain and Industrial Base. The Budget invests in key

technologies and sectors of the U.S. industrial base such as microelectronics, submarine con-

struction, munitions production, and biomanufacturing.

• Empowers Small Disadvantaged Businesses and Underserved Communities. The

Budget continues to advance equity and support small disadvantaged businesses and under-

served communities. DOD will continue to explore opportunities to serve the American people,

with a focus on these communities, through supplier and contracting operations.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

The Department of Education (ED) is responsible for assisting States, school districts, and

institutions of higher education in providing high-quality education to all students and addressing

the inequitable barriers underserved students face in education. The President’s

2024 Budget

for ED: makes critical investments to spur the Nation’s future prosperity; addresses learning and

funding gaps between more and less advantaged students; bolsters mental health supports for

students; expands access to high-quality preschool; meets the needs of students with disabilities;

increases affordability and quality in higher education; and invests in programs to improve

connections between the K-12 system, higher education, and the workforce.

The Budget requests $90 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $10.8 billion or

13.6-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

Pre-K to -12th Grade Education

• Invests in High-Poverty Schools. To help ensure that every student receives a high-qual-

ity education, the Budget provides $20.5 billion for Title I, a $2.2 billion increase above the

2023 enacted level. This funding would continue historic progress over the past two years,

as the Congress has provided a total increase of $1.9 billion for Title I since 2021. Title I

delivers critical funding to 90 percent of school districts across the Nation, helping them to

provide students in low-income communities the academic opportunities and support they

need to succeed. This investment addresses chronic funding gaps between high-poverty

schools—which disproportionately serve students of color—and their wealthier counterparts

and would help schools sustain critical investments in accelerated learning and other areas

that were made with American Rescue Plan funds.

• Expands Access to High-Quality Preschool. The Budget includes a major new manda-

tory funding proposal for a Federal-State partnership to provide free, high-quality preschool

offered in the setting of a parent’s choice—from public schools to child care providers to Head

Start. The proposal gives States the ﬂexibility to expand preschool to three-year-old children

once they make high-quality preschool fully available to four-year-old children. Over the

next 10 years, this proposal would dramatically expand access to effective early childhood

education, ensuring students enter kindergarten ready to succeed. This proposal would be

administered by the Department of Health and Human Services in collaboration with ED.

The Budget also includes $500 million for demonstration grants to create or expand free,

high-quality preschool in school or community-based settings for children eligible to attend

Title I schools. The demonstration grants, which would require close collaboration among

school districts, Head Start, and other community-based providers, would serve as models

68 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

that could be adopted across the Nation. This program would expand its reach by encouraging

districts to leverage Title I funds, along with other Federal, State, and local funds.

• Bolsters Mental Health Supports for All Students. Just as physical health and nutrition

is critical to learning, so too is mental health. The lingering impacts of COVID-19 pandemic

disruptions have taken a heavy toll on the physical and mental health of many students, teach-

ers, and school staff. Research shows that students who receive social, emotional, and mental

and behavioral supports perform better academically. The Budget provides $578 million to in-

crease the number of school-based counselors, psychologists, social workers, and other health

professionals in K-12 schools and to support colleges and universities develop campus-wide

strategies to address student mental health needs including hiring additional providers on

their campuses. This funding is in addition to the $1 billion the Bipartisan Safer Communities

Act provided to address mental health stafﬁng shortages in schools.

• Increases Support for Children with Disabilities. Every child with a disability should

have access to the high-quality early intervention, special education services, and personnel

needed to thrive in school and graduate ready for college or a career. The Budget invests

$16.8 billion in Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) grants to support special

education and related services for more than 7 million students with disabilities in grades

Pre-K through 12, an increase of $2.1 billion above the 2023 enacted level. The Budget also in-

vests $932 million in IDEA Part C grants, an increase of $392million above the 2023 enacted

level, which support early intervention services for infants and families with disabilities that

are critical to supporting children’s developmental and academic outcomes. The increased

funding would support States in implementing important reforms to expand enrollment of un-

derserved children, including children of color, children from low-income families, and children

living in rural areas. The increase includes $200 million to expand and streamline enrollment

of children at risk of developing disabilities, such as children born with very low-birth weight

or who have been exposed to environmental toxins, which would help mitigate the need for

more extensive services later in childhood and further expand access to the program for un-

derserved children. To address persistent special educator shortages States are facing, the

Budget also invests $304 million to train and retain special education teachers, related service

providers, and early intervention personnel. In addition, the Budget invests $20 million to

ensure military-connected children with disabilities and other highly mobile children with

disabilities maintain services when they change school districts.

• Supports Full-Service Community Schools. Community schools play a critical role in

providing comprehensive wrap-around services to students and their families, including af-

terschool programs, adult education opportunities, and health and nutrition services. The

Budget provides $368 million for this program, an increase of $218 million above the 2023

enacted level. The increase would also help school districts implement integrated student sup-

ports to meet student and family social, emotional, mental, and physical health needs through

partnerships with community-based organizations and other entities.

• Addresses Critical Educator Shortages. While the education sector has faced shortages

in critical stafﬁng areas for decades, those shortages have grown worse since the COVID-19

pandemic, highlighting the importance of building strong pipelines into the profession and

retaining educators. The Budget includes $93 million for Supporting Effective Education

Development, an increase of $13 million above the 2023 enacted level, $132 million for the

Teacher Quality Partnership program, an increase of $62 million above the 2023 enacted level,

and $30 million for the Hawkins Centers of Excellence program, an increase of $15 million

above the 2023 enacted level, to expand the number of prospective teachers and improve the

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 69

diversity of the teacher pipeline. The Budget also includes critical investments in recruitment

and retention of teachers and school leaders, and provides $200 million for the Teacher and

School Leader Incentive Fund, $27 million above the 2023 enacted level, and $40 million for

School Leader Recruitment and Support to support such activities.

• Supports Multilingual Learners. Students learning English as a second language were

disproportionately impacted by disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, and schools face

a shortage of bilingual teachers. The Budget provides $1.2 billion for the English Language

Acquisition program, an increase of $305 million above the 2023 enacted level, to help stu-

dents learning English attain English proﬁciency and achieve academic success. The Budget

proposes a total of $100 million for stafﬁng needs, with $90million in dedicated funding to

help schools hire more bilingual teachers and allow States and districts to provide profes-

sional development on multilingual education for existing teachers and staff, and $10 million

for postsecondary fellowships to bolster the multilingual educator pipeline. In addition, the

Budget includes $25 million to support a new World Languages program to assist districts in

scaling up high-quality second language learning and instruction.

• Fosters Diverse Schools. Racial isolation and concentrated poverty in schools can under-

mine their ability to provide an equal opportunity for all students to learn and succeed. The

Budget includes $100 million for a grant program to support voluntary efforts by communities

interested in developing and implementing strategies to promote racial and socioeconomic

diversity in their schools.

Education Beyond High School

• Reimagines the High School to Higher Education Transition. Reimagining traditional

educational pathways to higher education is critical to improving outcomes for all students.

The Budget provides a $200 million investment, focused on the Career-Connected High Schools

initiative, to increase the integration and alignment of the last two years of high school and

the ﬁrst two years of higher education by expanding access to dual enrollment, work-based

learning, college and career advising, and the opportunity to earn industry-recognized creden-

tials while in high school.

• Improves College Affordability and Provides Free Community College. To help low-

and middle-income students overcome ﬁnancial barriers to postsecondary education, the

Budget proposes to increase the discretionary maximum Pell Grant by $500, expanding access

to the grant to reach over 6.8 million students. This request builds on successful bipartisan

efforts to increase the maximum Pell Grant award by $900 over the past two years, and pro-

vides a path to double the maximum award by 2029. The Budget also expands free community

college across the Nation through a new Federal-State partnership. To lay the groundwork

for this program, the Budget includes $500 million in a new discretionary grant program to

provide two-years of free community college for students enrolled in high-quality programs

that lead to a four-year degree or a good-paying job. In addition, the Budget provides two

years of subsidized tuition for students from families earning less than $125,000 enrolled in a

four-year Historically Black College and University (HBCU), Tribally Controlled College and

University (TCCU), or Minority-Serving Institution (MSI).

• Supports Students through Completion. The Budget supports strategies to improve the

retention, transfer, and completion rates of students by investing in the Federal TRIO Programs,

Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs, and Postsecondary

Student Success Grants Program. The Budget also promotes student success through the

70 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

creation of new funding for postsecondary mental health supports, and investments to build

holistic systems of student supports and academic success by providing critical resources to

support students’ basic needs, including increased funding to help students access non-stu-

dent aid public beneﬁts and to provide affordable child care for low-income student parents.

• Expands institutional capacity at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs, and Community Colleges.

The Budget increases institutional capacity at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs, and under-resourced

institutions, including community colleges, by providing an increase of $429 million above

the 2023 enacted level. This signiﬁcant funding includes $350 million for four-year HBCUs,

TCCUs, and MSIs to expand research and development infrastructure at these institutions.

• Invests in Services for Student Borrowers. The Budget provides $2.7 billion for the Ofﬁce

of Federal Student Aid (FSA), a $620 million increase above the 2023 enacted level. This ad-

ditional funding is needed to provide better support to student loan borrowers, especially as

they return to repayment. This increase would allow FSA to implement critical improvements

to student loan servicing, continue to modernize its digital infrastructure, and ensure the

successful administration of its ﬁnancial aid programs through a simpliﬁed and streamlined

process for students and borrowers.

Ofﬁce for Civil Rights

• Strengthens Civil Rights Enforcement. The Budget provides $178 million to the

Department of Education’s Ofﬁce for Civil Rights (OCR), a 27-percent increase above the 2023

enacted level. This robust funding would ensure that OCR has sufﬁcient capacity to protect

equal access to education through the enforcement of civil rights laws.

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

The Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for supporting the Nation’s prosperity by

addressing its climate, energy, environmental, and nuclear security challenges through

transformative science and technology solutions. The President’s 2024 Budget for DOE: invests

in basic research and scientic infrastructure authorized in the CHIPS and Science Act; creates

jobs building clean energy infrastructure; targets greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions

across sectors; advances energy justice; and modernizes and ensures the safety and security of

the nuclear weapons stockpile.

The Budget requests $52 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $6.2 billion or

13.6-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level, which includes the $2.1 billion rescission of

Strategic Petroleum Reserve balances enacted in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Advances Critical Climate Goals and Cuts Energy Prices for American Families.

The Budget includes $11.9 billion in DOE climate and clean energy research, development,

demonstration, and deployment, 20 percent over the 2023 enacted level—funding that is

critical for achieving the goal of a 50- to 52-percent reduction from 2005 levels in economy-

wide net GHG pollution in 2030 and net-zero emissions economy-wide by no later than 2050,

while also cutting energy bills for American families.

• Makes Historic Investments in Cutting-Edge Research at National Laboratories

and Universities through the CHIPS and Science Act and Beyond and Invests in

Climate Innovation. To boost American innovation and reestablish American leadership

in research and scientiﬁc discovery, the Budget provides a historic investment of $8.8billion

for the Ofﬁce of Science, $680 million or 9 percent above the 2023 enacted level, advancing

toward the CHIPS and Science Act full authorization level. These investments would: sup-

port cutting-edge research at the national laboratories and universities and building and

operating world-class scientiﬁc user facilities; advance the Nation’s understanding of climate

change; identify and accelerate novel technologies for clean energy solutions, including a

historic $1 billion investment in the acceleration of efforts to achieve fusion, a promising

clean energy power source; provide new computing insight through quantum information

science and artiﬁcial intelligence that addresses scientiﬁc challenges; expanding innovation

in the microelectronics ecosystem; leverage data, analytics, and computational infrastruc-

ture to strengthen and support U.S. biodefense and pandemic preparedness strategies and

plans; and position the United States to meet the demand for isotopes. The Budget invests

$35 million in the Ofﬁce of Energy Efﬁciency and Renewable Energy for a new laboratory

at a Historically Black College and University, Tribal College and University, or Minority

Serving Institution. The Budget also invests in programs to ensure DOE funded research

72 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

can be commercialized by private industry. In total, the Budget supports U.S. preeminence in

developing innovative technologies that accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy,

including $9.4 billion, an increase of more than 16 percent over the 2023 enacted level, in DOE

clean energy research, development, and demonstration, a portion of which is captured in the

CHIPS and Science Act funding. This also includes over $4 billion to support the Net-Zero

Game Changers Initiative’s ﬁve initial focus areas: low-GHG building heating and cooling;

net-zero aviation; net-zero power grid and electriﬁcation; industrial products and fuels for a

net-zero, circular economy; and fusion energy.

• Creates Jobs Building Clean Energy Infrastructure and Cuts Energy Costs for

American Families. The Budget invests nearly $2 billion to support clean energy workforce

and infrastructure projects across the Nation, including: $425 million to weatherize and retro-

ﬁt homes of low-income Americans’; $83 million to electrify tribal homes and transition tribal

colleges and universities to renewable energy; and $107 million for the Grid Deployment Ofﬁce

to support utilities and State and local governments in building a grid that is more secure,

reliable, and resilient and that integrates increasing levels of renewable energy. These invest-

ments, which complement and bolster the historic funding in the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law and Inﬂation Reduction Act, would create good-paying jobs while driving progress toward

the Administration’s climate goals, including carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035.

• Reduces Industrial Emissions. Meeting the challenge of climate change will require dra-

matic technological advances across energy use sectors. The industrial sector in particular

represents a major opportunity for signiﬁcant GHG reductions while modernizing the U.S.

industrial base for a more competitive future. Across the $1.2 billion in DOE discretionary

funding for industrial decarbonization activities described above, the Budget reﬂects the

importance of strategically supporting U.S. industrial decarbonization through innovation,

targeted investment, and technical assistance. The Budget encourages adoption of industrial

decarbonization solutions including through the Ofﬁce of Manufacturing and Energy Supply

Chains (MESC) and expanded research and development efforts in the Industrial Efﬁciency

and Decarbonization Ofﬁce. The Budget includes $160 million for the Ofﬁce of Clean Energy

Demonstrations to support at least two large-scale industrial decarbonization projects directly

beneﬁtting disadvantaged communities.

• Strengthens Domestic and International Clean Energy Supply Chains. To build on

the resurgence of American manufacturing, the Budget complements funding provided in the

Inﬂation Reduction Act by providing robust support for Loan Program Ofﬁce administrative

expenses to originate and oversee the ambitious growth in the ﬁnancing of clean energy and

advanced technology vehicle manufacturing projects envisioned in the Inﬂation Reduction Act.

The Budget proposes a $75 million investment to launch a Global Clean Energy Manufacturing

effort within the MESC that would build resilient supply chains for climate and clean energy

equipment through engagement with allies, enabling an effective global response to the cli-

mate crisis while creating economic opportunities for the United States to increase the global

clean technology market. In addition, the Administration supports the use of the Defense

Production Act at DOE to support rebuilding domestic uranium production and enrichment

capacity to establish a secure supply for the Nation’s current and future nuclear ﬂeet and also

to reduce reliance on foreign supplies of uranium, as well as other clean energy technologies

to ensure robust supply chains for electrical transformers and other critical grid components.

The Budget also includes $75million in MESC for DOE to carry out the President’s recent

determinations under the Defense Production Act.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 73

• Supports Energy Communities. The Budget provides $905 million for DOE’s Ofﬁce of

Fossil Energy and Carbon Management to advance technologies that can provide economic

revitalization opportunities in energy communities. The Budget also includes dedicated fund-

ing for the Interagency Working Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic

Revitalization to coordinate interagency efforts and stakeholder engagement across Federal

agencies. This interagency effort would expand the delivery of Federal resources and advance

job-creating investments in communities affected by the energy transition.

• Advances Environmental Justice and Equity. The Budget includes historic support for

underserved communities, including $70 million for Community Capacity Building initiatives

in the Ofﬁce of Environmental Management and the National Nuclear Security Administration

(NNSA) to address areas of persistent poverty located around the Department’s sites. The

Budget also includes $54 million for the Ofﬁce of Economic Impact and Diversity to help imple-

ment the Department’s Justice40 Initiative efforts and equity action plan, and $13 million

for the Ofﬁce of Legacy Management (LM) to strengthen its environmental justice mission.

The Budget supports programs, including Funding for Accelerated, Inclusive Research and

Reaching a New Energy Sciences Workforce in the Ofﬁce of Science, to train and support a

diverse and inclusive scientiﬁc workforce for the future. In addition, the Budget includes

$50 million for the newly established Ofﬁce of State and Community Energy Programs to

launch a new Energy Burden Reduction Pilot to lower energy costs of at least 3,000 low-

income homes while also reducing GHG emissions. These investments would build healthy,

sustainable, and resilient communities.

• Reduces Health and Environmental Hazards for At-Risk Communities. The Budget

includes $8.3 billion for the Environmental Management program to support the cleanup of

communities used during the Manhattan Project and Cold War for nuclear weapons produc-

tion. The Budget also provides $196 million for the LM to ensure cleanup remedies at these

sites remain protective of human health and the environment. The Administration would

ensure investments for the cleanup of legacy pollution and long-term stewardship support the

Justice40 Initiative to beneﬁt disadvantaged communities.

• Strengthens the Cybersecurity and Resilience of the Energy Sector. The Budget pro-

vides $245 million to enhance the security of clean energy technologies and the energy supply

chain. The Budget also includes increased assistance to States, local governments, Tribes,

and Territories for emergency planning and preparation, including for events caused by the

impacts of climate change.

• Strengthens the Nation’s Nuclear Security Enterprise. The Budget makes historic in-

vestments in the Nation’s nuclear security enterprise to implement the President’s Nuclear

Posture Review. The Budget supports a safe, secure, and effective nuclear stockpile. In ad-

dition, the Budget continues robust, executable funding for the recapitalization of NNSA’s

physical infrastructure, including essential scientiﬁc and production facilities to ensure the

deterrent remains viable.

• Restores American Leadership in Arms Control and Nonproliferation. The Budget

continues to enhance DOE’s expertise, infrastructure, and capabilities needed to reduce

nuclear risks and counter the global challenge of nuclear proliferation. As called for in the

Administration’s National Security Strategy

, the Budget supports DOE’s efforts to secure nu-

clear and radiological materials and prevent terrorists from acquiring them. The Budget also

continues to strengthen the Nation’s capability to respond to nuclear incidents at home and

74 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

abroad. In addition, the Budget funds the development of more demanding veriﬁcation tech-

nologies as part of an integrated approach to the future of arms control.

• Powers the Nuclear Navy. DOE’s Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program ensures safe and

reliable operation of reactor plants in nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers. The

Budget prioritizes investments in research and development to maintain American dominance

while continuing to support improvements to the Naval Nuclear Laboratory infrastructure.

The Budget also funds the strong technical and engineering foundation that supports the

President’s trilateral security partnership—Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United

States—which provides Australia with a conventionally armed, nuclear powered submarine

capability.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is responsible for protecting the health

and well-being of Americans through its research, public health, and social services programs.

The President’s 2024 Budget for HHS: expands access to quality, affordable healthcare while

lowering costs; dramatically improves access to early care and learning; advances the Cancer

Moonshot; transforms behavioral healthcare; prepares for future pandemics; bolsters maternal

health; advances health equity; transforms child welfare; combats hunger and improves nutrition

and food safety; and supports rural health.

The Budget requests $144 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $14.8 billion

or 11.5-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level, excluding Contract Support Costs

and Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 Section 105(l) lease

amounts requested for the Indian Health Service (IHS), which the Budget proposes to shift from

discretionary to mandatory funding.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Expands Access to Quality, Affordable Healthcare. The President believes that health-

care should be a right, not a privilege. With enrollment in affordable health coverage at

an all-time high, the Budget builds on the incredible success of the Patient Protection and

Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act), by: making permanent the expanded premium

tax credits that the Inﬂation Reduction Act extended; and providing Medicaid-like coverage

to individuals in States that have not adopted Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care

Act, paired with ﬁnancial incentives to ensure States maintain their existing expansions. The

Budget makes signiﬁcant investments in strengthening the Nation’s long-term care system.

The Budget invests $150 billion over 10 years to improve and expand Medicaid home and

community-based services, such as personal care services, which allow older Americans and

individuals with disabilities to remain in their homes and stay active in their communities.

This $150 billion would improve the quality of jobs for home care workers and support family

caregivers. This investment is complemented by a robust agenda to: improve the safety and

quality of nursing home care, including efforts to improve ownership transparency; address

the backlog of complaint surveys and provide adequate funding to conduct nursing home

inspections; increase the inspection of low-performing nursing homes via the special focus

facilities program; and expand ﬁnancial penalties for substandard facilities.

• Reduces Drug and Other Healthcare Costs for All Americans. The Budget builds

upon the Inﬂation Reduction Act to continue lowering the cost of prescription drugs. For

Medicare, this includes further strengthening its newly established negotiation power by

negotiating more drugs and bringing drugs into negotiation sooner after they launch. The

Budget also proposes to limit Medicare Part D cost-sharing for high-value generic drugs,

76 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

such as those used to treat chronic diseases like hypertension and high cholesterol, to no more

than $2. For Medicaid, the Budget includes proposals to ensure Medicaid and the Children’s

Health Insurance Program (CHIP) are prudent purchasers of prescription drugs, such as au-

thorizing HHS to negotiate supplemental drug rebates on behalf of interested States in order

to pool purchasing power. For the commercial market, the Budget includes proposals to curb

inﬂation in prescription drug prices and cap the prices of insulin products at $35 for a monthly

prescription.

• Protects and Strengthens Medicare. The Budget would extend the solvency of the

Medicare Hospital Insurance (HI) trust fund by at least 25 years, without cutting any beneﬁts

or raising costs for people with Medicare. The Budget includes key reforms to the tax code to

ensure high-income individuals pay their fair share into the HI trust fund. The Budget also

directs the revenue from the Net Investment Income Tax into the HI trust fund as was origi-

nally intended. In addition, the Budget credits the savings from the Budget’s proposed drug

reforms into the HI trust fund.

• Expands Access to Affordable, High-Quality Early Care and Education. The Budget

advances the President’s goal of ensuring that all families can access affordable, high-quality

child care and free, high-quality preschool, helping children learn, giving families breathing

room, and growing the economy. The President’s plan enables States to increase child care

options for more than 16 million young children and lower costs so that parents can afford

to send their children to the high-quality child care program of their choice, allowing them

to go to work or pursue training with the peace of mind that their children are being set up

for a lifetime of success. The Budget also funds a Federal-State partnership that provides

high-quality, universal, free preschool offered in the setting of a parent’s choice—from public

schools to child care providers to Head Start—to support healthy child development and en-

sure children enter kindergarten ready to succeed. The proposal enables States to increase

preschool access and quality by providing high-quality preschool to all of the approximately

four million four-year-old children in the Nation, and it gives States the ﬂexibility to expand

preschool to three-year-olds after preschool is available to all four-year-olds. The estimat-

ed cost of these investments is $600 billion over 10 years. In addition, the Budget provides

$22.5 billion in discretionary funds for HHS’s existing early care and education programs, an

increase of $2.1 billion over the 2023 enacted level. This includes $9 billion for the Child Care

and Development Block Grant, an increase of nearly $1 billion over the 2023 enacted level,

to expand access to quality, affordable child care for families across the Nation. The Budget

also helps young children enter kindergarten ready to learn by providing $13.1 billion for

Head Start, an increase of $1.1 billion over the 2023 enacted level. In addition, Budget helps

States improve their early childhood systems by building on existing Federal, State, and local

early care and learning investments by funding the Preschool Development Grants program

at $360 million, an increase of $45 million over the 2023 enacted level.

• Advances Progress toward Cancer Moonshot Goals. The Cancer Moonshot Initiative

aims to reduce the cancer death rate by at least 50 percent over the next 25 years and improve

the experience of people who are living with or have survived cancer, their families, and care-

givers. Reaching these goals will require progress in ways to prevent, detect, and treat cancer

and ensure that the tools we have and those we develop along the way reach more Americans.

Investments across the Cancer Cabinet agencies would be targeted to priority actions includ-

ing: close the screening gap; understand and address environmental exposure; decrease the

impact of preventable cancers; bring cutting-edge research through the pipeline to patients

and communities; and support patients and caregivers. The Budget includes $1 billion for

dedicated Cancer Moonshot activities across the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 77

(CDC), IHS, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA), as well as a total investment at the National Cancer Institute (NCI)

of $7.8 billion to drive progress on ways to prevent, detect, and treat cancer. In addition, the

Budget proposes to increase mandatory funding for the 21st Century Cures Act Beau Biden

Cancer Moonshot initiative at NCI through 2026. In addition, the Budget provides an increase

of $1 billion for the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health, for a total of $2.5 billion, to

drive innovative health research and speed the implementation of breakthroughs that would

transform the treatment, prevention, and early detection of cancer and other diseases. As the

Administration works to address the single biggest driver of cancer deaths in the Nation—

smoking—the Budget also includes an investment of $258 million in tobacco prevention and

control efforts at the CDC, including tobacco cessation activities to help Americans quit.

• Transforms Behavioral Healthcare. The United States is facing a behavioral health crisis.

Recently enacted legislation, such as the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, takes signiﬁcant

steps to address this crisis, and the Administration is working on implementing important be-

havioral health and school mental health investments. Still, much more can be done. Nearly

one in four adults 18 and older, and one in three adults aged 18 to 25, had a mental illness in

the past year. Suicide is the second leading cause of death for young people ages 10 to 24, and

teen girls, in particular, are experiencing record high levels of violence, sadness, and suicide

risk. More than 46 million people had a substance use disorder, nearly 94 percent of whom did

not receive treatment. For people with private health insurance, the Budget expands cover-

age of mental health beneﬁts and strengthens the network of behavioral health providers. For

people with Medicare, the Budget lowers patients’ costs for mental health services, requires

parity in coverage between behavioral health and medical beneﬁts, and expands coverage

for behavioral health providers. The Budget provides historic investments in the behavioral

health workforce, youth mental health treatment, Certiﬁed Community Based Behavioral

Health Clinics, Community Mental Health Centers, and mental health research. The Budget

strengthens access to crisis services by investing in the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline to ad-

dress 100 percent of estimated contacts, scaling follow-up crisis services, and expanding CDC’s

suicide prevention program to all States, the District of Columbia, and 18 tribal and territo-

rial jurisdictions. To address the mental health crisis among adolescents, the Budget expands

CDC’s What Works in Schools program to up to 75 of the largest local education agencies. The

Budget also accelerates mental health research for promising new treatments and enhanced

precision and implementation of existing treatments.

• Invests in Community Health Centers and the Nation’s Healthcare Workforce.

Because community health centers—which provide comprehensive services regardless of abil-

ity to pay—serve one in three people living in poverty and one in ﬁve rural residents, the Budget

puts the Health Center Program on a path to double its size and expand its reach. To bolster

the healthcare workforce, the Budget expands the National Health Service Corps, which pro-

vides loan repayment and scholarships to healthcare professionals in exchange for practicing

in underserved areas, and the Teaching Health Center Graduate Medical Education Program,

which trains residents in community-based healthcare clinics in rural and high-need areas.

The Budget also addresses healthcare workforce shortages through new investments, includ-

ing $32 million to increase the nurse faculty essential to growing the Nation’s nurse workforce,

and $28 million in innovative approaches to recruit, support, and train new providers.

• Supports Family Planning Services for More Americans. For more than 50 years, Title

X family planning clinics have played a critical role in ensuring access to a broad range of

high-quality family planning and preventive health services. Most Title X clients live in pov-

erty and the uninsured rate of Title X users is twice the national average, making the Title

78 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

X family planning program a critical part of the public health safety net. The program has

served as a point of entry into care for nearly 195 million people over its more than 50-year his-

tory. The Budget includes $512 million, a 79-percent increase above the 2023 enacted level, for

the Title X Family Planning program to increase the number of patients served to 4.5 million.

• Guarantees Adequate and Stable Funding for IHS. The Administration is committed to

upholding the United States’ trust responsibility to tribal nations by addressing the histori-

cal underfunding of IHS. Consistent and predictable funding for IHS is critical to addressing

historical underfunding and improving access to care. The enactment of an advance appropria-

tion for 2024 for IHS was a historic and welcome step toward the goal of securing adequate and

stable funding to improve the overall health status of American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Building on the advance appropriation, the Budget requests an additional $3 billion in discre-

tionary resources in 2024 for a total of $8.1 billion in discretionary resources. Furthermore,

the Budget proposes to reclassify as mandatory IHS contract support costs and leases start-

ing in 2024, for a total of $9.4 billion in discretionary and mandatory resources. Beginning in

2025, the Budget proposes all resources as mandatory. In 2024, the Administration will focus

on implementing the advance appropriation and continuing consultation with Tribes on man-

datory funding for IHS. In 2025, the Administration would shift the IHS budget from mostly

discretionary to all mandatory funding. The mandatory proposal would automatically grow

funding to keep pace with inﬂation and population growth, close longstanding service and

facility shortfalls over time, and improve access to high-quality healthcare. The Budget also

proposes to reauthorize and increase funding for the Special Diabetes Program for Indians to

$250 million in 2024. This program has been critical in lowering the prevalence of diabetes in

Indian Country.

• Prepares for Future Pandemics and Other Biological Threats and Strengthens Public

Health Systems. The United States must catalyze advances in science, technology, and core

capabilities to prevent and prepare for future biological threats, which could emerge with

increasing frequency. The Budget includes $20 billion in mandatory funding for HHS public

health agencies in support of the Administration’s pandemic prevention and preparedness and

biodefense priorities as outlined in the 2021 American Pandemic Preparedness: Transforming

Our Capabilities plan and 2022 National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan for

Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving Global

Health Security. The Budget also includes $400 million in new discretionary resources within

the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response to prepare for pandemics and

biological threats, as well as key discretionary investments for the Biomedical Advanced

Research and Development Authority and the Strategic National Stockpile to support ad-

vanced development and procurement of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostic capabilities

against known and unknown high priority threats. The Budget includes a total of $10.5 billion

in discretionary funding to build public health capacity at the CDC and at the State and local

levels, including expanding capacity to respond to emerging threats, including surveillance,

laboratory, and public health workforce capacities. In addition, the Budget supports efforts to

modernize public health data systems and enables the CDC to establish cadres of response-

ready staff who can quickly deploy during emergencies. For the ﬁrst time in decades, the

Budget also includes $50 million for the Public Health Emergency Fund to ensure HHS is

able to respond to emerging public health threats without delay. In addition, the Budget in-

cludes mandatory funding to catalyze development of drugs that address the pandemic threat

of antimicrobial resistance. The Budget also proposes key new HHS authorities to improve

preparedness, incorporating lessons learned from recent public health emergencies, such as to

enhance the visibility and the resilience of the medical product supply chain.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 79

• Advances Maternal Health and Health Equity. The United States has the highest mater-

nal mortality rate among developed nations, and rates are disproportionately high for Black

and American Indian and Alaska Native women. The Budget includes $471 million to: sup-

port ongoing implementation of the White House Blueprint for Addressing the Maternal Health

Crisis and reduce maternal mortality and morbidity rates; expand maternal health initia-

tives in rural communities; implement implicit bias training for healthcare providers; create

pregnancy medical home demonstration projects; and address the highest rates of perinatal

health disparities, including by supporting the perinatal health workforce. In addition, the

Budget requires all States to provide continuous Medicaid coverage for 12 months postpartum,

eliminating gaps in health insurance at a critical time for women. Recognizing that maternal

mental health conditions are the most common complications of pregnancy and childbirth,

the Budget continues to support the maternal mental health hotline as well as screening and

treatment for maternal depression and related behavioral disorders. To address the lack of

data on health disparities and further improve access to care, the Budget strengthens collec-

tion and evaluation of sociodemographic data.

• Supports Rural Health. Rural America faces persistent disparities in access to healthcare,

including higher uninsured rates, limited healthcare provider availability, and rural hospital

closures. Providing Medicaid-like coverage to individuals in States that have not adopted

Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act, as the Budget proposes, is critical for rural

communities. The Budget also includes investments to improve the health of rural communi-

ties, including by helping rural hospitals stay open, expanding the pipeline of rural healthcare

workers, and facilitating access to quality care. The Budget includes $30 million to provide

assistance to rural hospitals at-risk of closure and to support expansion of hospital service

lines to meet rural communities’ needs. The Budget also supports rural healthcare work-

force development and training programs and telehealth. Recognizing that rural communities

have higher rates of suicide, and high rates of overdose deaths and mental illness, the Budget

provides dedicated funding to rural communities, including rural health clinics, to support

behavioral health.

• Invests in the Treatment and Prevention of Infectious Diseases. The Budget invests in

the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, including Hepatitis C, HIV, and vaccine-

preventable diseases, by supporting comprehensive programs that would expand access to

curative and preventive medications. The Budget includes a new mandatory proposal for a

national program to signiﬁcantly expand screening, testing, treatment, prevention, and mon-

itoring of Hepatitis C infections in the United States, with a speciﬁc focus on populations

with high infection levels. This program would support Federal procurement of life-saving

treatments, while bolstering provider capacity and related public health efforts such as test-

ing, communication, and surveillance. The Budget invests $850 million in the Ending the

HIV Epidemic Initiative across HHS to aggressively reduce new HIV cases, increase access to

pre-exposure prophylaxis (also known as PrEP), and ensure equitable access to services and

support for those living with HIV. The Budget also reduces Medicaid costs by eliminating bar-

riers to accessing PrEP for Medicaid beneﬁciaries and proposes a new mandatory program to:

guarantee PrEP at no cost for all uninsured and underinsured individuals; provide essential

wrap-around services through States, IHS, tribal entities, and localities; and establish a net-

work of community providers to reach underserved areas and populations. In addition, the

Budget proposes a new Vaccines for Adults program to provide uninsured adults with access

to routine and outbreak vaccines at no cost and expands the Vaccines for Children program to

include all children under age 19 enrolled in CHIP.

80 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

• Reduces Hunger and Diet-Related Chronic Diseases and Improves Food Safety. The

Budget proposes investments in nutrition to help end hunger and reduce diet-related chronic

diseases by 2030. The Budget requests a total of $137 million in discretionary funding to ad-

dress speciﬁc commitments made as part of the White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition,

and Health and corresponding National Strategy. This includes funding: to conduct nutrition

research; to expand CDC’s State Physical Activity and Nutrition Program to all States and

Territories; to improve labeling to empower consumers to make good food choices; to enhance

dietary and physical activity guidelines for Americans; and to increase support for senior nutri-

tion programs. The Budget proposes to expand Medicare access to cover nutrition and obesity

counseling services and to pilot coverage of medically-tailored meals in Medicare. The Budget

also supports strengthening access to nutrition and obesity counseling in Medicaid. In addi-

tion, the Budget strengthens FDA’s ability to ensure that food is safe, particularly for infants

and children. The Budget provides investments in FDA to protect infants and children from

toxic metals in food. The Budget also invests in enhanced inspections of food manufacturing

facilities, including infant formula facilities, and requires enhanced testing and reporting for

Cronobacter contamination. The Budget also requires more environmental monitoring with

reporting to FDA. In addition, the Budget invests in food supply chain continuity and FDA’s

smarter food safety initiative to strengthen data access and analysis capabilities to better

target inspections.

• Advances Child and Family Well-Being in the Child Welfare System. The Budget pro-

poses to expand and incentivize the use of evidence-based foster care prevention services to

keep families safely together and reduce the number of children entering foster care. The

Budget provides States with support and incentives to place more foster children with rela-

tives or other adults who have an existing emotional bond with the children and fewer children

in group homes and institutions, while also providing additional funding to support youth who

age out of care without a permanent caregiver. The Budget proposes to nearly double ﬂexible

funding for States through the Promoting Safe and Stable Families program, and proposes

new provisions to expand access to legal representation for children and families in the child

welfare system. The Budget provides $50 million in competitive grants for States and locali-

ties to advance reforms that would reduce the overrepresentation of children and families of

color in the child welfare system, address the disparate experiences and outcomes of these

families, and provide more families with the support they need to remain safely together. In

addition, the Budget provides $215 million for States and community-based organizations to

respond to and prevent child abuse.

• Supports Survivors of Domestic Violence and Other Forms of Gender-Based Violence.

The Budget proposes signiﬁcant increases to support and protect survivors of gender-based

violence, including $519 million for the Family Violence Prevention and Services (FVPSA)

program and the National Domestic Violence Hotline to support domestic violence survivors—

double the 2023 enacted level. This amount continues funding availability for FVPSA-funded

resource centers, including those that support the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer,

and Intersex community. The Budget would provide additional funding for domestic violence

hotlines and cash assistance for survivors of domestic violence, as well as funding to support

a demonstration project evaluating services for survivors at the intersection of housing insta-

bility, substance use coercion, and child welfare. In addition, the Budget would provide over

$66 million for victims of human trafﬁcking and survivors of torture, an increase of nearly

$17 million from the 2023 enacted level.

• Supports America’s Promise to Refugees. The Budget provides $7.3 billion to the Ofﬁce of

Refugee Resettlement (ORR) to help rebuild the Nation’s refugee resettlement infrastructure

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 81

and support the resettling of up to 125,000 refugees in 2024. The Budget also helps ensure

that unaccompanied immigrant children receive appropriate support and services while they

are in ORR’s care and are uniﬁed with relatives and sponsors as safely and quickly as possible.

This funding would allow ORR to reinforce and expand on the programmatic improvements

the Administration has made, including expanding access to counsel to help children navigate

complex immigration court proceedings and enhancing case management and post-release

services. In addition, the Budget includes an emergency contingency fund that would provide

additional resources, beyond the $7.3 billion, when there are unanticipated increases in the

number of unaccompanied children or other humanitarian entrants, building on the contin-

gency fund enacted for 2023.

• Reduces Home Energy and Water Costs. The Budget provides $4.1 billion, a $111 million

increase from the 2023 enacted level (excluding emergency appropriations), for the Low Income

Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). LIHEAP helps families access home energy and

weatherization assistance, vital tools for protecting vulnerable families’ health in response to

extreme weather and climate change. As part of the Justice40 pilot, HHS plans to increase ef-

forts to prevent energy shutoffs and increase support for households with young children and

older people and high energy burdens. Since the Low Income Household Water Assistance

Program (LIHWAP) expires at the end of 2023, the Budget proposes to expand LIHEAP to

advance the goals of both LIHEAP and LIHWAP. Speciﬁcally, the Budget increases LIHEAP

funding and gives States the option to use a portion of their LIHEAP funds to provide water

bill assistance to low-income households.

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is responsible for: protecting the United States

from threats and hazards, modernizing effective programs to prevent terrorism; countering

domestic violent extremism; securing the Nation’s borders; enforcing U.S. immigration laws;

protecting the President and other key ofcials; defending and securing Federal cyberspace and

critical infrastructure; and ensuring disaster resilience, response, and recovery. The President’s

2024 Budget invests in climate resilience, Federal cybersecurity, maritime security, and secure

and humane border management.

The Budget requests $60.4 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $0.6billion or

one-percent decrease from the 2023 enacted level. This includes $1.6billion in additional

Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Passenger Security Fee offsetting collections

gained from ending mandatory contributions to decit reduction. When controlling for the

Passenger Security Fee proposal, the DHS request is an increase of two-percent above the 2023

enacted level. The Budget also includes a proposed $4.7 billion Southwest Border Contingency

Fund to respond to migration surges, which if fully accessed, would yield an increase for the total

DHS request of nine-percent above the 2023 enacted level. Resources provided through the

Budget build on prior-year investments in cybersecurity, border security, and hazard mitigation.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Supports a Fair, Orderly, and Humane Immigration System. The Administration is

committed to improving the Nation’s immigration system and safeguarding its integrity and

promise by efﬁciently and fairly adjudicating requests for immigration beneﬁts. The Budget

includes $865 million for United States Citizenship and Immigration Services to process an

increasing asylum caseload, reduce the historically high immigration beneﬁt request back-

log, support the Citizenship and Integration Grant Program, and improve refugee processing

to advance the Administration’s goal of admitting 125,000 refugees.

• Enhances Border Security and Immigration Enforcement. Strengthening border

security and providing safe, lawful pathways for migration remain top priorities for the

Administration. The Budget includes almost $25 billion for United States Customs and

Border Protection (CBP) and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), an increase of

almost $800 million over the 2023 enacted level when controlling for border management

amounts. The Budget includes funds for CBP to hire an additional 350Border Patrol Agents,

$535 million for border security technology at and between ports of entry, $40 million to com-

bat fentanyl trafﬁcking and disrupt transnational criminal organizations, and funds to hire

an additional 460 processing assistants at CBP and ICE.

84 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

• Addresses the Situation at the Southwest Border. Given elevated Southwest border

encounter levels experienced in a number of years since 2019, and uncertainty surrounding

border encounter levels in any given ﬁscal year, the Budget proposes a new $4.7 billion contin-

gency fund to aid the Department and its components when responding to migration surges

along the Southwest border. Modeled on a contingency fund provided for unaccompanied chil-

dren, each ﬁscal year, the fund would receive appropriations incrementally, and above the

base appropriation, as Southwest border encounters reach pre-identiﬁed levels. DHS would

be limited to obligating funds for surge-related functions and would transfer funds to CBP,

ICE, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) accounts with valid surge-related

obligations.

• Invests in Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Protection. To make U.S. cy-

berspace more resilient and defensible, the Budget provides an additional $145 million for

the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), for a total of $3.1 billion. This

includes $98 million to implement the Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act

and $425 million to improve CISA’s internal cybersecurity and analytical capabilities.

• Invests in Climate, Health, and Natural Disaster Resilience. As part of the

Administration’s efforts to address climate change, the Budget provides $3.9 billion for DHS’s

climate resilience programs, a $140 million increase from the 2023 enacted level. This is in

addition to $1 billion provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2024. The Budget

helps State and local communities, Tribes, and Territories build climate resilience through

various FEMA grant programs. The Budget also includes more than $500 million for ﬂood

hazard mapping, including the development of new data to support future ﬂood conditions.

In addition, the Budget includes $236 million to support the Administration’s 2022 National

Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing

Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving Global Health Security across a broad range of activi-

ties associated with response, critical infrastructure, and domestic surveillance.

• Modernizes TSA Pay and Workforce Policies. The TSA workforce deserves to be fairly

compensated at rates comparable with their peers in the Federal workforce. The Budget in-

cludes $1.1 billion above the 2023 enacted level to fully fund the TSA pay equity initiative.

Enhancements to TSA pay support the President’s commitment to fostering diversity, equity,

and inclusion in the Federal workforce.

• Invests in Sustainability and Conservation. The Administration remains committed to

reestablishing the Federal Government as a leader in sustainability. The Budget includes

$123 million for DHS, the third largest department in the Federal Government and the Nation’s

largest law enforcement agency, to support market-shaping investments into Zero-Emission

Vehicles. The Budget also provides $264million for DHS to consolidate its physical footprint

across the National Capital Region. This funding builds upon the $500 million investment

provided by the Inﬂation Reduction Act for sustainability and environmental programs.

• Enhances America’s Presence in the Arctic Region. Establishing American presence in

the Arctic is a critical security priority. The Adversaries of the United States are increasing

their presence in the Arctic and may seek to disrupt established norms for their own beneﬁt.

The Budget repeats the request from the 2023 Budget to buy a commercially available ice-

breaker to enhance the Nation’s presence in the Arctic and ensure U.S. national sovereignty is

respected in the region. This capability would also ensure that the United States has greater

access to support vulnerable communities in a region that is facing signiﬁcant impacts from

climate change.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 85

• Supports 2024 Presidential Campaign Security. The Budget includes funds to meet the

protective and investigative mission requirements of the United States Secret Service (USSS).

The Budget provides $3 billion to continue support for USSS’ mission needs, including security

for the upcoming 2024 Presidential Campaign. The Budget also includes funding for 77 ad-

ditional positions across the USSS.

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

• Expands Access to Affordable Rent through the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV)

Program. The HCV program currently provides 2.3 million low-income families with rent-

al assistance to obtain housing in the private market. The Budget provides $32.7 billion,

an increase of $2.4 billion (including emergency funding) over the 2023 enacted level, to

maintain services for all currently assisted families and to expand assistance to an addi-

tional 50,000households, particularly those who are experiencing homelessness or ﬂeeing,

or attempting to ﬂee, domestic violence or other forms of gender-based violence. The Budget

further expands assistance to another 130,000 households with funding from HCV program

reserves. To further ensure that more households have access to safe and affordable hous-

ing, the Budget includes mandatory funding to support two populations that are particularly

vulnerable to homelessness—youth aging out of foster care and extremely low-income (ELI)

veterans. The Budget provides $9 billion to establish a housing voucher program for all

20,000 youth aging out of foster care annually, and provides $13 billion to incrementally

expand rental assistance for 450,000 ELI veteran families, paving a path to guaranteed as-

sistance for all who have served the Nation and are in need. In all, the Budget proposes to

expand assistance to well over 200,000 additional households.

• Increases Affordable Housing Supply to Reduce Costs. To address the critical shortage

of affordable housing in communities throughout the Nation, the Budget provides $1.8 billion

for the HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME), an increase of $300 million over

the 2023 enacted level, to construct and rehabilitate affordable rental housing and provide

homeownership opportunities. In addition, the Budget provides $258 million to support

2,200 units of new permanently affordable housing speciﬁcally for the elderly and persons

with disabilities, supporting the Administration’s priority to maximize independent living

for people with disabilities. To complement these investments, the Budget provides a total

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is responsible for creating healthy,

safe, sustainable, and inclusive communities and affordable homes for all. The President’s 2024

Budget for HUD: expands rental assistance to low-income households and increases affordable

housing supply to reduce housing costs; expands homeownership opportunities for underserved

borrowers; advances efforts to end homelessness; prevents and redresses housing-related

discrimination; modernizes affordable housing by increasing climate resilience and energy

efciency; and strengthens communities facing underinvestment.

The Budget requests $73.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.1 billion

increase or 1.6-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

88 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

of $51 billion in additional Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, a new Neighborhood Homes Tax

Credit, and mandatory funding for new project-based rental assistance contracts to increase

the development of affordable rental and owner-occupied housing, including units affordable

to extremely low-income families. By expanding the supply of housing, the Budget would help

curb cost growth across the broader rental market.

• Reduces Costs for New Homeowners and Expands Access to Homeownership. To

make homeownership more affordable for underserved borrowers, including ﬁrst-time, low- to

moderate-income, and minority homebuyers, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is re-

ducing the annual mortgage insurance premiums new borrowers will pay by about one-third.

This action, effective in 2023, will save the average FHA borrower approximately $800 in the

ﬁrst year of their mortgage loan and provide continued savings for the duration of the loan.

The Budget also includes $100million for a HOME down payment assistance pilot to expand

homeownership opportunities for ﬁrst-generation and/or low wealth ﬁrst-time homebuyers

and $15million to increase the availability of FHA small balance mortgages. In addition, the

Budget proposes $10 billion in mandatory funding for a new First-Generation Down Payment

Assistance program to help address racial and ethnic homeownership and wealth gaps.

• Advances Efforts to End Homelessness. To prevent and reduce homelessness, the Budget

provides $3.7 billion, an increase of $116 million over the 2023 enacted level, for Homeless

Assistance Grants to meet renewal needs and expand assistance to approximately 25,000

additional households, including survivors of domestic violence and homeless youth. These

targeted resources would support the Administration’s recently released Federal Strategic

Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness. The Budget also provides $505 million for Housing

Opportunities for Persons with AIDS, serving a population with a disproportionately high rate

of homelessness and providing a critical link to services.

• Prevents Eviction. To assist renters in accessing resources to avoid eviction, make the legal

process during eviction proceedings fairer, and mitigate future housing instability, the Budget

provides $3 billion in mandatory funding for competitive grants to promote and solidify State

and local efforts to reform eviction policies by providing access to legal counsel, emergency

rental assistance, and other forms of rent relief. The Budget also includes $10 million for the

Eviction Protection Grant program, which provides legal assistance to low-income tenants at

risk or subject to eviction.

• Advances Equity by Preventing and Redressing Housing Discrimination. The Budget

provides $90 million to support State and local fair housing enforcement organizations and

to further education, outreach, and training on rights and responsibilities under Federal fair

housing laws. The Budget also invests in HUD staff and technical assistance to afﬁrmatively

further fair housing and reduce barriers that restrict housing and neighborhood choice.

• Improves the Quality of HUD-Assisted Housing. HUD-assisted multifamily properties

and Public Housing provide 2.3 million affordable homes to low-income families. The Budget

centralizes inspection-related funding for these programs, which would enhance HUD’s ability

to identify and address ﬁnancial and physical risks and would complement HUD’s modernized

National Standards for Physical Inspection of Real Estate building standards. The Budget

also provides $3.2 billion for Public Housing modernization, and $300 million to improve the

energy efﬁciency, climate resilience, and physical condition of the Public Housing stock. To

complement these investments, the Budget provides $7.5 billion in mandatory funding for

comprehensive modernization of targeted Public Housing communities.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 89

• Reduces Lead and Other Home Health Hazards for Vulnerable Families. The Budget

provides $410 million for States, local governments, and nonproﬁts to reduce lead-based

paint and other health hazards in the homes of low-income families with young children.

The Budget also includes $25 million to address lead-based paint in Public Housing. The

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identiﬁes the risk for lead exposure as great-

est for children from racial and ethnic minority groups and children in families living below

the poverty level. The Lead Hazard and Healthy Homes grants, complemented by additional

Government-wide lead remediation investments included in the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law, target interventions to these most at-risk communities. In addition, the Budget targets

$60million speciﬁcally to prevent and mitigate housing-related health hazards, such as ﬁre

safety and mold, in HUD-assisted housing.

• Supports Economic Development and Removes Barriers to Affordable Housing. The

Budget provides $3.4 billion for the Community Development Block Grant program to help

communities modernize infrastructure, invest in economic development, create parks and oth-

er public amenities, and provide social services. The Budget includes $85million within this

total for a competitive program to reward State, local, and regional jurisdictions that make

progress in removing barriers to affordable housing developments, such as restrictive zon-

ing, as well as $10 billion in mandatory funding to incentivize the next group of jurisdictions

to make similar zoning and land use reforms. States and localities that embrace efforts to

increase their supply of housing would ease cost growth for renters and homebuyers in those

areas.

• Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal Communities. Native Americans are seven

times more likely to live in overcrowded conditions and ﬁve times more likely to have inad-

equate plumbing, kitchen, or heating systems than all U.S. households. The Budget provides

over $1 billion to fund tribal efforts to expand affordable housing, improve housing conditions

and infrastructure, and increase economic opportunities for low-income families. Of this total,

$150 million would prioritize activities that advance resilience and energy efﬁciency in hous-

ing-related projects. The Budget also reﬂects a reduction in mortgage insurance fees for the

Indian Home Loan Guarantee Program, which would save Native American borrowers over

$500 on average in their ﬁrst year and expand access to homeownership.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

The Department of the Interior (DOI) conserves and manages the Nation’s natural resources and

cultural heritage. The President’s 2024 Budget for DOI: honors commitments to tribal nations;

combats climate change and protects environmental resources by investing in ecosystem

restoration, wildre management, and public land resilience; enhances programs that advance

racial and economic justice; supports development in U.S. Territories and freely associated

states; and funds reclamation and climate resilience work that ensures healthy lands and waters

and creates good-paying jobs.

The Budget requests $18.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.6 billion or

9.3-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level, including amounts requested for Contract

Support Costs and Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 Section

105(l) leases, which the Budget proposes to shift from discretionary to mandatory funding.

The 2024 Budget complements historic investments in wildre management, tribal programs,

ecosystem restoration, national park operations, western water infrastructure, and abandoned

mine land reclamation provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Ination Reduction Act.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Invests in Tribal Communities to Honor Trust and Treaty Responsibilities. Building

on feedback from extensive tribal consultations, the Budget provides historic increases for

a range of key tribal programs. The Budget invests $4.7 billion for DOI’s tribal programs,

$690 million above the 2023 enacted level, to support public safety and justice, social ser-

vices, and educational needs to uphold Federal trust responsibilities and advance equity for

Native communities. This includes $717million in Tribal Public Safety and Justice funding

at DOI, an $86 million increase over the 2023 enacted level, to support pressing public safety

needs in Indian Country and continue efforts to address the crisis of Missing and Murdered

Indigenous Persons. The Budget also includes: a $28 million increase for Native Language

Revitalization grants; ongoing support for climate resilience; a $61 million increase over

the 2023 enacted level for education programs across the Bureau of Indian Education’s 183

elementary and secondary schools, and 33 tribal colleges, universities, and post-secondary

schools; and a $148 million increase in education construction to support the replacement

of seven schools and facilities. To strengthen tribal land management, the Budget includes

$12 million for a new Bureau of Indian Affairs program that would support tribal land acqui-

sition for conservation and outdoor recreation, and promote tribal sovereignty through tribal

co-stewardship. The Budget also proposes to reclassify Contract Support Costs and Indian

Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 Section 105(l) leases as mandatory

spending, providing certainty for tribal communities in meeting these ongoing needs through

dedicated funding sources. The Budget’s investments complement those made through the

92 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Inﬂation Reduction Act and the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to address critical needs in

tribal communities for infrastructure and climate adaptation. In recognition of tribal nations’

legacy of natural resources stewardship, the Budget supports efforts to advance tribally-led

studies of the feasibility of reintroducing salmon populations in the Upper Columbia River.

• Commits to Tribal Water Rights Settlements Funding. Providing a stable, dedicated

funding source for tribal water rights settlements is crucial to ensuring that tribal communi-

ties have safe, reliable water supplies to improve public and environmental health and support

economic opportunity. To build on investments provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,

the Budget provides $2.8 billion in mandatory funding to the Indian Water Rights Settlement

Completion Fund, with $2.5 billion to cover the costs of enacted and future water rights settle-

ments and $340 million for operations and maintenance costs associated with enacted water

settlements.

• Strengthens Climate Resilience for Communities and Ecosystems. As steward for

20 percent of the Nation’s lands and waters and with a primary responsibility to uphold the

Nation’s commitments to American Indians and Alaska Natives, DOI plays an integral role in

addressing the climate crisis through strengthened conservation partnerships, including the

Administration’s America the Beautiful Initiative and science-based ecosystem management.

The Budget invests $5.7 billion in climate adaptation and resilience, which would mitigate

the impacts of climate change—such as drought, wildﬁre, and severe storms—on America’s

communities, lands, waters, and wildlife. The Budget also sustains funding for key conserva-

tion and ecosystem management initiatives—including youth corps programs—alongside a

historic $1.7 billion investment provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for ecosystem

restoration across America and more than $5 billion provided by the Inﬂation Reduction Act

to address climate change.

• Increases Drought Resilience. The Budget helps ensure communities across the West have

access to a resilient and reliable water supply by investing in rural water projects, water con-

servation, development of desalination technologies, and water recycling and reuse projects.

The Budget complements the nearly $1.7 billion provided in 2024 for western water infra-

structure through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, as well as the nearly $4.6 billion that

was provided by the Inﬂation Reduction Act for drought mitigation and domestic water sup-

ply projects through the Bureau of Reclamation. The Budget provides funding to address the

ongoing drought in the western United States, including funding for WaterSMART, Central

Valley Project drought activities, and implementation funding for the Drought Contingency

Plans to conserve water in the Colorado River System, which is at historically low levels.

• Invests in the Wildland Fireﬁghting Workforce. The Budget ensures that no Federal ﬁre-

ﬁghter would make less than $15 an hour and invests in the wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce at

DOI and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) through a new comprehensive and equitable

compensation structure. The Budget also increases the size of the wildland ﬁreﬁghting work-

force at DOI and USDA and supports additional mental and physical health services for that

workforce. Together, these efforts would help address long-standing recruitment and reten-

tion challenges. These investments, totaling $139 million over the comparable 2023 enacted

level for DOI, would build upon the historic reforms in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and

ensure that the workforce receives the enhanced support it needs to continue meeting evolving

mission demands, as both the frequency and intensity of catastrophic wildﬁres are expected to

increase due to climate change.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 93

• Mitigates the Risk of Catastrophic Wildﬁres. The Budget invests $314 million in DOI’s

Hazardous Fuels Management and Burned Area Rehabilitation programs to help reduce the

risk and severity of wildﬁres and restore lands devastated by catastrophic ﬁre. This funding

complements the $878 million for hazardous fuels management and $325 million for burned

area rehabilitation projects provided through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. The Budget

also invests $7 million in a new integrated drought and ﬁre science effort at the U.S. Geological

Survey, which would help mitigate wildﬁre risk across the Nation.

• Increases Access to Nature and Parks. An estimated 100 million Americans do not have

an accessible park within a 10-minute walk of their home. Communities of color and low-

income communities have disproportionately less access to Nature’s beneﬁts, such as clean

water, clean air, and open spaces for recreation. The Budget allocates $135 million to the

Outdoor Recreation Legacy Program to develop high-quality recreation opportunities in eco-

nomically disadvantaged urban communities. The Budget also provides $3.8 billion for the

National Park Service, $289 million over the 2023 enacted level. In addition, the Budget

includes a new $32 million initiative to build a more equitable National Park System, includ-

ing investments to: expand tribal co-stewardship of national parks; address transportation

barriers between parks and underserved communities; improve park accessibility for visi-

tors and employees with disabilities; and stand up the recently established African American

Burial Grounds Preservation Program. The Budget also includes a new $10 million initiative

for Increasing Representation in Our Public Lands, which would support recent or potential

new designations that preserve important places and tell the stories of those that have been

historically underrepresented.

• Accelerates Clean Energy Development on Public Lands. The Budget includes

$181 million, an increase of $70 million from the 2023 enacted level, to accelerate the deploy-

ment of clean energy on public lands and waters, spurring economic development and creating

thousands of good-paying jobs. Funding would support the leasing, planning, and permitting

of solar, wind, and geothermal energy projects, and associated transmission infrastructure

that would help mitigate the impacts of climate change and meet the Administration’s goal

of deploying 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030 and 25 gigawatts of clean energy

capacity on public lands by 2025.

• Creates Jobs Remediating and Reclaiming Abandoned Wells and Mines. The Budget

provides $311 million to remediate orphaned oil and gas wells and reclaim abandoned mine

lands on Federal and non-Federal lands. The funding complements the $16billion provided

in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for orphaned well remediation and abandoned coal mine

reclamation, and would create good union jobs and restore degraded lands and waters to allow

for more productive uses. The Administration is committed to the responsible and sustainable

development of America’s public resources. Consistent with the need to develop a domestic

critical minerals supply chain, the Department led an Interagency Working Group to review

hardrock mine permitting and oversight on Federal lands, and will implement its recommen-

dations on best practices and actions on public lands to increase transparency and ensure that

mining operations adhere to strong social, environmental, and labor standards.

• Advances Climate Science. The Budget invests $366 million at DOI to better understand

the impacts of climate change, identify innovative mitigation and adaptation opportunities,

and measure and monitor greenhouse gas emissions and sinks on Federal lands. The Budget

also supports the development of a Federal climate data portal that would provide the public

with accessible information on historical and projected climate impacts, inform decision-mak-

ing, and strengthen community climate resilience.

94 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

• Increases Permitting Capacity. The Budget invests in environmental permitting pro-

grams to expedite delivery of new and modernized infrastructure. The Budget also proposes

to expand existing transfer authority by enablingFederal agencies to transfer funds provided

under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries to improve efﬁciencies and increase capac-

ity for environmental planning and consultation. Together with existing law, this proposal

would accelerate and improve environmental reviews in support of responsible development

of priority infrastructure projects and energy solutions.

• Invests in Addressing the Biodiversity Crisis. The Budget increases biodiversity and

halts nature loss by providing targeted increases for key biodiversity programs including

funding for: Endangered Species Act implementation; the National Wildlife Refuge System;

migratory birds, ﬁsh, and aquatic conservation; and international conservation. The Budget

includes $20 million for the Coastal Program and $80 million to support the Partners for Fish

and Wildlife Program, a ﬂagship program for voluntary conservation on private lands—a key

focus of the America the Beautiful Initiative. This funding represents an increase of $26 million

from the 2023 enacted level and complements a $1.7 billion cross-agency investment provided

by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for ﬁsh passage projects to restore healthy aquatic eco-

systems, and signiﬁcant investments in the Inﬂation Reduction Act for endangered species

recovery.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for defending the interests of the United States

and protecting all Americans as the chief enforcer of Federal laws. The President’s 2024 Budget

for DOJ invests in: combating gun violence and other violent crime, terrorism, violence against

women, child exploitation, and cyber threats; protecting civil rights; implementing Federal, State,

and local criminal justice reforms; improving the immigration court system; and bolstering antitrust

enforcement.

The Budget requests $39.7 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $2.2 billion or

5.9-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Invests in Federal Law Enforcement to Combat Gun Violence and Other Violent

Crime. The Budget makes robust investments to bolster Federal law enforcement capac-

ity. The Budget includes $17.8 billion, an increase of $1.2 billion above the 2023 enacted

level, for DOJ law enforcement, including a total of $1.9 billion for the Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives to expand multijurisdictional gun trafﬁcking strike forces

with additional personnel, increase regulation of the ﬁrearms industry, and implement the

Bipartisan Safer Communities Act. The Budget includes $1.9 billion for the U.S. Marshals

Service to support personnel dedicated to ﬁghting violent crime, including through fugi-

tive apprehension and enforcement operations. The Budget also provides $51 million to the

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to support the continued implementation of enhanced

background checks required by the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act. In addition, the

Budget provides a total of $2.9 billion for the U.S. Attorneys, which includes 130 new posi-

tions to support the prosecution of violent crime.

• Supports State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement and Public Safety. The Budget

provides $4.9 billion in discretionary resources for State and local grants and $30 billion in

mandatory resources to support State, local, and tribal efforts to protect U.S. communities

and promote public safety. This includes $537 million for the COPS Hiring Program discre-

tionary topline, an increase of $213 million or 66 percent over the 2023 enacted level.

• Reinvigorates Federal Civil Rights Enforcement. In order to address longstanding in-

equities and strengthen civil rights protections, the Budget invests $252 million, an increase

of $62 million over the 2023 enacted level, in the DOJ Civil Rights Division. These resources

would support police reform via pattern-or-practice investigations, the prosecution of hate

crimes, enforcement of voting rights, and efforts to provide equitable access to justice.

96 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

• Prioritizes Efforts to End Gender-Based Violence. The Budget proposes $1 billion to sup-

port implementation of programs through the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA),

which was recently reauthorized and strengthened in 2022. This is a $300 million or 43-per-

cent increase over the 2023 enacted level, which was the highest funding level in history.

The Budget supports substantial increases for longstanding VAWA programs, including key

investments in legal assistance for victims, transitional housing, and sexual assault services.

The Budget strongly supports underserved and tribal communities by providing $35 million

for culturally-speciﬁc services, $10 million for underserved populations, $15 million to assist

enforcement of tribal special domestic violence jurisdiction, and $3 million to support tribal

Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys. The Budget also provides $14 million to address technologi-

cal abuse through funding new VAWA programs to address cybercrimes against individuals.

In addition, the Budget provides $120 million, an increase of $65 million above the 2023 en-

acted level, to the Ofﬁce of Justice Programs for the Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to address

the rape kit backlog, and for the Regional Sexual Assault Investigative Training Academies

Program.

• Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice System. The Budget leverages the capacity of

the Federal justice system to advance criminal justice reform initiatives and serve as a model

for reform that is comprehensive, evidence-informed, and high-impact in terms of enhanc-

ing public safety and equity. The Budget supports key investments in First Step Act of 2018

(FSA) implementation, including the continuation and expansion of the historic collaboration

between the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and the Department of Labor for a national initiative

to provide comprehensive, intensive, and market-driven workforce development and reentry

services to people in the Federal prison system, both during their time in BOP facilities and

after they are transferred to community placement. In total, the Budget continues to invest

$409 million in base resources for FSA implementation, to support rehabilitative program-

ming, improve conditions of conﬁnement, and hire additional FSA-dedicated programmatic

staff.

• Reforms the Juvenile Justice System. The Budget proposes $760 million for juvenile jus-

tice programs, an increase of $360 million over the 2023 enacted level, to bolster diversionary

juvenile justice strategies.

• Counters Cyber Threats. The Budget expands DOJ’s ability to pursue cyber threats

through investments that support efforts to build cyber investigative capabilities at FBI ﬁeld

divisions nationwide. These investments include an additional $63 million for more agents,

enhanced response capabilities, and strengthened intelligence collection and analysis capabili-

ties. These investments are in line with the National Cybersecurity Strategy that emphasizes

a whole-of-Nation approach to addressing the ongoing cyber threat.

• Improves Immigration Courts. The Budget invests $1.5 billion, an increase of $595 million

above the 2023 enacted level, in the Executive Ofﬁce for Immigration Review to further opti-

mize the functioning of immigration courts and help address the backlog of over 1.8 million

currently pending cases. This funding supports 150 new immigration judge teams, which in-

cludes the support personnel required to create maximum efﬁciencies in the court system. The

Budget would also invest new resources in legal access programming, including $150 million

in discretionary resources to provide access to representation for adults and families in

immigration proceedings. Providing resources to support legal representation in the immi-

gration system would help make the system fairer and more equitable, while creating greater

efﬁciencies in case processing.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 97

• Bolsters Antitrust Enforcement. Vigorous marketplace competition through robust en-

forcement of antitrust law can help reduce costs and raise wages. The Budget advances this

effort by including a historic increase of $100 million over the 2023 enacted level for the DOJ

Antitrust Division.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

The Department of Labor (DOL) is responsible for protecting the health, safety, wages, and

economic security of workers and retirees. The President’s 2024 Budget for DOL supports:

building the skills of America’s workers; protecting workers’ rights and benets, health and safety,

and wages; strengthening the integrity and accessibility of the Unemployment Insurance (UI)

program; and creating good, middle-class jobs that are safe and equitable, provide fair wages

and benets, empower workers, and offer opportunities for advancement.

The Budget requests $15.1 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.5 billion or

11-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Empowers and Protects Workers. Workers power America’s economic prosperity, and to

ensure workers are treated with dignity and respect in the workplace, the Budget invests

$2.3 billion, an increase of $430 million above the 2023 enacted level, in the Department’s

worker protection agencies. The Budget would enable DOL to protect workers’ wages and

beneﬁts, combat exploitative child labor, address the misclassiﬁcation of workers as inde-

pendent contractors, and improve workplace health and safety. The Budget also provides

resources to support vigorous enforcement of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, espe-

cially where employers have retaliated against or otherwise penalized employees for taking

federally protected leave from work. The Budget also ensures fair treatment for millions of

workers by providing resources to oversee and enforce the equal employment obligations of

Federal contractors, including protections against discrimination based on race, sex, disabil-

ity, gender identity, and sexual orientation.

• Expands Penalties when Employers Violate Workers’ Rights to Organize, Receive

Fair Wages, and Have a Safe and Healthy Workplace Free from Discrimination.

Employers often receive only a slap on the wrist—at most—when they ﬁre or retaliate

against workers for exercising their right to organize and collectively bargain, steal wages

from workers, force workers to work in unsafe conditions, exploit children, or otherwise ﬂa-

grantly violate the Nation’s labor laws. To deter employers from violating workers’ rights,

ensure those who do violate their rights are held accountable, and level the playing ﬁeld for

responsible employers, the Budget also proposes instituting and meaningfully increasing

penalties at DOL, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the National Labor

Relations Board for employers that violate workplace safety, health, wage and hour, child

labor, equal opportunity, and labor organizing rules.

• Calls for Paid Sick Leave for All Workers. Millions of workers in America have to

choose between a needed paycheck—or even a job—and taking care of a family member or

100 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

themselves when they are sick. Workers without paid sick days are more likely to go to work

when sick, send their child to school when sick, and do without the healthcare they need to get

better. Paid sick days are not only good for workers and families—they are also good for busi-

ness, leading to lower employee turnover and increased productivity, and reducing the spread

of contagious diseases. The President calls on the Congress to require employers to provide

seven job-protected paid sick days each year to all workers, and ensure that employers cannot

penalize workers for taking time off to address their health needs, or the health needs of their

families, or to seek safety from domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking.

• Expands Access to Paid Family and Medical Leave. The vast majority of America’s work-

ers do not have access to paid family leave, including three out of four private sector workers.

Among the lowest-paid workers, who are predominately women and workers of color, 92 percent

have no access to paid family leave through their employers. As many as one in ﬁve retirees

leave the workforce earlier than planned to care for an ill family member, which negatively

impacts families as well as the Nation’s labor supply and productivity. The Budget proposes

to establish a national, comprehensive paid family and medical leave program administered

by the Social Security Administration to ensure that all workers can take the time they need

to: bond with a new child; care for a seriously ill loved one; heal from their own serious ill-

ness; address circumstances arising from a loved one’s military deployment; ﬁnd safety from

domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking; or grieve the death of a loved one. The Budget

also includes $10 million for DOL’s Women’s Bureau to help States expand access to paid leave

beneﬁts, including through grants to support States in implementing new paid leave programs

and through the creation of a Technical Assistance Hub to share best practices among States.

• Expands Workforce Training that Provides Pathways to Good Jobs. The President’s

historic legislative accomplishments are rebuilding U.S. infrastructure, supporting clean en-

ergy, and boosting American manufacturing while creating millions of high-quality jobs. The

Budget invests in effective, evidence-based training models that would ensure all workers,

particularly women, workers of color, those living in rural areas, workers with disabilities, and

others underrepresented in growing ﬁelds, have the skills they need to compete for and ﬁll these

and other jobs. The Budget provides $200 million for a new Sectoral Employment through

Career Training for Occupational Readiness (SECTOR) program, which would support the

development and expansion of public-private partnerships among employers, education and

training providers, and community-based groups to equitably deliver high-quality training

focused on growing industries. SECTOR’s approach is based on decades of research showing

that when employers take a leading role in the design and implementation of training, work-

ers—especially underserved workers—gain access to high-quality programs that lead directly

to good, in-demand jobs.

• Expands Access to Registered Apprenticeships. The Budget increases support for

Registered Apprenticeship, an evidence-based earn-and-learn model that is a critical tool for

training future workforces in the construction, clean energy, semiconductor, transportation

and logistics, education, and other growing and in-demand industries. The Budget invests

$335 million, a $50 million increase above the 2023 enacted level, to expand Registered

Apprenticeship opportunities in these high-growth ﬁelds while increasing the number of

workers from historically underrepresented groups, including people of color and women, who

participate in Registered Apprenticeships.

• Supports Community Colleges in Providing High-Quality Training. The Budget

recognizes the critical role that community colleges play in providing accessible, affordable,

and high-quality training. The Budget invests $100 million, a $35 million increase above the

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 101

2023 enacted level, to build community colleges’ capacity to work with the public workforce

development system and employers to design and deliver high-quality training programs in

communities across the Nation.

• Expands Employment Protections for Military Spouses. Military families make signiﬁ-

cant sacriﬁces on behalf of the Nation, including overcoming the many challenges that spouses

of active-duty service and reserve members experience in ﬁnding and retaining good jobs. A

Department of Defense survey found that 33 percent of military families had experienced a

permanent change in location within the last 12 months. Spouses of military servicemembers

often face discrimination from current and prospective employers due to the frequent and un-

predictable nature of deployment and relocations. The Budget addresses these challenges by

expanding anti-discrimination and reemployment protections to spouses of all active duty and

reserve members, which would allow them to more easily ﬁnd and keep good jobs.

• Modernizes, Protects, and Strengthens UI. The UI program provides a critical safety

net for workers who have lost a job through no fault of their own and helps protect the econ-

omy as a whole from further damage during downturns. UI was critical in helping millions

of Americans through unexpected job losses during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the

pandemic also exposed vulnerabilities in the program. The Budget invests $3.7 billion, an

increase of $522 million above the 2023 enacted level, to modernize, protect, and strengthen

the UI program. This includes investments aimed at tackling fraud, including funding to

support more robust identity veriﬁcation for UI applicants, help States develop and test fraud-

prevention tools and strategies, and allow the DOL Ofﬁce of Inspector General to increase its

investigations into fraud rings targeting the UI program. In addition, the Budget proposes a

comprehensive legislative package of program integrity proposals designed to provide States

with new tools and resources to combat UI fraud and improper payments while ensuring eq-

uity and accessibility for all claimants. The Budget also includes principles to guide future

efforts to reform the UI system, including improving beneﬁt levels and access, scaling UI ben-

eﬁts automatically during recessions, expanding eligibility to reﬂect the modern labor force,

improving State and Federal solvency through more equitable and progressive ﬁnancing, ex-

panding reemployment services, and further safeguarding the program from fraud.

• Supports Legacy Energy Communities. To address changes in the energy economy, the

Budget continues to invest in strategic planning, partnership development, and training and

reemployment activities for displaced workers. The Budget provides $20 million to support

DOL’s role in the multi-agency Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic

Revitalization (also known as POWER+) Initiative, which aims to assist displaced workers and

transform local economies and communities transitioning away from fossil fuel production to

new, sustainable industries. The Budget also includes $67 million for Workforce Opportunities

for Rural Communities. This program—administered in partnership with the Appalachian

Regional Commission, the Delta Regional Authority, and the Northern Border Regional

Commission—aims to help Appalachian, Delta, and Northern Border communities develop lo-

cal and regional workforce development strategies that promote long-term economic stability

and opportunities for workers, especially those connected to the energy industry. In addition,

the Budget provides $20 million for DOL to partner with AmeriCorps and other agencies to

establish a Civilian Climate Corps program to help communities address the climate crisis by

creating service opportunities and job training programs in emerging industries.

• Strengthens Mental Health Parity Protections. The Budget requires all health plans to

cover mental health and substance use disorder beneﬁts, ensures that plans have an adequate

network of behavioral health providers, and improves DOL’s ability to enforce the law. In

102 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

addition, the Budget includes $275 million over 10 years to increase the Department’s capac-

ity to ensure that large group market health plans and issuers comply with mental health and

substance use disorder requirements, and expand the Agency’s capacity to take action against

plans and issuers that do not comply.

103

DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

The Department of State (State), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and other

international programs advance a free, secure, and prosperous world by working with allies and

partners to solve shared global challenges. The President’s 2024 Budget demonstrates this

shared commitment through the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) to

catalyze public and private nance.

The President’s 2024 Budget requests $70.5 billion in discretionary funding for State, USAID,

and other international programs, which is $7 billion or 11 percent above the 2023 enacted level

when including $2.1 billion in base funding that was shifted to emergency in 2023, and $9 billion

or 15 percent above the 2023 enacted level when excluding those amounts. Within this total, the

Budget includes $63.1 billion for State and USAID, $5 billion or 9 percent above the 2023 enacted

level when including the shifted funding and $7 billion or 13 percent above the 2023 enacted level

when excluding those amounts. The 2024 total also includes $4 billion for international programs

at the Department of the Treasury, $1.7 billion or 71 percent above the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Out-Competes China and Asserts U.S. Global Leadership. During these unprec-

edented and extraordinary times, the Budget requests both discretionary and mandatory

resources to Out-Compete China and advance American prosperity globally. The out-com-

pete mandatory proposal would strengthen the U.S. role in the Indo-Paciﬁc and advance the

U.S. economy by investing: $2 billion to support “hard” critical international infrastructure;

$2 billion to scale the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation’s (DFC) equity

program; and $2 billion to bolster Indo-Paciﬁc countries through economic competitiveness

and secure and resilient supply chains. As part of this mandatory proposal, the Budget also

requests $6.5 billion in economic assistance over the next 20 years for the Compacts of Free

Association with the freely associated states of the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau.

• Advances PGII. The Budget supports more than $50 billion through PGII in direct foreign

assistance, development and export ﬁnance, and private sector funding. PGII leverages pub-

lic and private ﬁnance to advance climate and energy security, health and health security,

digital connectivity, gender equity and equality, and related transportation infrastructure—

all while creating opportunities for American businesses.

• Increases Global Energy Security, Infrastructure, and Resilience. The Budget

supports the President’s pledge to: work with the Congress to more than quadruple U.S. in-

ternational climate ﬁnancing; and request more than $3 billion for the President’s Emergency

104 DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE). This includes a $1.6 billion contribution to

the Green Climate Fund and a $1.2 billion loan to the Clean Technology Fund. The Budget

also advances new tools, such as loan guarantees, to reassert U.S. global leadership in the

Indo-Paciﬁc by ﬁnancing energy security and infrastructure projects and reducing reliance on

volatile energy supplies and prices. The Budget also builds resilience to better prepare for and

respond to extreme weather events and other disasters.

• Bolsters American Leadership in Global Health. To reinforce U.S. leadership in ad-

dressing global health and health security challenges, the Budget includes $10.9 billion, a

$370 million increase above the 2023 enacted level. This includes over $1.2 billion to prepare

for, prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease outbreaks—including by expanding U.S.

bilateral partnerships with countries to improve health security capacity. This over $1.2 billion

also includes $500 million for the Pandemic Fund to catalyze and accelerate improvements to

global health security and pandemic preparedness. The Budget also invests dedicated funds

for the Administration’s Global Health Worker Initiative to enhance global efforts to better

train, equip, and protect the health workforce—which would strengthen countries’ abilities to

provide core health services and respond to crises. The Budget also increases investments in

high-impact and lifesaving voluntary family planning and reproductive health programs to

address signiﬁcant unmet global needs for these services. The Budget sustains U.S. leader-

ship in the Global Fund’s historic seventh replenishment, providing $2 billion for the second

year of a $6 billion, three-year pledge to save lives and accelerate the ﬁght against HIV/AIDS,

tuberculosis, and malaria.

• Deepens Alliances and Partnerships in the Indo-Paciﬁc. The Budget includes more

than $2.3 billion in discretionary funding for State and USAID to support an open, secure, and

connected Indo-Paciﬁc and implement the Indo-Paciﬁc Strategy to strengthen and modernize

America’s alliances and partnerships in this vital region. This total includes $90 million for

the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and $50 million for the advancement of the Indo-

Paciﬁc Economic Framework for Prosperity. In addition, the Budget expands funding for U.S.

diplomatic presence throughout the region, with particular focus on the Paciﬁc Islands. The

Budget also includes an additional $2 billion in mandatory funding to make game-changing

investments to Out-Compete China and deepen America’s partnerships in the region—work-

ing to make Indo-Paciﬁc economies more resilient and connected. The Budget also proposes

$6.5 billion in economic assistance over the next 20 years for the Compacts of Free Association

with the freely associated states of the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau.

• Makes Transformative Investments in High-Quality International Infrastructure.

Targeted global infrastructure connects workers to good jobs, allows businesses to grow and

thrive, and supports global connection among nations. Unfortunately, infrastructure has long

been underfunded internationally, with more than $40 trillion in estimated need in low- and

middle-income countries through 2035. As part of a broader effort to Out-Compete China, the

Budget requests $2 billion in mandatory funding over ﬁve years to support investments in

“hard” critical international infrastructure, combat predatory People’s Republic of China (PRC)-

ﬁnanced infrastructure projects, and spur U.S. economic growth. The Budget also includes a

$2 billion mandatory proposal to bolster the DFC’s equity program at scale as a key ﬁnancing

tool necessary to strengthen the U.S. role in the Indo-Paciﬁc. The new DFC mandatory resources

would be structured as a revolving fund on a cash basis to allow DFC to recycle any realized re-

turns from its initial investments without further appropriation. The Budget also provides more

than $1 billion in discretionary funds for the Millennium Challenge Corporation to build critical

infrastructure, reduce poverty, and incentivize democratic governance.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 105

• Strengthens International Digital Connectivity. The Budget requests more than

$395 million to advance global cyber and digital development initiatives, including State’s

Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy, USAID’s Digital Strategy, PGII digital connectivity

efforts, and regional initiatives such as Digital Transformation with Africa. Across this work,

the Budget: bolsters U.S. and allied technology leadership; advances inclusive and responsible

technology development, which also supports the ability of women, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

Transgender, Queer, and Intersex community, and other marginalized groups to safely access

digital technologies; strengthens supply chain security; and enhances cooperation on privacy,

data sharing, and digital trade. The Budget would support working with a broad range of part-

ners to ensure an open, trusted, interoperable, reliable, and secure digital backbone and other

advanced communication technologies in low- and middle-income countries.

• Advances Gender Equity and Equality Around the World. The Administration remains

steadfast in its commitment to invest in opportunities for women and girls and support the

needs of marginalized communities, including the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer,

and Intersex community. Reﬂective of that commitment, the Budget requests more than

$3 billion to advance gender equity and equality across a broad range of sectors.

• Reinforces Collective Action to Address Global Challenges. The Budget supports con-

tinued U.S. multilateral engagement on shared global challenges at the United Nations (UN)

and other international organizations. The Budget fully meets U.S. annual contributions to

international organizations and pays UN peacekeeping dues on time and in full. The Budget

also proposes increases for key opportunities to advance U.S. interests and compete with ad-

versaries, including by: strengthening collective security through the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization; bolstering U.S. leadership at the UN by beginning to synchronize $40 million in

annual contributions; providing $150 million to support a U.S. return to the UN Educational,

Scientiﬁc and Cultural Organization; and contributing $57 million to support the UN

Population Fund. The Budget also requests nearly $2.3 billion for contributions to multilat-

eral development banks, maintaining the United States’ role as the largest World Bank donor

to support poverty reduction and development in low- and middle-income countries. This in-

cludes a $1.4 billion investment in the International Development Association (IDA) as part

of the United States’ pledge of $3.5 billion in support of the most recent IDA replenishment.

The Budget also proposes the largest request for the Peace Corps in history in order to sustain

operations and partner with host countries to address global challenges and spur U.S. develop-

ment leadership.

• Builds Security and Prosperity in Central America and Haiti. The Budget requests

more than $1 billion to advance the President’s commitment to work with the Congress to

provide $4 billion over four years to address the root causes of migration and improve the lives

of people in Central America. This assistance would bolster localization efforts, enhance the

rule of law, and support economic growth for all segments of society. In addition, in response

to deteriorating conditions and widespread violence in Haiti, the Budget invests $291 million

to strengthen Haiti’s recovery from political, health, and economic shocks, by strengthening

the capacity of the Haitian National Police, combating corruption, strengthening the capacity

of civil society, responding to health emergencies and health needs, and supporting services

for marginalized populations.

• Bolsters Hemispheric Economic Investment and Migration Management Efforts.

In support of the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection, the Budget invests

$430 million for hemispheric migration management. This assistance would bolster stability

for affected communities, enhance legal pathways and protection in the region, and strengthen

106 DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

humane border management throughout the region. The Budget proposes a new regional

economic opportunity fund, the Americas Partnership Opportunity Fund, to address migra-

tion management challenges faced by high and upper-middle income countries in the region.

The Budget also requests up to $40 million for the Global Concessional Financing Facility

to support programs aimed at improving the lives of migrants and refugees in the Western

Hemisphere and $75 million for the Inter-American Development Bank’s IDB Invest to in-

crease private sector investment in the Americas.

• Strengthens Democracy and Defends Human Rights Globally. The Budget provides

more than $3.4 billion to advance democratic governance, promote respect for human rights,

and foster democratic renewal. The Budget would strengthen free and independent media,

ﬁght corruption, bolster democratic institutions, advance technology for democracy, promote

gender equality and women’s civic and political participation, and defend free and fair elections

and political processes. Within this total, the Budget includes $345 million for the President’s

Initiative for Democratic Renewal, $25 million for the President’s new African Democratic and

Political Transitions initiative, as well as targeted increases for “bright spot” countries experi-

encing democratic opportunities.

• Sustains U.S. Leadership on Refugee and Humanitarian Issues, including Addressing

Food Insecurity. The Budget requests more than $10.5 billion to respond to the persisting

needs of the world’s most vulnerable, including those needs arising from conﬂict and natural

disasters. The Budget supports the United States’ revitalized refugee admissions program,

including the resettlement of up to 125,000 refugees and related efforts, such as Uniting for

Ukraine. In addition, the Budget supports the President’s pledge to alleviate global food inse-

curity by providing nearly $1.2 billion in bilateral agriculture and food security programming.

• Counters Malign Inﬂuence. To assert U.S. leadership in strategic competition with the

PRC, the Budget includes $400 million for the Countering PRC Inﬂuence Fund. In addition,

the Budget requests $753 million for Ukraine to continue to counter Russian malign inﬂu-

ence and to meet emerging needs related to security, energy, cybersecurity, disinformation,

macroeconomic stabilization, and civil society resilience. The Budget also requests continued

Foreign Military Financing loan and loan guarantee authority to ensure the availability of a

ﬁnancing tool to help America’s partners invest in U.S. equipment.

• Deepens Engagement with Africa. The Budget includes more than $8 billion in foreign

assistance for sub-Saharan Africa to advance the goals of the U.S. Strategy for sub-Saharan

Africa and the commitments made during the U.S. Africa’s Leaders’ Summit. This funding:

fosters new economic engagement; reinforces the U.S.-Africa commitment to democracy and

human rights; strengthens regional and global health and health security; promotes food se-

curity; advances peace and security, especially in the Sahel; and responds to the climate crisis.

• Supports De-Escalation and Integration in the Middle East. The Budget includes a new

Middle East and North Africa Opportunity Fund to support priorities for U.S. engagement and

respond to prospects for de-escalation and peace across the region. The Budget also requests:

$3.3 billion for assistance consistent with the U.S.-Israel Memorandum of Understanding;

$1.45 billion in assistance for Jordan; and $1.4 billion to support the U.S. strategic partnership

with Egypt. As part of the Administration’s commitment to advancing security, prosperity, and

freedom for both Israelis and Palestinians, the Budget also requests $259 million for critical

assistance to the Palestinian people in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as across the region,

in support of a two-state solution with Israel.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 107

• Protects Afghan Allies. The Budget supports Enduring Welcome (EW), the whole-of-Gov-

ernment effort to expeditiously process the applications of Afghan allies, such as Afghan

Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) candidates, and family reuniﬁcation cases, and welcome them

to the United States—while simultaneously safeguarding national security. The Budget fully

supports implementation of EW by leveraging State balances estimated to enable more than

$2 billion in support in 2024, and by proposing a substantial increase to the number of SIVs

available for Afghan allies.

• Sharpens America’s Tools of Statecraft. State and USAID are at the forefront of the

response to today’s global challenges. The resources requested in the Budget would enable

expertise and innovation, while supporting reforms, the establishment of new missions, and

deployment of U.S. diplomats and development experts when and where they are needed in

the ﬁeld. The Budget requests more than $8.2 billion to recruit, retain, and develop a diverse

and high-caliber national security workforce and modernize U.S. diplomatic and development

systems, particularly in the Indo-Paciﬁc. The Budget also expands upon the Administration’s

signiﬁcant investments to advance diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility across its peo-

ple, policies, processes, programs, and partnerships.

109

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

The Department of Transportation (DOT) is responsible for ensuring that the United States has

a safe, equitable, reliable, and modern transportation system. The President’s 2024 Budget

for DOT continues to complement and support the President’s historic Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law, which would strengthen the Nation’s transportation system by: tackling large infrastructure

projects; improving roadway and pedestrian safety; providing more resilient and sustainable

transportation options; expanding the Nation’s capacity to move goods quickly; and helping

communities address critical transportation challenges.

The Budget requests $27.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.8 billion

or 6.7-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level (excluding $2.6 billion in one-time

congressionally-directed spending items). The Budget also includes $80.3 billion in contract

authority and obligation limitations, and $36.8 billion in emergency-designated advance budget

authority, for transportation infrastructure investments in 2024.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Continues Implementation of the President’s Historic Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law. The Budget provides a total of $76.1 billion for highway, highway safety, and tran-

sit formula programs, supporting the amounts authorized for year three of the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. This includes $60.1 billion for the Federal-Aid Highway program, an

increase of $1.3 billion compared to the 2023 enacted level, to continue repairing and upgrad-

ing the Nation’s highways and bridges, which builds upon the 3,700 bridges and 69,000 miles

of roadway improvement projects initiated in 2022. This funding would also support build-

ing out a national network of electric vehicle chargers, consistent with the approved plans of

50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico to achieve the President’s climate and

Made in America goals. The Budget also includes $14 billion for Transit Formula Grants, a

$356 million increase above the 2023 enacted level, to support core capital and planning pro-

grams for transit agencies across the Nation, as well as transit research, technical assistance,

and data collection.

• Ensures a Safe and Efﬁcient Passenger and Freight Rail Network. The Budget

expands on the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law’s already signiﬁcant investments toward im-

proving the safety and efﬁciency of the Nation’s rail network. When combined, this includes

$1.5 billion for the Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements program,

the Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA) most ﬂexible, and oversubscribed, competitive

grant program, as well as $850 million to fund projects that improve safety at critical railway

crossings. The Budget continues the Administration’s robust investment in safe and efﬁcient

intercity passenger rail through a combined $7.5 billion in grants to Amtrak. In addition, the

Safety & Operations account funds critical safety programs, such as the Conﬁdential Close

110 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Call Reporting System, which allows railroads and their employees to report unsafe events

and conditions without fear of negative consequences from the FRA or reprisal from their

employers.

• Advances Long-Stalled Signiﬁcant Transportation Projects. The Administration is

committed to advancing the Nation’s most urgent and complex transportation infrastructure

projects. To compliment the signiﬁcant resources in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the

Budget provides $1.2 billion for the National Infrastructure Project Assistance program (also

known as the Mega grant program), $560 million for Federal-State Partnership for Intercity

Passenger Rail Grants, and $2.9 billion for transit Capital Investment Grants. These funds

would support transformational projects to increase safety, improve mobility for commuters

and freight trafﬁc, address climate change, and spur shared economic growth. This includes

the President’s commitment to provide signiﬁcant Federal support for the Gateway Hudson

Tunnel Project in the New York City region, which is an essential element of the Northeast

Corridor, the busiest and most complex rail corridor in the Nation.

• Supports the Nation’s Transit Systems. The Nation’s transit systems play a critical role

in ensuring riders can access jobs, school, healthcare, and opportunity, along with spurring

sustainable economic development, reducing highway congestion, and lowering climate emis-

sions. However, transit systems face an uncertain future as ridership and fare revenue have

not fully rebounded from the COVID-19 pandemic, given signiﬁcant shifts in work and com-

muting patterns. To ensure transit continues to be a vital and viable transportation option,

the Budget includes language to temporarily allow larger transit systems to use existing for-

mula funds for operating expenses. The Budget also encourages States to support their transit

systems by transferring available Federal-Aid Highway funding for transit operating needs.

• Addresses the Roadway and Pedestrian Safety Crisis. Despite improvements in ve-

hicle safety technologies, 42,915 people died on America’s roads in 2021, the highest total in

over a decade. The Budget provides over $1.3 billion for the National Highway Trafﬁc Safety

Administration (NHTSA), an increase of $116 million above the 2023 enacted level, which

would allow NHTSA to conduct critical research to reduce roadway fatalities and injuries on

the Nation’s highways. These efforts include: better understanding of the crash impacts on

pedestrians by vehicles of different sizes and weight; accelerating the development of a side

impact female dummy to address gender equity in crash testing; and researching accessibility

and inclusiveness in vehicle design. The Budget also builds on the essential work the Federal

Motor Carrier Safety Administration is conducting with its Large Truck Crash Causal Factors

Study by providing resources to begin a complementary Medium-Duty Truck Crash Causal

Factors Study. The Budget also provides $60 million for the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law-

created Active Transportation Infrastructure Investment Program, an increase of $15 million

from the 2023 enacted level, to build safe walking and bicycling facilities that connect people

with public transportation, businesses, workplaces, schools, and other communities, all while

reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Tackles 21

Century Aviation Challenges. The Budget provides $16.5 billion in discre-

tionary budget authority for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). This funding would

continue the hiring and training surge of air trafﬁc controllers started in 2023 to rebuild the

pipeline of new controllers needed to meet projected trafﬁc demands. The Budget increases

investment in the facilities and systems that comprise the National Airspace System (NAS)

by over $500 million to $3.5 billion, to address maintenance and modernization and to ensure

the NAS continues to safely accommodate the growth in traditional commercial aviation traf-

ﬁc alongside new entrants from the commercial space, unmanned aircraft, and advanced air

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 111

mobility industries. The Budget also includes continued investment in FAA’s multiyear effort

of reforming aircraft certiﬁcation, as well as increasing its safety oversight capabilities. The

resources provided through the Budget complement the $5 billion already provided by the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2024 to upgrade the FAA’s air trafﬁc control facilities and

to improve the safety, capacity, accessibility, and efﬁciency of the Nation’s airports. The Budget

also requests a $3 million increase to bolster aviation consumer protection activities by DOT.

This includes hiring eight additional staff, building on an increase of eight staff starting in

2023, and information technology system enhancements to reduce the backlog of aviation con-

sumer complaints, expedite rulemaking, and increase outreach and enforcement. The FAA’s

current authorization—FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, Public Law 115-254—expires on

September 30, 2023. The FAA’s next authorization will need to: improve safety; enable ac-

cess to the system by current and emerging users; make long-term investments to improve

the safety and efﬁciency of the NAS, reduce emissions, deliver on climate action, and enhance

resiliency; expand consumer protection; and improve the standards of service and access for

air travelers and other stakeholders.

• Moves Goods More Quickly through the Nation’s Ports and Waterways. The Budget

continues support for modernizing America’s port and waterway infrastructure initiated under

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. The Budget includes $230 million for the Port Infrastructure

Development Program to strengthen maritime freight capacity on top of the $450 million in

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2024. In addition to keeping the Nation’s supply chain

moving by improving efﬁciency, DOT would prioritize projects that also lower emissions—re-

ducing environmental impact in and around the Nation’s ports.

• Invests in Merchant Mariner Training. The Budget provides $196 million for the United

States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) to support an exemplary standard of excellence

in education and training opportunities for the next generation of diverse seagoing ofﬁcers and

maritime leaders to serve the Nation. Within this amount is more than $2 million for sexual

assault and sexual harassment prevention and response activities, newly created subject mat-

ter expert Advisory Council positions, and expanded measures to support survivors of sexual

assault. Also within this amount, the Budget proposes $92 million in priority maintenance

and improvement projects at the USMMA campus.

113

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

The Department of the Treasury (Treasury) is responsible for maintaining a strong economy,

promoting economic conditions that enable growth and stability, protecting the integrity of the

nancial system, combating global nancial crime and corruption, and managing the U.S.

Government’s nances and resources effectively. The President’s 2024 Budget for Treasury:

supports a fair and robust tax system that ensures compliance by the wealthy and large

corporations; improves taxpayer experience and service; expands resources for community

development, job-creating investments, and access to credit in disadvantaged communities; and

rebuilds institutional capacity to advance equity across all Treasury programs.

The Budget requests $16.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $2.1 billion or

15-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Improves Taxpayer Experience and Supports a Fair and Equitable Tax System.

The Inﬂation Reduction Act addressed long-standing Internal Revenue Service (IRS) funding

deﬁciencies by providing $79.4 billion in stable, long-term funding through 2031 to improve

tax compliance by ﬁnally cracking down on high-income individuals and corporations who

too often avoid paying their lawfully owed taxes and improving service for the millions of

Americans that do pay their taxes. The funding will allow the IRS to modernize information

technology infrastructure, administer new energy tax credits, and rebuild the administrative

capacity of the Agency. To realize these goals and support timely and robust implementa-

tion of the important tax provisions in the Inﬂation Reduction Act, annual discretionary

appropriations are necessary to maintain current services and allow the IRS to utilize the

long-term funding for transformative modernization. To ensure that taxpayers receive the

highest quality customer service and that all Americans are treated fairly by the U.S. tax

system, the Budget provides a total of $14.1 billion for the IRS, $1.8 billion, or 15 percent,

above the 2023 enacted level. This includes an increase of $642 million to improve the tax-

payer experience and expand customer service outreach to underserved communities and the

entire taxpaying public. The Budget also provides $290 million for IRS Business Systems

Modernization, which did not receive annual funding in 2023, to continue and accelerate the

development of new digital tools to enable better communication between taxpayers and the

IRS. In addition to annual discretionary funding, the Budget proposes to maintain deﬁcit

reducing Inﬂation Reduction Act-funded initiatives in 2032 and beyond. This proposal builds

on decades of analysis demonstrating that program integrity investments to enforce exist-

ing tax laws increase revenues in a progressive way by closing the tax gap—the difference

between taxes owed and taxes paid.

114 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

• Expands Access to Credit to Underserved Communities. The Budget provides

$341 million for the Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund, an increase

of $17 million, or ﬁve percent, above the 2023 enacted level, which provides historically un-

derserved and often low-income communities access to credit, capital, and ﬁnancial support

to grow businesses, increase affordable housing, and reinforce healthy neighborhood develop-

ment. To better address the shortage of long-term affordable credit for development projects

in disadvantaged communities and unlock up to $500 million in ﬁnancing support, the Budget

also includes a $10 million subsidy for the CDFI Fund’s Bond Guarantee Program.

• Increases Corporate Transparency and Safeguards the Financial System. Treasury

plays a leading role in monitoring and disrupting corruption, money laundering, terrorist

ﬁnancing, and the use of the ﬁnancial system by malicious actors domestically and abroad, in-

cluding as part of the Administration’s response to Russian aggression against Ukraine. The

Budget provides $244 million to the Ofﬁce of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, $28 million

above the 2023 enacted level, to expand Treasury’s capacity to provide ﬁnancial intelligence

and conduct sanctions-related economic analysis while continuing to modernize the sanc-

tions process. The Budget also provides $229 million for the Financial Crimes Enforcement

Network, $39 million above the 2023 enacted level, to support the launch of the Beneﬁcial

Ownership Secure System and to invest in the Treasury ofﬁces charged with closing ﬁnancial

reporting loopholes that allow illicit actors to evade scrutiny, mask their dealings, and under-

mine corporate accountability.

• Strengthens Enterprise Cybersecurity. The Budget provides $215 million, an increase

of $115 million above the 2023 enacted level, to protect and defend sensitive agency systems

and information, including those designated as high-value assets. The Budget increases

centralized funding to strengthen Treasury’s overall cybersecurity efforts and continue the

implementation of a Zero Trust Architecture. These investments would protect Treasury sys-

tems from future attacks.

• Restores Critical Agency Capacity. The Budget provides $332 million for Treasury’s

Departmental Ofﬁces, a 21-percent increase over the 2023 enacted level, to restore stafﬁng

levels for Treasury’s core policy ofﬁces to 2016 levels and support Treasury’s expanding role

in promoting investment security and advancing equitable growth. The increase in funding

would also support Treasury’s Climate Hub and establish a climate-related technical support

center to conduct assessments of climate-related risks across Government programs. The

Budget builds institutional capacity to support Treasury-wide coordination of program evalu-

ation and expand engagement with historically underrepresented and underserved groups to

advance equity across all Treasury programs.

115

DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is responsible for providing military veterans and their

survivors with the benets, care, and support they have earned through sacrice and service to

the Nation. The President’s 2024 Budget for VA honors the Nation’s sacred obligation to veterans

by: investing in world-class healthcare, including enhancing veterans’ general well-being and

mental health; increasing support for family caregivers; improving delivery of benets, including

disability claims processing; prioritizing veteran mental health services and suicide prevention

programs; supporting efforts to end veteran homelessness; and bolstering other benets to

enhance veterans’ prosperity.

The Budget requests $137.9 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $3billion

increase over the 2023 enacted level. In addition, the Budget requests $20.3 billion in mandatory

budget authority for the Cost of War Toxic Exposures Fund (TEF) in 2024. The budget

also includes advance appropriations of $112.6 billion in discretionary budget authority and

$21.5 billion in mandatory budget authority for the TEF for VA medical care programs in 2025.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Expands Healthcare, Beneﬁts, and Services for Environmental Exposures. The

Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive

Toxics Act of 2022 (PACT Act) represents the most signiﬁcant expansion of VA healthcare and

disability compensation beneﬁts for veterans exposed to burn pits and other environmental

exposures in 30 years. As part of the PACT Act, the Congress authorized the TEF to fund

increased costs above 2021 funding levels for healthcare and beneﬁts delivery for veterans

exposed to a number of environmental hazards—and ensure there is sufﬁcient funding avail-

able to cover these costs without shortchanging other elements of veteran medical care and

beneﬁt delivery. The Budget provides $20.3billion for the TEF in 2024, which is $15.3bil-

lion above the 2023 enacted level. This amount includes: $17.1 billion for medical care;

$1.8billion for disability beneﬁts claims processing and automation strategies; $1.2billion

for information technology support; $90million for support services, including stakeholder

outreach, hiring initiatives, and legal services; $46million for research activities; and $4mil-

lion for claims appeals.

• Prioritizes VA Medical Care. The Budget provides a total of $121 billion in discretion-

ary medical care funding in 2024, $2.3 billion above the 2023 enacted level, together with

$17.1billion in the TEF. In addition to fully funding inpatient, outpatient, mental health,

and long-term care services, the Budget supports programs that enhance VA healthcare qual-

ity and delivery, including a $5 billion investment for non-recurring maintenance to improve

medical facility infrastructure, and continued efforts to address the opioid and drug over-

dose epidemic. The Budget reiterates that medical care for veterans should be considered

116 DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

separately from other appropriations categories in order to ensure that the needs of veterans

are never traded off against other national priorities.

• Supports the President’s Cancer Moonshot Initiative. The Budget invests $94million

within VA research programs, together with $215 million within the VA Medical Care pro-

gram, for precision oncology to provide access to the best possible cancer care for veterans.

This funding also supports research and programs that address cancer care, rare cancers, and

cancers in women, as well as genetic counseling and consultation that advance tele-oncology

and precision oncology care.

• Prioritizes Veterans’ Mental Health Services and Suicide Prevention. The Budget

invests $139 million within VA research programs, together with $16.6 billion within the VA

Medical Care program, to increase access to quality mental healthcare and lower the cost of

mental health services for veterans, with the goal of helping veterans take charge of their

treatment and live full, meaningful lives. This effort includes support for the Commander

John Scott Hannon Veterans Mental Health Care Improvement Act of 2019, clinical trials,

and epidemiological studies on risk and prevention factors. In addition, the Budget provides

$559 million to further advance the Administration’s veteran suicide prevention initiatives,

including continued expansion of the Veterans Crisis Line’s 988 and additional support for

VA’s National Strategy for Preventing Veteran Suicide.

• Supports Women Veterans’ Healthcare. The Budget invests $12.6 billion for women vet-

erans’ healthcare, including $1 billion toward women’s gender-speciﬁc care. More women

are choosing VA healthcare than ever before, with women accounting for over 30 percent of

the increase in enrolled veterans over the past ﬁve years. Investments support comprehen-

sive specialty medical and surgical services for women veterans, increase access to infertility

counseling and assisted reproductive technology, and eliminate copayments for contraceptive

coverage. The Budget also improves the safety of women veterans seeking healthcare at VA

facilities by supporting implementation of the zero-tolerance policy for sexual harassment and

assault.

• Bolsters Efforts to End Veteran Homelessness. The Budget invests $3.1 billion for

veterans’ homelessness programs, with the goal of ensuring every veteran has permanent,

sustainable housing with access to healthcare and other supportive services to end current

veteran homelessness and prevent veterans from becoming homeless in the future. In addi-

tion, the Budget for the Department of Housing and Urban Development provides $13 billion

in mandatory funding to incrementally expand the Housing Choice Voucher program for

450,000 extremely low-income veteran families, paving a path to guaranteed assistance for all

who have served the Nation and are in need.

• Invests in Caregivers Support Programs. Recognizing the critical role family caregivers

play in supporting the health and wellness of veterans, the Budget provides robust funding

for the Program of General Caregivers Support Services. The Budget also speciﬁcally pro-

vides $2.4 billion for the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers, which

includes stipend payments and support services to help empower family caregivers of eligible

veterans.

• Invests in Overdose Prevention and Treatment Programs. The Budget invests $715mil-

lion toward opioid use disorder prevention and treatment programs, such as VA’s Stratiﬁcation

Tool for Opioid Risk Mitigation, the VA Opioid Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution

program, and programs authorized in the Jason Simcakoski PROMISE Act.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 117

• Honors the Memory of All Veterans. The Budget includes $480 million to ensure veterans

and their families have access to exceptional memorial beneﬁts. These funds maintain na-

tional shrine standards at the 158 VA-managed cemeteries and provide the initial operational

investment required to continue or begin activation to open three new cemeteries.

• Invests in Critical Veteran Medical Facilities. The Budget proposes $1.6billion in dis-

cretionary funding and $1.9 billion in mandatory funding for construction and expansion of

critical infrastructure and facilities, in addition to a $5 billion investment in discretionary

medical care for non-recurring maintenance to improve medical facility infrastructure. The

Budget also provides $164 million for grants for construction of State extended care facilities

to deliver high-quality healthcare, beneﬁts, and services for veterans.

• Modernizes VA Information Technology. The Budget provides an additional $619million

above the 2023 enacted level, for a total of $6.4 billion, for VA’s Ofﬁce of Information Technology

(IT) to continue upgrades to the VA IT systems. The Budget also provides $1.9 billion to

continue modernizing VA’s Electronic Health Record to ensure veterans receive world-class

healthcare well into the future.

119

CORPS OF ENGINEERS—CIVIL WORKS

The Army Corps of Engineers—Civil Works program (Corps) is responsible for: developing,

managing, restoring, and protecting water resources primarily through the construction, operation

and maintenance, and study of water-related infrastructure projects; regulating development in

waters of the United States; and working with Federal agencies to help communities respond to

and recover from oods and other natural disasters. The President’s 2024 Budget for the Corps

invests in high return projects, promotes environmental justice, increases climate resilience, and

improves the supply chain at the Nation’s coastal ports and on the inland waterways.

The Budget requests $7.4billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024. The Budget is

complemented by $1billion for operation and maintenance and $50million for construction in

2024 from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Invests in High Return Projects. The Budget invests in projects and programs within the

main mission areas of the Corps, which are commercial navigation, ﬂood and storm damage

reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration, that provide a high economic or environmental

return, increase resilience to climate change, promote environmental justice, or address a

signiﬁcant risk to public safety. For example, the Budget addresses high priority dam safety

risks and facilitates safe and efﬁcient navigation on the highest use inland waterways.

• Improves the Nation’s Infrastructure. The Budget: invests in operating and maintain-

ing the Corps’ existing infrastructure and improving its reliability; and builds on $1billion

provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2024 for operating and maintaining Corps’

infrastructure. The Budget supports more efﬁcient investment in infrastructure by proposing

to transfer ownership from the Corps to parties that are better suited to maintain it, where

appropriate. For example, the Budget includes an initial $350million for replacement of the

Cape Cod Canal bridges, toward a commitment of $600million, and a legislative proposal

that would allow the Corps to transfer those funds to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

which is better suited to design and construct the replacement bridges. The Budget proposes

authorizing the Corps to transfer ownership of these bridges to the Commonwealth, which

would be responsible for their future operation and maintenance.

• Strengthens Supply Chains at Coastal Ports and Inland Waterways. The Budget

invests in ﬁve projects that facilitate safe, reliable, and environmentally sustainable naviga-

tion at the Nation’s coastal ports and on the inland waterways. The Budget also includes

over $1.7 billion in spending from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund to support commerce

through U.S. coastal ports and over $1 billion to maintain and improve navigation on the

inland waterways.

120 CORPS OF ENGINEERS—CIVIL WORKS

• Increases Climate Resilience. The Budget invests in 45 projects and programs that would

decrease climate risks facing communities and to increase ecosystem resilience to climate

change based on the best available science. The Budget would improve reservoir operations

through updates to water control operating manuals and drought contingency plans and would

promote healthier downstream ecosystems through reoperation of Corps’ reservoirs under the

sustainable rivers program. The Budget also invests in helping local communities identify and

address their risks associated with climate change and takes climate change into account in

developing options and selecting projects.

As part of a long-term strategy to reduce repetitive ﬂood losses, the Administration will con-

vene an interagency working group, including the Corps, the Federal Emergency Management

Agency, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, to develop and propose

an objective methodology that Federal agencies could use to identify the 10-20 communities

across the Nation that are likely to have the highest risk of repetitive storm-related ﬂooding

over the next 50 years—in the absence of further measures to reduce this risk and with the

intention of informing future Federal investments in these areas. The Administration looks

forward to working with the Congress on bipartisan principles for these and other ﬂood risk

management investments.

• Promotes Environmental Justice. The Budget invests $35 million in technical and plan-

ning assistance, in 23 studies, and in the construction of 33 projects to help disadvantaged

and tribal communities address their water resources challenges in line with the President’s

Justice40 Initiative—including funding for the Tribal Partnership Program. In addition, the

Corps is considering revising its beneﬁt-cost analyses for proposed ﬂood and storm damage re-

duction projects and related investment decisions to provide a more equitable way to account

for the welfare beneﬁts of these projects in disadvantaged communities.

• Restores Aquatic Ecosystems. The Budget invests in the restoration of some of the Nation’s

most unique aquatic ecosystems, such as the Chesapeake Bay, the Upper Mississippi River,

the Great Lakes, and the Louisiana Coast. The Budget includes $415million for Florida’s

Everglades restoration program and $93 million to support salmon recovery efforts in the

Columbia River Basin. In addition, the Corps is undertaking an analysis of how aquatic

ecosystem restoration projects can offset greenhouse gases emissions by promoting carbon

sequestration on a carbon lifecycle basis for each project.

• Invests in Research and Development (R&D). The Budget includes $86million for R&D,

with a focus on innovative solutions that would help achieve signiﬁcant cost savings in the civil

works program and address the emerging water resources challenges of the 21

Century, in-

cluding climate change. For example, this investment would help reduce the cost to maintain

existing water resources infrastructure and improve its reliability, safety, and environmental

sustainability—including through more effective water management at certain dams and in-

novative methods to identify risks to existing infrastructure.

121

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for protecting human health and the

environment. The President’s 2024 Budget for EPA supports the continuing restoration of the

Agency’s capacity to carry out its mission to protect clean air and water, tackle the climate crisis,

and promote environmental justice.

The Budget requests $12 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.9billion or

19-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Restores Critical Capacity to Carry Out EPA’s Core Mission. Stafﬁng reductions un-

der the previous administration continue to undermine the Agency’s ability to carry out its

mission to protect clean air and water, tackle the climate crisis, and promote environmental

justice. The Budget adds more than 2,400 Full Time Equivalents (FTEs) relative to 2022

levels, for a total of more than 17,000 FTEs, to help rebuild the Agency’s capacity. Restoring

stafﬁng capacity across the Agency would enable EPA to better protect the Nation’s health

by: helping cut air, water, and climate pollution; and advancing environmental justice. The

Budget would also fund a signiﬁcant expansion of EPA’s paid student internship program to

develop a pipeline of qualiﬁed staff.

• Tackles the Climate Crisis with Urgency. The Budget prioritizes tackling climate change

with the urgency that science demands. Resources in the Budget support efforts to mitigate

and adapt to the impacts of the climate crisis while spurring economic progress and creat-

ing good-paying jobs. The Budget includes nearly $5billion to address the climate crisis

by: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; building resilience in the face of climate

impacts; and engaging with the global community to respond to this shared challenge. The

Budget also proposes an additional $64.4 million to implement the American Innovation

and Manufacturing Act of 2020 to continue phasing out potent GHGs known as hydroﬂuo-

rocarbons (HFCs). The Budget also includes investments to support the private sector in

calculating GHG emissions and climate risk and setting science-based climate targets, as

well as investments to embed the economic impacts of climate change and decarbonization

efforts within Government economic projects.

• Advances Environmental Justice. The Administration continues to prioritize efforts to

deliver environmental justice in communities across the United States, including meeting

the President’s Justice40 commitment to ensure at least 40 percent of the beneﬁts of Federal

investments in climate and clean energy reach disadvantaged communities, including rural

and tribal communities. The Budget bolsters these efforts by investing nearly $1.8 bil-

lion across numerous programs in support of environmental justice efforts throughout the

122 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Agency. These investments would support creating good-paying jobs, cleaning up pollution,

implementing the Justice40 Initiative, advancing racial equity, and securing environmental

justice for communities that bear the brunt of toxic pollution and impacts of climate change.

The Budget also includes $91million for technical assistance to support capacity building for

communities to advance equity and justice.

• Upgrades Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Nationwide. The Budget

provides more than $4 billion for water infrastructure, an increase of $1 billion over the 2023

enacted level. These resources would advance efforts to upgrade drinking water and wastewa-

ter infrastructure nationwide, with a focus on underserved and rural communities that have

historically been overlooked. The Budget also funds all of the authorizations in the original

Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act of 2021 and maintains funding for EPA’s

State Revolving Funds at the total 2023 enacted level, which complements funds provided for

water infrastructure programs in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

• Supports the President’s Goal of Replacing All Lead Pipes. The Budget provides

$219million for two grants dedicated to remediating lead contamination in water—Reducing

Lead in Drinking Water and Lead Testing in School and Child Care Program Drinking

Water—an increase of $163 million over the 2023 enacted level. The Budget also funds other

grants and loans that can be used for lead service line replacements. This investment builds

on the $15 billion in direct funding for lead service lines provided through the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. The Budget updates the cross-Government Lead Pipe Replacement

Funding Inventory that was published for the ﬁrst time with the 2023 Budget.

• Protects Communities from Hazardous Waste and Environmental Damage. Preventing

and cleaning up environmental damage that harms communities and poses a risk to public

health and safety continues to be a top priority for the Administration. The Budget provides

$356million for the Superfund program to continue cleaning up some of the Nation’s most

contaminated lands and respond to environmental emergencies and natural disasters, while

using an estimated $2.5billion in Superfund tax revenue that would be available to EPA in

2024 to fund cleanup of contaminated sites, Superfund enforcement, and emergency response

activities. Total budgetary resources for the Superfund program would be approximately

$2.9billion in 2024, compared to the $1.7billion available in 2023. The Budget also provides

$217million for EPA’s Brownﬁelds program to provide technical assistance and grants to com-

munities so they can safely clean up and reuse contaminated properties, as well as $20million

for the new Alaska Contaminated Sites Program. These programs support the President’s

Cancer Moonshot initiative by addressing contaminants that lead to greater cancer risk.

• Tackles Per- and Polyﬂuoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Pollution. PFAS are a set of

man-made chemicals that threaten the health and safety of communities across the Nation,

disproportionately impacting historically disadvantaged communities. To tackle PFAS pol-

lution, the Budget provides approximately $170 million, $44million over the 2023 Budget

request, for EPA to continue working toward commitments made in the 2021 PFAS Strategic

Roadmap: EPA’s Commitments to Action 2021-2024, including: increasing America’s knowl-

edge of PFAS impacts to human health and ecological effects; restricting use to prevent PFAS

from entering the air, land, and water; and remediating PFAS that have been released into the

environment.

• Ensures Safety of Chemicals for People and the Environment. EPA has a responsibility

under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to ensure the safety of chemicals in or entering

commerce and addressing any unreasonable risks to human health or the environment. The

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 123

Budget continues to build core capacity for the TSCA program with an investment of $130mil-

lion, $49million above the 2023 enacted level.

• Enforces and Assures Compliance with the Nation’s Environmental Laws. The

Budget provides $246million for civil enforcement efforts, which includes funding to increase

enforcement efforts in communities with high pollution exposure and to prevent the illegal

importation and use of HFCs in the United States. The Budget also includes: $165million for

compliance monitoring efforts, including funds to conduct inspections in underserved and over-

burdened communities, and funds to rebuild the inspector corps; and $75million for criminal

enforcement efforts, which includes funding to increase outreach to victims of environmental

crimes and to develop a specialized criminal enforcement task force to address environmental

justice issues in partnership with the Department of Justice.

125

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND

SPACE ADMINISTRATION

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is responsible for sending astronauts

and robotic missions to explore the solar system, advancing the Nation’s understanding of

the Earth and space, and developing new technologies and approaches to improve aviation

and space activities. The President’s 2024 Budget for NASA: supports human and robotic

exploration of the Moon; invests in new technologies to improve the Nation’s space capabilities;

and promotes cutting-edge Earth-observing satellites and green aviation research to help address

pressing environmental challenges.

The Budget requests $27.2 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.8 billion or

7-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Supports the Artemis Program’s Next Great Achievements. Following the successful

completion of the Artemis I mission in 2022, the Budget provides $8.1 billion, a $500 million in-

crease above the 2023 enacted level, for the Artemis program of lunar exploration. The Budget

fully funds the rockets, crew vehicle, lunar landers, space suits, and other systems needed

to ﬂy astronauts around the Moon on the Artemis II mission and then land astronauts—in-

cluding the ﬁrst woman, ﬁrst person of color, and ﬁrst astronauts from another nation—on

subsequent Artemis missions on the lunar surface as America begins development of a lunar

outpost and aims toward the eventual exploration of Mars.

• Advances Robotic Exploration of Mars. The Budget continues U.S. leadership in Mars

exploration by working in concert with other nations to develop Mars missions that would

advance the search for potential life on other planets and pave the way for human explora-

tion. Speciﬁcally, the Budget provides $949 million for the U.S.-led Mars Sample Return

mission, which would return Martian rock and soil samples to Earth. The Budget also sup-

ports NASA’s contribution toward U.S. collaboration with the European Space Agency’s

ExoMars rover mission, which had previously been a cooperative mission with Russia.

• Accelerates Green Aviation Innovation. The Administration is committed to reach net-

zero carbon emissions from the aviation sector no later than 2050. The Budget invests more

than $500 million in a suite of technologies that are necessary to meet this goal, including

hybrid-electric jet engines powerful enough to replace conventional engines on commercial

airliners.

• Leverages Scientiﬁc Advances to Address Key Challenges. The Budget invests

$2.5 billion in the Earth Science program, including in the next generation of Landsat

126 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

satellites and the Earth System Observatory. These investments would deliver signiﬁcant

advancements in understanding of the Earth and provide key information to guide efforts re-

lated to tackling the climate crisis and mitigating natural hazards. The Budget also supports

advancing new technologies that would measure and map some of the planet’s most complex

processes, including climate change. In addition, the Budget invests in the development of

applications and tools to support agriculture and wildland ﬁre management, and to improve

understanding of greenhouse gas sources and sinks.

• Expands the Reach of NASA Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

(STEM) Programming. The Budget provides $158 million, $14 million above the 2023

enacted level, for NASA’s Ofﬁce of STEM Engagement to engage more students through

enhanced partnerships and platforms. This includes expanding NASA-unique STEM op-

portunities for students from underrepresented communities in STEM, including women

and girls.

• Prepares for the International Space Station’s Safe Transition. The International

Space Station will need to be safely deorbited at the end of its operational life as the United

States transitions to lower-cost commercial space stations. Rather than relying on Russian

systems that may not be able to accomplish this task, the Budget provides $180 million to

initiate development of a new space tug that may also be useful for other space transportation

missions.

• Invests in Technology Advancements. The Budget increases funding for NASA’s Space

Technology portfolio to $1.39 billion, a $190 million increase above the 2023 enacted level.

This investment would support the research and development of new technologies that would

increase U.S. capabilities for space exploration missions and create jobs through the growth of

commercial space companies that would both use and provide new technologies.

• Addresses the Growing Problem of Orbital Debris. NASA has a key role to play in better

understanding the worsening debris environment in orbit around the planet and supporting

the development of innovative approaches to help protect satellites and reduce the risk posed

by space debris. The Budget provides $39 million to better understand the environment and

explore approaches to mitigate the hazard.

127

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is responsible for science education and promoting the

progress of science and innovation. The President’s 2024 Budget for NSF advances the goals

of the CHIPS and Science Act by: strengthening U.S. leadership in emerging technologies;

expanding the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce while

advancing equity; boosting research and development (R&D) including research infrastructure;

and combating the climate crisis.

The Budget requests $11.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.8 billion or

18.6-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level to support the CHIPS and Science Act.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Ensures the Future Is Made in America. NSF plays a key role in the CHIPS and Science

Act with its focus on U.S. leadership in new technologies—from artiﬁcial intelligence to

biotechnology and computing—all of which are critical to both America’s future economic

competitiveness and U.S. national security. The $11.3billion Budget request for NSF would

strengthen U.S. global leadership in the technologies of the future by accelerating the devel-

opment of key technologies and establishing dynamic, collaborative networks for research

and innovation. By investing in American R&D, the Budget would generate beneﬁts for a

broad range of stakeholders and communities, including socially and economically disadvan-

taged workers and businesses.

• Strengthens U.S. Leadership in Emerging Technologies. The Budget provides NSF

$1.2billion for the CHIPS and Science Act authorized Directorate for Technology, Innovation,

and Partnerships to help accelerate and translate scientiﬁc research into innovations, indus-

tries, and jobs. The purpose of the Directorate is to work with programs across the Agency and

with other Federal and non-Federal entities to expedite technology development in emerging

areas that are crucial for U.S. technological leadership. The Budget provides $300million to

invest in the Regional Innovation Engines program, bringing together State and local gov-

ernments, institutions of higher education, labor unions, businesses, and community-based

organizations across the Nation to galvanize use-inspired research, technology translation,

and workforce development.

• Spurs Climate Research and Development. The Budget provides $1.6 billion for cli-

mate research and development, an increase of $630 million above the 2023 enacted level.

This robust investment would support research in: atmospheric composition; water and car-

bon cycles; renewable energy technologies; climate resilience technologies for communities

heavily affected by climate change; social, behavioral, and economic research on human re-

sponses to climate change; and more. In addidtion, the Budget proposes $15 million for a

128 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

new fellowship that would provide researchers studying disparate impacts of climate change

with a broader skillset to address the interactions of science and policy in this complex area.

• Expands STEM Workforce and Advances Racial and Gender Equity in STEM. The

Budget provides $1.4 billion, a $198 million increase from the 2023 enacted level, to accelerate

STEM education and workforce development, and to help ensure the U.S. science and technol-

ogy workforce reﬂects the Nation as a whole. In addition, the Budget includes $420million

to increase: the participation of historically underrepresented communities and women and

girls in science and engineering ﬁelds; support for curriculum design; research on successful

recruitment and retention methods; development of outreach or mentorship programs; fel-

lowships; and science and engineering research and education capacity at Historically Black

Colleges and Universities, Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities, and Minority-Serving

Institutions.

• Fosters Scientiﬁc and Technological Advances. The Budget provides $2 billion for re-

search and development to maintain America’s edge in the industries of tomorrow, including

advanced manufacturing, advanced wireless, artiﬁcial intelligence, biotechnology, microelec-

tronics and semiconductors, and quantum information science.

• Strengthens the Nation’s Research Infrastructure. The Budget provides $2.4 billion for

research infrastructure at NSF to support the construction and procurement of research fa-

cilities and instrumentation across the Nation to enable scientiﬁc and technological advances.

The Budget supports major NSF research facilities, including: long-term upgrades of NSF’s

major Antarctic infrastructure; ﬁnishing construction of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which

would conduct deep surveys of the night sky, creating an unprecedented data set to unlock

some of the universe’s biggest mysteries; upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, the world’s

largest particle accelerator; and construction of the Leadership-Class Computing Facility to

support science and engineering research that requires the largest and most computationally

intensive capabilities.

129

SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

• Broadens Access to Capital for Small Businesses. The Budget supports historic lending

levels across the 7(a), 504, Small Business Investment Company (SBIC), and Microloan pro-

grams. The nearly $58billion in lending provided in the Budget would address the need for

greater access to affordable capital, particularly in underserved communities. Increasing the

authorized lending level for the SBIC program by 20 percent to $6billion would signiﬁcantly

expand the availability of venture capital funding for small businesses.

• Expands Counseling and Training Resources. The Budget provides $30 million for the

Community Navigator Pilot Program, which leverages community organizations to reduce

barriers for starting a business and expand access to business counseling and training re-

sources for veterans, women, rural communities, and communities of color.

• Bolsters Support for Innovators. The Budget provides $30 million to support SBA’s

Growth Accelerator Fund Competition, Regional Innovation Clusters, and the Federal and

State Technology Partnership Program to provide entrepreneurs at various technical readi-

ness levels with a network of technical assistance providers, including accelerators, State and

local economic development agencies, colleges and universities, and other technology-based

economic development entities. This technical assistance provides small business entrepre-

neurs access to the tools, networks, and services they need to commercialize cutting-edge

innovation and bring solutions to the market.

• Expands Opportunities for Veterans. In January 2023, SBA began accepting applications

for the Veteran Small Business Certiﬁcation Program to expand small business contracting

opportunities for veterans. The Budget provides $20.5million to continue building on the

successful implementation of the program and to ensure that veteran and service-disabled

veteran-owned small businesses have access to business opportunities across the Federal

Government.

The Small Business Administration (SBA) is responsible for ensuring that small businesses and

entrepreneurs have access to the information and resources they need to start, grow, or recover

their business.

The President’s 2024 Budget for SBA supports historic investments in counseling

and training programs, expands access to capital, supports innovation, and promotes access to

Government contracting opportunities.

The Budget requests $987 million in discretionary budget authority for 2024.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

131

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

The Social Security Administration (SSA) is responsible for providing essential benets to

retirees, survivors, individuals with disabilities, and older Americans with limited income and

resources. The President’s 2024 Budget for SSA supports investments in improving service

delivery and advancing equity. The Budget also proposes to establish a nationwide paid family

and medical leave program that would give workers the time they need to care for themselves or

a loved one or to bond with a new child.

The Budget requests $15.5 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2024, a $1.4billion or

10-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level, including allocation adjustment funding.

The President’s 2024 Budget:

• Protects the Beneﬁts that Americans Have Earned. The Administration is committed to

protecting and strengthening Social Security, and opposes any attempt to cut Social Security

beneﬁts. The Administration looks forward to working with the Congress to strengthen

Social Security by ensuring high-income individuals pay their fair share. In addition, the

Administration looks forward to improving the Supplemental Security Income program to

help low-income older Americans and people with disabilities afford their basic needs.

• Improves Service Delivery. Each year, SSA processes more than sixmillion retirement,

survivors, and Medicare claims, as well as more than two million disability and Supplemental

Security Income claims. The Budget provides an increase of $1.4billion, 10 percent over the

2023 enacted level, to improve customer service at SSA’s ﬁeld ofﬁces, State disability deter-

mination services, and teleservice centers for retirees, individuals with disabilities, and their

families. The Budget also improves access to SSA’s services by adding staff to process more

disability claims and reduce wait times.

• Provides National, Comprehensive Paid Family and Medical Leave. The vast major-

ity of America’s workers do not have access to paid family leave, including three out of four

private sector workers. Among the lowest-paid workers, who are predominantly women and

workers of color, 92 percent have no access to paid family leave through their employers. As

many as one in ﬁve retirees leave the workforce earlier than planned to care for an ill family

member, which negatively impacts families as well as the Nation’s labor supply and produc-

tivity. The Budget proposes to establish a national, comprehensive paid family and medical

leave program administered by SSA. The program would: provide workers with progressive,

partial wage replacement to take time off for family and medical reasons; include robust

administrative funding; and use an inclusive family deﬁnition. The Budget would provide

up to 12 weeks of leave to allow eligible workers to take time off to: care for and bond with

a new child; care for a seriously ill loved one; heal from their own serious illness; address

132 SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

circumstances arising from a loved one’s military deployment; or ﬁnd safety from domestic

violence, sexual assault, or stalking. The Budget would also provide up to three days to grieve

the death of a loved one. The Administration looks forward to continuing to work with the

Congress to make this critical investment and strengthen America’s economy.

• Advances Equity and Accessibility. The Administration is committed to making it easier

for people to access the services they rely on, including individuals experiencing homelessness,

children with disabilities, and people with mental and intellectual disabilities. The Budget

makes investments to decrease customer wait times, simplify the Supplemental Security

Income application processes, and increase outreach to people who are difﬁcult to reach. SSA

will also continue to modernize its information technology systems to make more services

available online and improve 800 Number access for those who call.

133

Summary Tables

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 135

Table S–1. Budget Totals

(In billions of dollars and as a percent of GDP)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–

2028

2024–

2033

Budget totals in billions of dollars:

Receipts

.............................................................................. 4,897 4,802 5,036 5,419 5,773 6,080 6,400 6,669 6,953 7,264 7,601 7,991 28,708 65,187

Outlays ............................................................................... 6,273 6,372 6,883 7,091 7,294 7,589 8,003 8,205 8,639 9,040 9,472 10,026 36,860 82,242

Deﬁcit

........................................................................... 1,376 1,569 1,846 1,671 1,521 1,509 1,604 1,536 1,686 1,776 1,871 2,035 8,151 17,054

Debt held by the public ...................................................... 24,252 25,910 27,783 29,592 31,233 32,851 34,517 36,106 37,838 39,650 41,553 43,619

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial assets ................. 22,049 23,619 25,465 27,137 28,658 30,167 31,771 33,306 34,997 36,776 38,647 40,681

Gross domestic product (GDP) .............................................. 25,000 26,336 27,238 28,432 29,679 30,909 32,188 33,534 34,968 36,489 38,076 39,732

Budget totals as a percent of GDP:

Receipts .............................................................................. 19.6% 18.2% 18.5% 19.1% 19.5% 19.7% 19.9% 19.9% 19.9% 19.9% 20.0% 20.1% 19.3% 19.6%

Outlays ............................................................................... 25.1% 24.2% 25.3% 24.9% 24.6% 24.6% 24.9% 24.5% 24.7% 24.8% 24.9% 25.2% 24.8% 24.8%

Deﬁcit .............................................................................. 5.5% 6.0% 6.8% 5.9% 5.1% 4.9% 5.0% 4.6% 4.8% 4.9% 4.9% 5.1% 5.5% 5.2%

Debt held by the public ...................................................... 97.0% 98.4% 102.0% 104.1% 105.2% 106.3% 107.2% 107.7% 108.2% 108.7% 109.1% 109.8%

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial assets ................. 88.2% 89.7% 93.5% 95.4% 96.6% 97.6% 98.7% 99.3% 100.1% 100.8% 101.5% 102.4%

Memorandum, totals standardized to 12 monthly

beneﬁt payments:

Receipts .............................................................................. 4,897 4,802 5,036 5,419 5,773 6,080 6,400 6,669 6,953 7,264 7,601 7,991 28,708 65,187

Outlays ............................................................................... 6,209 6,366 6,954 7,091 7,294 7,589 7,897 8,312 8,639 9,040 9,472 9,880 36,825 82,167

Deﬁcit .............................................................................. 1,312 1,563 1,918 1,671 1,521 1,509 1,497 1,642 1,686 1,776 1,871 1,888 8,116 16,980

As a percent of GDP:

Receipts

.......................................................................... 19.6% 18.2% 18.5% 19.1% 19.5% 19.7% 19.9% 19.9% 19.9% 19.9% 20.0% 20.1% 19.3% 19.6%

Outlays ........................................................................... 24.8% 24.2% 25.5% 24.9% 24.6% 24.6% 24.5% 24.8% 24.7% 24.8% 24.9% 24.9% 24.8% 24.8%

Deﬁcit .......................................................................... 5.2% 5.9% 7.0% 5.9% 5.1% 4.9% 4.7% 4.9% 4.8% 4.9% 4.9% 4.8% 5.5% 5.2%

Memorandum, real net interest:

Real net interest in billions of dollars ............................... –1,064 –513 177 242 249 254 271 298 337 375 417 447 1,192 3,066

Real net interest as a percent of GDP ............................... –4.3% –1.9% 0.6% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 0.8% 0.9%

The estimated deﬁcit for 2023 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through January.

When October 1 falls on a weekend, certain mandatory beneﬁt payments are accelerated to the previous business day, and as a result certain ﬁscal years can have 11 or 13 beneﬁt

payments rather than 12 payments.

136 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–2. Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deﬁcits

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–

2028

2024–

2033

Projected deﬁcits in the baseline

................................................. 1,376 1,726 1,863 1,897 1,798 1,735 1,890 1,800 2,008 2,103 2,282 2,535 9,184 19,912

Percent of GDP ................................................................................. 5.5% 6.6% 6.8% 6.7% 6.1% 5.6% 5.9% 5.4% 5.7% 5.8% 6.0% 6.4%

Proposals in the 2024 Budget:

Lowering everyday costs for the American people:

Reduce the cost of child care, early learning, housing, higher

education, healthcare, and drugs

............................................ ......... ......... 26 49 92 120 125 136 130 137 143 143 412 1,100

Offset by tax reforms to ensure the wealthiest Americans and

multinational corporations pay at least a minimum tax rate

and reforming taxation of stock buybacks .............................. ......... –22 –65 –119 –119 –118 –121 –123 –126 –123 –124 –131 –541 –1,168

Subtotal, lowering everyday costs for the American people .... ......... –22 –39 –70 –27 3 5 13 4 14 18 12 –129 –67

Invest in working families, by cutting taxes for working

people and families with children, providing paid leave, and

improving home care .................................................................... ......... 6 278 104 46 52 62 91 96 102 109 120 543 1,060

Strengthen public health and improve health outcomes ............... ......... ......... 9 32 47 48 43 47 45 49 52 57 178 428

Raise the corporate income tax rate to 28 percent ......................... ......... –89 –137 –127 –125 –130 –138 –138 –133 –134 –132 –133 –656 –1,326

Close Medicare tax loopholes and increase Medicare tax for

people making over $400,000 ...................................................... ......... –27 –52 –55 –55 –59 –63 –66 –70 –73 –77 –81 –284 –650

Additional investments and reforms ............................................... ......... –20 –69 –101 –149 –121 –172 –181 –223 –234 –323 –403 –611 –1,976

Debt service and other interest effects ........................................... ......... –4 –7 –9 –15 –19 –24 –31 –40 –49 –60 –72 –74 –326

Total proposals in the 2024 Budget .............................................. ......... –156 –17 –226 –277 –227 –287 –264 –321 –327 –411 –501 –1,033 –2,857

Resulting deﬁcits in the 2024 Budget .......................................... 1,376 1,569 1,846 1,671 1,521 1,509 1,604 1,536 1,686 1,776 1,871 2,035 8,151 17,054

Percent of GDP ................................................................................. 5.5% 6.0% 6.8% 5.9% 5.1% 4.9% 5.0% 4.6% 4.8% 4.9% 4.9% 5.1%

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 137

Table S–3. Baseline by Category

(In billions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–

2028

2024–

2033

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense

............................................................................... 752 800 880 902 912 926 944 965 988 1,010 1,034 1,058 4,563 9,619

Non-defense ........................................................................ 912 936 992 986 1,011 1,024 1,028 1,047 1,072 1,093 1,117 1,141 5,041 10,510

Subtotal, discretionary programs .................................. 1,664 1,736 1,872 1,888 1,923 1,950 1,972 2,012 2,059 2,103 2,151 2,199 9,605 20,129

Mandatory programs:

Social Security

.................................................................... 1,212 1,346 1,459 1,553 1,646 1,742 1,842 1,943 2,046 2,152 2,261 2,371 8,242 19,014

Medicare ............................................................................. 747 821 842 959 1,033 1,117 1,276 1,223 1,388 1,482 1,596 1,844 5,226 12,759

Medicaid ............................................................................. 592 608 556 581 617 652 693 731 774 826 874 926 3,098 7,228

Other mandatory programs ............................................... 1,581 1,200 1,060 986 1,002 993 1,063 1,038 1,093 1,110 1,150 1,220 5,103 10,715

Subtotal, mandatory programs ..................................... 4,133 3,975 3,916 4,078 4,298 4,503 4,874 4,935 5,300 5,570 5,881 6,361 21,670 49,717

Net interest ............................................................................ 476 665 796 842 882 929 984 1,053 1,133 1,220 1,310 1,393 4,433 10,543

Total outlays ....................................................................... 6,273 6,376 6,584 6,808 7,103 7,382 7,830 8,000 8,493 8,894 9,342 9,954 35,707 80,389

Receipts:

Individual income taxes ......................................................... 2,632 2,337 2,382 2,472 2,770 2,991 3,159 3,319 3,500 3,696 3,886 4,078 13,774 32,254

Corporation income taxes ...................................................... 425 438 470 486 467 474 485 488 490 495 472 489 2,383 4,816

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes

............................................. 1,066 1,198 1,209 1,265 1,327 1,382 1,452 1,511 1,575 1,642 1,709 1,807 6,635 14,879

Medicare payroll taxes ....................................................... 339 357 369 387 406 425 447 467 489 511 534 566 2,034 4,601

Unemployment insurance .................................................. 66 55 56 58 60 63 66 69 70 70 71 73 303 656

Other retirement ................................................................ 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 19 21 74 167

xcise taxes E ............................................................................ 88 88 97 97 100 101 101 104 107 107 113 116 497 1,044

state and gift taxes E .............................................................. 33 21 24 26 27 41 42 45 47 50 54 57 161 414

Customs duties ....................................................................... 100 102 61 50 52 54 56 58 60 63 55 57 273 566

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ..................... 107 ......... ......... 14 36 54 65 69 72 78 85 91 170 567

Other miscellaneous receipts ................................................ 30 39 38 41 44 46 49 53 57 60 62 63 219 513

Total receipts ...................................................................... 4,897 4,650 4,721 4,910 5,305 5,647 5,940 6,200 6,485 6,791 7,060 7,418 26,523 60,478

Deﬁcit ........................................................................................ 1,376 1,726 1,863 1,897 1,798 1,735 1,890 1,800 2,008 2,103 2,282 2,535 9,184 19,912

Net interest ............................................................................ 476 665 796 842 882 929 984 1,053 1,133 1,220 1,310 1,393 4,433 10,543

Primary deﬁcit ....................................................................... 900 1,061 1,068 1,056 916 806 906 747 874 882 971 1,142 4,752 9,368

On-budget deﬁcit .................................................................... 1,361 1,712 1,757 1,757 1,637 1,541 1,670 1,539 1,709 1,762 1,901 2,139 8,361 17,412

Off-budget deﬁcit .................................................................... 15 14 106 141 161 195 221 261 299 340 380 396 823 2,500

Memorandum, totals standardized to 12 monthly

beneﬁt payments:

Receipts .................................................................................. 4,897 4,650 4,721 4,910 5,305 5,647 5,940 6,200 6,485 6,791 7,060 7,418 26,523 60,478

Outlays ................................................................................... 6,209 6,368 6,656 6,808 7,103 7,382 7,724 8,107 8,493 8,894 9,342 9,807 35,673 80,315

Deﬁcit .................................................................................. 1,312 1,718 1,935 1,897 1,798 1,735 1,784 1,907 2,008 2,103 2,282 2,389 9,150 19,837

Baseline estimates are on the basis of the economic assumptions shown in Table S–9, which incorporate the effects of the Administration’s ﬁscal policies.

When October 1 falls on a weekend, certain mandatory beneﬁt payments are accelerated to the previous business day, and as a result certain ﬁscal years can have 11 or 13 beneﬁt

payments rather than 12 payments.

138 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–4. Proposed Budget by Category

(In billions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–

2028

2024–

2033

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense

................................................................................ 752 800 885 906 907 921 941 953 963 970 978 984 4,559 9,408

Non-defense ......................................................................... 912 936 1,015 1,010 1,029 1,034 1,024 1,029 1,044 1,055 1,075 1,095 5,112 10,410

Subtotal, discretionary programs ................................... 1,664 1,736 1,900 1,916 1,936 1,955 1,964 1,983 2,007 2,026 2,052 2,079 9,671 19,818

Mandatory programs:

Social Security

..................................................................... 1,212 1,346 1,459 1,553 1,646 1,742 1,842 1,943 2,046 2,152 2,261 2,371 8,242 19,014

Medicare .............................................................................. 747 821 842 958 1,028 1,104 1,252 1,198 1,358 1,451 1,564 1,770 5,183 12,525

Medicaid .............................................................................. 592 608 558 582 620 656 699 743 790 848 904 967 3,115 7,366

Other mandatory programs ................................................ 1,581 1,200 1,335 1,251 1,196 1,222 1,286 1,317 1,345 1,391 1,440 1,518 6,290 13,302

Subtotal, mandatory programs ...................................... 4,133 3,975 4,194 4,343 4,490 4,724 5,078 5,200 5,539 5,843 6,169 6,626 22,829 52,207

Net interest ............................................................................. 476 661 789 833 867 910 960 1,022 1,093 1,171 1,250 1,321 4,359 10,217

Total outlays ........................................................................ 6,273 6,372 6,883 7,091 7,294 7,589 8,003 8,205 8,639 9,040 9,472 10,026 36,860 82,242

Receipts:

Individual income taxes .......................................................... 2,632 2,328 2,390 2,617 2,849 3,029 3,206 3,366 3,543 3,732 3,948 4,154 14,091 32,835

Corporation income taxes ....................................................... 425 546 666 733 734 740 759 763 763 771 779 803 3,632 7,512

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes

.............................................. 1,066 1,198 1,208 1,263 1,325 1,379 1,450 1,508 1,573 1,640 1,707 1,805 6,625 14,857

Medicare payroll taxes ........................................................ 339 409 464 485 509 533 563 588 616 645 675 715 2,555 5,795

Unemployment insurance ................................................... 66 55 56 58 60 63 66 68 70 70 71 73 303 655

Other retirement ................................................................. 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 19 21 74 167

xcise taxes E ............................................................................. 88 91 114 114 119 121 121 125 128 130 137 141 589 1,250

state and gift taxes E ............................................................... 33 21 25 28 29 45 47 52 52 57 63 68 175 466

Customs duties ........................................................................ 100 102 61 50 52 54 56 58 60 63 55 57 273 566

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ...................... 107 ......... ......... 14 36 54 65 69 72 78 85 91 170 567

Other miscellaneous receipts ................................................. 30 39 38 42 45 46 50 54 57 60 62 63 220 517

Total receipts ....................................................................... 4,897 4,802 5,036 5,419 5,773 6,080 6,400 6,669 6,953 7,264 7,601 7,991 28,708 65,187

Deﬁcit ......................................................................................... 1,376 1,569 1,846 1,671 1,521 1,509 1,604 1,536 1,686 1,776 1,871 2,035 8,151 17,054

Net interest ............................................................................. 476 661 789 833 867 910 960 1,022 1,093 1,171 1,250 1,321 4,359 10,217

Primary deﬁcit ........................................................................ 900 909 1,058 839 654 599 643 513 593 605 620 714 3,792 6,837

On-budget deﬁcit ..................................................................... 1,361 1,555 1,739 1,529 1,357 1,311 1,380 1,272 1,385 1,432 1,488 1,635 7,316 14,529

Off-budget deﬁcit ..................................................................... 15 14 107 143 164 198 223 263 301 343 383 399 835 2,526

Memorandum, totals standardized to 12 monthly

beneﬁt payments:

Receipts ................................................................................... 4,897 4,802 5,036 5,419 5,773 6,080 6,400 6,669 6,953 7,264 7,601 7,991 28,708 65,187

Outlays .................................................................................... 6,209 6,366 6,954 7,091 7,294 7,589 7,897 8,312 8,639 9,040 9,472 9,880 36,825 82,167

Deﬁcit ................................................................................... 1,312 1,563 1,918 1,671 1,521 1,509 1,497 1,642 1,686 1,776 1,871 1,888 8,116 16,980

When October 1 falls on a weekend, certain mandatory beneﬁt payments are accelerated to the previous business day, and as a result certain ﬁscal years can have 11 or 13 beneﬁt

payments rather than 12 payments.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 139

Table S–5. Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent of GDP

(As a percent of GDP)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Averages

2024–

2028

2024–

2033

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense

................................................................................ 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 3.1 2.9

Non-defense ......................................................................... 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.5 3.2

Subtotal, discretionary programs .................................. 6.7 6.6 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.2 6.5 6.0

Mandatory programs:

Social Security

..................................................................... 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.7

Medicare .............................................................................. 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.5 3.5 3.7

Medicaid .............................................................................. 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.2

Other mandatory programs ................................................ 6.3 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.0

Subtotal, mandatory programs ..................................... 16.5 15.1 15.4 15.3 15.1 15.3 15.8 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.7 15.4 15.7

Net interest ............................................................................. 1.9 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.1

Total outlays ........................................................................ 25.1 24.2 25.3 24.9 24.6 24.6 24.9 24.5 24.7 24.8 24.9 25.2 24.8 24.8

Receipts:

Individual income taxes .......................................................... 10.5 8.8 8.8 9.2 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.4 10.5 9.5 9.9

Corporation income taxes ....................................................... 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.3

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes

.............................................. 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Medicare payroll taxes ........................................................ 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

Unemployment insurance ................................................... 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other retirement ................................................................. * * * * * * * 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 * 0.1

xcise taxes E ............................................................................. 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

state and gift taxes E ............................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Customs duties ........................................................................ 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ...................... 0.4 ......... ......... 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Other miscellaneous receipts ................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Total receipts ....................................................................... 19.6 18.2 18.5 19.1 19.5 19.7 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 20.0 20.1 19.3 19.6

Deﬁcit ......................................................................................... 5.5 6.0 6.8 5.9 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.5 5.2

Net interest ............................................................................. 1.9 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.1

Primary deﬁcit ........................................................................ 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.1

On-budget deﬁcit ..................................................................... 5.4 5.9 6.4 5.4 4.6 4.2 4.3 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.1 5.0 4.5

Off-budget deﬁcit ..................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.7

Memorandum, totals standardized to 12 monthly

beneﬁt payments:

Receipts ................................................................................... 19.6 18.2 18.5 19.1 19.5 19.7 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 20.0 20.1 19.3 19.6

Outlays .................................................................................... 24.8 24.2 25.5 24.9 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.8 24.7 24.8 24.9 24.9 24.8 24.8

Deﬁcit ................................................................................... 5.2 5.9 7.0 5.9 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.5 5.2

*0.05 percent of GDP or less.

When October 1 falls on a weekend, certain mandatory beneﬁt payments are accelerated to the previous business day, and as a result certain ﬁscal years can have 11 or 13 beneﬁt

payments rather than 12 payments.

140 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Mandatory initiatives and savings:

Lowering everyday costs for the American people:

Reduce the cost of child care, early learning,

prescription drugs, healthcare, postsecondary

education, and housing:

Reduce the cost of child care and early learning:

Department of Health and Human Services:

xpand access to affordable, quality child care E

for low- and middle-income families

............... ......... 9,900 16,400 32,200 43,800 47,600 52,000 53,100 54,800 56,600 57,900 149,900 424,300

xpand access to free, universal preschool E ....... ......... 5,000 7,000 8,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 25,000 30,000 32,500 32,500 55,000 200,000

Account for child care and preschool

interaction ..................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... –2,600 –3,100 –3,600 –3,600 –3,700 –3,800 –3,900 –5,700 –24,300

Subtotal, reduce the cost of child care and

early learning ............................................ ......... 14,900 23,400 40,200 56,200 64,500 73,400 74,500 81,100 85,300 86,500 199,200 600,000

Reduce the cost of prescription drugs:

Department of Health and Human Services

(HHS):

xpand Medicare prescription drug price E

negotiation ..................................................... ......... ......... ......... –4,000 –10,000 –21,000 –20,000 –25,000 –25,000 –25,000 –30,000 –35,000 –160,000

Limit Medicare Part D cost-sharing on certain

generic drugs to $2 ........................................ ......... ......... ......... 128 170 171 171 172 172 172 172 469 1,328

Apply Medicaid drug rebates to separate

Children’s Health Insurance Programs

(CHIP) ............................................................ ......... –220 –230 –240 –260 –270 –290 –290 –180 –180 –180 –1,220 –2,340

Modify the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in

the Territories

................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize HHS to negotiate Medicaid

supplemental rebates on behalf of States .... ......... ......... ......... ......... –690 –710 –730 –750 –780 –800 –820 –1,400 –5,280

Crosscutting reforms:

Cap insulin cost-sharing at $35 in commercial

plans

............................................................ ......... 572 510 114 21 24 26 27 22 23 24 1,241 1,363

xpand Medicare drug inﬂationary rebates to E

include the commercial market .................... ......... ......... –1,000 –2,000 –3,000 –4,000 –5,000 –5,000 –6,000 –7,000 –7,000 –10,000 –40,000

Subtotal, reduce the cost of prescription

drugs .......................................................... ......... 352 –720 –5,998 –13,759 –25,785 –25,823 –30,841 –31,766 –32,785 –37,804 –45,910 –204,929

Reduce the cost of healthcare:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Require 12 months of Medicaid postpartum

coverage ..................................................... ......... 200 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 1,060 2,360

Crosscutting reforms:

Permanently extend enhanced premium tax

credits

...................................................... ......... ......... ......... 16,521 22,303 23,203 23,780 22,990 23,488 24,695 26,031 62,027 183,011

Permanently extend coverage to low-income

individuals in states that have not

expanded Medicaid ................................... ......... 8,500 19,000 20,000 20,500 21,000 21,500 21,500 22,000 23,000 23,000 89,000 200,000

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 141

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Replenish and extend No Surprises Act

implementation fund ................................ ......... ......... 125 125 125 125 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 500 500

Extend surprise billing protections to

ground ambulances

................................. ......... ......... –65 –95 –100 –104 –109 –112 –117 –122 –124 –364 –948

Subtotal, reduce the cost of healthcare .... ......... 8,700 19,260 36,761 43,048 44,454 45,411 44,628 45,631 47,843 49,187 152,223 384,923

Reduce the cost of postsecondary education for

students and families:

Department of Education:

Double the Pell Grant ....................................... ......... 741 2,560 4,682 7,058 9,743 12,641 14,299 14,537 14,776 15,018 24,784 96,055

Fund free community college ........................... ......... ......... 531 7,190 13,752 16,590 13,294 10,443 9,579 9,278 9,352 38,063 90,009

Fund Advancing Affordability for Students

(Historically Black Colleges and

Universities (HBCU)/Tribally Controlled

Colleges and Universities (TCCU)/Minority

Serving Institution (MSI) Tuition Subsidies) ... ......... ......... 85 2,662 3,477 3,596 3,925 4,050 4,138 4,228 4,313 9,820 30,474

Subtotal, reduce the cost of postsecondary

education for students and families ......... ......... 741 3,176 14,534 24,287 29,929 29,860 28,792 28,254 28,282 28,683 72,667 216,538

Reduce the cost of housing for home owners and

renters:

Department of Housing and Urban Development:

Provide funding for new units serving

extremely low-income households

................ ......... 610 638 666 696 728 761 795 831 868 906 3,338 7,499

Modernize the public housing stock ................. ......... ......... 75 375 1,125 1,125 1,275 1,275 1,950 300 ......... 2,700 7,500

Fund grants to reduce barriers to affordable

housing production ........................................ ......... 30 474 1,001 1,618 2,165 2,170 1,405 668 277 192 5,288 10,000

Create a housing voucher program for youth

aging out of foster care ................................. ......... ......... 213 417 713 945 1,120 1,254 1,376 1,496 1,614 2,288 9,148

Create a housing voucher program for

extremely low-income veterans .................... ......... ......... 235 486 683 835 1,001 1,171 1,634 2,666 4,152 2,239 12,863

Provide down payment assistance to ﬁrst

generation homebuyers .................................. ......... 243 755 1,523 2,386 2,338 1,768 558 237 192 ......... 7,245 10,000

Fund efforts to support and sustain eviction

prevention ...................................................... ......... 500 1,000 750 750 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,000 3,000

Department of the Treasury:

Provide a neighborhood homes credit

............ ......... 18 142 534 1,213 1,894 2,284 2,391 2,375 2,351 2,362 3,801 15,564

Expand and enhance the low-income housing

credit

............................................................ ......... 38 192 549 1,198 2,041 2,944 3,872 4,823 5,799 6,803 4,018 28,259

Subtotal, reduce the cost of housing for

home owners and renters ......................... ......... 1,439 3,724 6,301 10,382 12,071 13,323 12,721 13,894 13,949 16,029 33,917 103,833

Subtotal, reduce the cost of child care,

early learning, prescription drugs,

healthcare, postsecondary education,

and housing ........................................... ......... 26,132 48,840 91,798 120,158 125,169 136,171 129,800 137,113 142,589 142,595 412,097 1,100,365

Offset by tax reforms to ensure the wealthiest

Americans and multinational corporations pay at

least a minimum tax rate and reforming taxation of

stock buybacks:

142 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Department of the Treasury:

Impose a minimum income tax on the wealthiest

taxpayers

......................................................... ......... ......... –43,698 –48,977 –51,620 –52,507 –52,093 –51,533 –46,084 –43,616 –46,481 –196,802 –436,609

Revise the global minimum tax regime, limit

inversions, and make related reforms

........... –18,461 –44,951 –55,091 –48,450 –43,750 –44,943 –46,935 –49,007 –51,154 –53,378 –55,682 –237,185 –493,341

Increase the excise tax rate on repurchase of

corporate stock

................................................ –3,934 –20,266 –20,364 –21,243 –22,143 –23,059 –24,016 –25,031 –26,111 –27,247 –28,429 –107,075 –237,909

Subtotal, offset by tax reforms to ensure the

wealthiest Americans and multinational

corporations pay at least a minimum

tax rate and reforming taxation of stock

buybacks ........................................................ –22,395 –65,217 –119,153 –118,670 –117,513 –120,509 –123,044 –125,571 –123,349 –124,241 –130,592 –541,062 –1,167,859

Subtotal, lowering everyday costs for the

American people .................................... –22,395 –39,085 –70,313 –26,872 2,645 4,660 13,127 4,229 13,764 18,348 12,003 –128,965 –67,494

Invest in working families by cutting taxes for working

people and families with children, providing paid

leave, and improving home care:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Long Term Care (LTC) and Home Care:

Improve Medicaid home and community-based

services

.............................................................. ......... 3,000 4,000 5,250 7,050 9,400 12,550 16,750 22,350 29,850 39,800 28,700 150,000

Require Medicaid adult and home and

community-based services quality reporting ... ......... 25 26 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 131 278

Require additional disclosures from private

equity or real estate investment trust

ownership to improve quality of care in Skilled

Nursing Facilities (SNF) ................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Adjust Survey Frequency for High-Performing

and Low-Performing Facilities

......................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide authority for the Secretary to collect and

expend re-survey fees ....................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase per instance Comprehensive Metabolic

Panel (CMP) authority for LTC facilities ............ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Hold LTC facility owners accountable for

noncompliant closures and substandard care ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve the accuracy and reliability of Nursing

Home Care Compare data ................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Social Security Administration:

Provide national, comprehensive paid family and

medical leave ......................................................... ......... 2,000 10,000 18,000 20,000 25,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 75,000 325,000

Department of Treasury:

Expand the child credit, with permanent

refundability and option for monthly payment

.... 5,843 259,273 74,899 7,864 9,432 12,166 12,520 12,792 13,038 13,370 13,802 363,634 429,156

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 143

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Permanently expand and improve Earned Income Tax

Credit for workers without qualifying children

..... 378 13,940 14,997 15,354 15,650 15,774 15,959 16,027 16,088 16,126 16,130 75,715 156,045

Subtotal, invest in working families by cutting

taxes for working people and families with

children, providing paid leave, and improving

home care ........................................................... 6,221 278,238 103,922 46,494 52,159 62,367 91,057 95,598 101,505 109,376 119,763 543,180 1,060,479

Strengthen public health and improve health outcomes:

Guarantee adequate and stable funding for the

Indian Health Service (IHS):

Department of Health and Human Services:

Shift the IHS from discretionary to mandatory

funding:

Reclassify IHS:

Shift to mandatory spending

........................ ......... 1,321 8,136 9,585 10,024 10,255 10,490 10,773 10,980 11,232 11,489 39,321 94,285

Reduction in discretionary spending (non-

add) ............................................................ ......... –1,321 –8,136 –9,585 –10,024 –10,255 –10,490 –10,773 –10,980 –11,232 –11,489 –39,321 –94,285

Provide adequate funding and close service

gaps

................................................................ ......... ......... 5,015 10,550 15,118 19,971 25,100 23,677 25,471 28,578 31,815 50,654 185,295

Provide adequate funding and close service

gaps (budget authority) (non-add) ................ ......... ......... 6,269 11,620 15,992 20,966 26,134 23,062 26,074 29,204 32,467 54,847 191,788

Total IHS mandatory request (budget

authority) (non-add) ...................................... ......... 1,321 15,886 21,458 26,057 31,263 36,668 33,838 37,098 40,481 44,002 95,985 288,072

Transform behavioral health:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Convert the Medicaid Certiﬁed Community

Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHC)

demonstration into a permanent program ...... ......... ......... 2 784 832 1,277 2,222 2,668 3,846 4,085 4,340 2,895 20,056

Transform mental health ..................................... ......... 400 400 400 400 400 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,000 2,000

Eliminate the 190-day lifetime limit on inpatient

psychiatric facility (IPF) services ..................... ......... 120 145 155 160 175 180 200 205 220 225 755 1,785

Require Medicare to cover three behavioral

health visits without cost-sharing .................... ......... ......... 90 140 150 170 160 170 180 190 200 550 1,450

Permanently extend funding for Community

Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) .................... ......... 124 289 372 413 413 413 413 413 413 413 1,611 3,676

Provide mandatory funding for State

enforcement of mental health parity

requirements ..................................................... ......... 10 40 25 25 25 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 125 125

Revise criteria for psychiatric hospital

terminations from Medicare ............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Apply the Mental Health Parity and Addiction

Equity Act (MHPAEA) to Medicare

............... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Modernize Medicare mental health beneﬁts

..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

144 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Department of Labor (DOL):

Authorize DOL to impose civil monetary

penalties for Mental Health Parity

and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA)

noncompliance ................................................... ......... ......... –3 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –15 –35

Provide mandatory funding for DOL to perform

additional Non-Quantitative Treatment

Limitations (NQTL) audits ............................... ......... 2 5 25 25 34 35 36 37 38 38 91 275

Authorize DOL to pursue parity violations by

entities that provide administrative services

to Employee Retirement Income Security Act

(ERISA) group health plans ............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Crosscutting reforms:

Improve access to behavioral healthcare in the

private insurance market

............................... ......... ......... ......... 2,442 3,368 3,492 3,648 3,767 3,951 4,140 4,329 9,302 29,137

Require coverage of three behavioral health visits

and three primary care visits without cost-

sharing

............................................................. ......... ......... ......... 4,843 4,540 1,856 1,197 1,237 1,256 1,318 1,376 11,239 17,623

Subtotal, transform behavioral health ............. ......... 656 968 9,182 9,909 7,838 7,851 8,487 9,884 10,400 10,917 28,553 76,092

Strengthen public health and combat disease:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Increase access to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

(PrEP):

Establish PrEP delivery program to end the

HIV epidemic in the United States .............. ......... 213 371 526 687 853 1,027 1,206 1,394 1,587 1,789 2,650 9,653

Eliminate barriers to PrEP under Medicaid ... ......... –710 –760 –830 –890 –960 –1,040 –1,120 –1,210 –1,300 –1,410 –4,150 –10,230

Subtotal, increase access to PrEP ................ ......... –497 –389 –304 –203 –107 –13 86 184 287 379 –1,500 –577

Establish the National Hepatitis C Elimination

Program ............................................................. ......... 187 1,361 1,831 2,306 499 –56 –91 –229 –311 –356 6,184 5,141

National Hepatitis C Elimination Program

Costs (non-add) ............................................. ......... 1,134 2,267 2,834 3,401 1,701 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 11,337 11,337

Medicaid prescription drug and medical

savings (non-add)

.......................................... ......... –1,130 –1,180 –1,270 –1,340 –1,410 –210 –190 –170 –150 –130 –6,330 –7,180

Medicare zero cost sharing on drugs and

medical savings (non-add) ............................ ......... 183 274 267 245 208 154 99 –59 –161 –226 1,177 984

Expand Vaccines for Children (VFC) program

to all CHIP children and make program

improvements .................................................... ......... 230 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ......... 10 270 310

Establish the Vaccines for Adults Program ......... ......... 823 1,036 1,077 1,118 1,162 1,208 1,255 1,304 1,354 1,408 5,216 11,745

Encourage development of innovative

antimicrobial drugs

......................................... ......... 500 1,300 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 4,500 9,000

Extend Teaching Health Center Graduate

Medical Education (GME) ................................ ......... 94 223 298 120 68 36 ......... ......... ......... ......... 803 839

Reauthorize the Special Diabetes Program for

Type 1 Diabetes Research (National Institutes

of Health, NIH) .................................................. ......... 13 39 74 116 156 169 129 64 18 4 398 782

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 145

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Reauthorize the Special Diabetes Program for

Indians (IHS) ..................................................... ......... 240 260 269 11 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 780 780

Extend the 21

Century Cures Act Cancer

Moonshot:

Extend mandatory spending for the Cancer

Moonshot ....................................................... ......... ......... 366 1,089 999 329 69 30 13 ......... ......... 2,783 2,895

Discretionary budget authority (BA) (non-add) .... ......... 716 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 716 716

Total Cancer Moonshot request (non-add) ....... ......... 716 1,448 1,448 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,612 3,612

Provide double funding for Health Centers ......... ......... 2,326 5,593 6,792 4,095 138 75 ......... ......... ......... ......... 18,944 19,019

Increase funding for the National Health Service

Corps (NHSC) program .................................... ......... 174 632 751 600 158 40 16 ......... ......... ......... 2,315 2,371

Enable the Secretary to temporarily modify or

waive the application of speciﬁc requirements

of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement

Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) Act ....................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand cancer care quality measurement in

Medicare ............................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Add Medicare coverage of services furnished by

community health workers

............................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, strengthen public health and combat

disease ........................................................... ......... 4,090 10,431 12,787 10,072 3,313 2,438 2,335 2,246 2,248 2,345 40,693 52,305

Prevent and prepare for future pandemics:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Prepare for pandemics and biological threats ..... ......... 3,000 7,000 5,000 2,400 1,400 1,200 ......... ......... ......... ......... 18,800 20,000

Create Federal public health data reporting

authority ............................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize coverage for speciﬁc products and

services, including drugs, vaccines, and devices

authorized for emergency use .......................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, prevent and prepare for future

pandemics ...................................................... ......... 3,000 7,000 5,000 2,400 1,400 1,200 ......... ......... ......... ......... 18,800 20,000

Subtotal, strengthen public health and

improve health outcomes .......................... ......... 9,067 31,550 47,104 47,523 42,777 47,079 45,272 48,581 52,458 56,566 178,021 427,977

Close Medicare tax loopholes and increase Medicare tax

for people making over $400,000 to improve Medicare

solvency:

Apply the net investment income tax to pass-through

business income of high-income taxpayers

............. –12,342 –22,839 –26,245 –27,381 –28,606 –30,298 –31,589 –33,004 –34,162 –35,348 –36,472 –135,369 –305,944

Increase the net investment income tax rate and

additional Medicare tax rate for high-income

taxpayers

.................................................................. –14,891 –29,627 –28,282 –27,872 –30,074 –32,494 –34,525 –36,772 –39,104 –41,532 –44,089 –148,349 –344,371

Subtotal, close Medicare tax loopholes and increase

Medicare tax for people making over $400,000 to

improve Medicare solvency ................................... –27,233 –52,466 –54,527 –55,253 –58,680 –62,792 –66,114 –69,776 –73,266 –76,880 –80,561 –283,718 –650,315

146 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Increase food security:

Department of Agriculture:

Extend expansion of school meal programs ............. ......... 187 1,219 1,499 1,543 1,588 1,629 1,676 1,723 1,764 1,808 6,036 14,636

Department of Health and Human Services:

Expand and enhance access to Medicare coverage

of nutrition and obesity counseling ...................... ......... 20 70 110 170 200 210 220 230 250 260 570 1,740

Conduct a subnational Medicare medically-tailored

meal demonstration

............................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, increase food security ............................ ......... 207 1,289 1,609 1,713 1,788 1,839 1,896 1,953 2,014 2,068 6,606 16,376

Outcompete China Initiative:

International Assistance Programs:

Invest in Development Finance Corporation (DFC)

mandatory equity program

................................... ......... 338 588 838 234 ......... ......... –32 –59 –84 –23 1,998 1,800

Advance the Indo-Paciﬁc Strategy ........................... ......... 200 300 350 375 400 200 100 50 25 ......... 1,625 2,000

Invest in International Infrastructure Fund ........... ......... 220 510 475 355 265 100 43 22 10 ......... 1,825 2,000

Department of State:

Enhance Compacts of Free Association ................... ......... 822 590 291 195 94 93 85 84 83 84 1,992 2,421

Subtotal, Outcompete China Initiative ................ ......... 1,580 1,988 1,954 1,159 759 393 196 97 34 61 7,440 8,221

Additional investments and reforms:

Department of Agriculture:

End subsidy recapture for Single Family Housing

Direct Loans .......................................................... ......... 996 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 996 996

Extend crop insurance for Pandemic Cover Crop

Program ................................................................. ......... 75 79 83 87 91 97 102 107 112 117 415 950

Subtotal, Department of Agriculture ................... ......... 1,071 79 83 87 91 97 102 107 112 117 1,411 1,946

Department of Commerce:

Fund Regional Technology and Innovation Hub

program ............................................................. ......... 225 270 675 810 800 645 500 75 ......... ......... 2,780 4,000

Department of Defense—Military Programs:

Fund Survivor Beneﬁt Plan ...................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand accrual ﬁnancing of the Military Retiree

Health Care Fund .................................................. ......... ......... 1,377 1,275 1,150 977 757 535 324 117 –74 4,779 6,438

Amend 26 U.S.C, § 5000c .......................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Permanently increase DOD’s Voluntary Separation

Incentive Payment ceiling .................................... ......... 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 7 8 8 15 50

Fund State Active Duty Reimbursement ................. ......... 44 46 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 231 486

Use foreign military sales administrative funds to

pay for military salaries and unfunded civilian

retirement costs .................................................... ......... 89 91 94 96 99 101 104 106 109 112 469 1,001

Subtotal, Department of Defense–Military

Programs ........................................................... ......... 134 1,516 1,418 1,297 1,129 912 696 488 286 99 5,494 7,975

Department of Health and Human Services:

Medicare and Medicaid Savings:

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 147

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Increase CMS program integrity by increasing

mandatory Health Care Fraud and Abuse

Control (HCFAC) funding ................................. ......... –320 –420 –530 –540 –560 –560 –600 –600 –610 –630 –2,370 –5,370

Enhance Medicaid managed care enforcement ... ......... ......... –100 –100 –100 –200 –200 –200 –200 –200 –200 –500 –1,500

Require remittance of medical loss ratios in

Medicaid and CHIP managed care .................. ......... ......... –2,200 –2,000 –2,100 –2,200 –2,400 –2,500 –2,600 –2,800 –2,900 –8,500 –21,700

Improve access and coverage for beneﬁciaries

dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid:

Align Qualiﬁed Medicare Beneﬁciary renewal

period with other Medicaid groups .................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Align Medicare Savings Program and Part D Low

Income Subsidy eligibility methodologies ......... ......... 100 340 490 540 590 650 700 750 810 870 2,060 5,840

Medicare interactions ........................................... ......... ......... ......... –8 –2 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –10 –10

Good governance and other technical proposals:

Reﬁne the Quality Payment Program (QPP):

Measure development funding for QPP ........... ......... 10 10 10 10 10 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 50 50

Reauthorize Medicare Improvements for

Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA)

............... ......... 50 50 50 50 50 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 250 250

Provide CMS Program Management

implementation funding ................................... ......... 50 150 100 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 300 300

Extend Post 9/11 GI Bill beneﬁts to active duty

PHS Corps and Montgomery GI Bill to Select

Reserve Corps .................................................... ......... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 9

Strengthen Medicare Advantage by establishing

new Medical Loss Ratio requirements for

supplemental beneﬁts ....................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Implement targeted risk-adjustment pre-

payment review in Medicare Advantage ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Ensure providers that violate Medicare safety

requirements and have harmed patients

cannot quickly reenter the program ................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Create a consolidated Medicare hospital quality

payment program ................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Standardize data collection to improve quality

and promote equitable care .............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Allow collection of demographic and social

determinants of health data through CMS

quality reporting and payment programs ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Create a permanent Medicare Home Health

Value-Based Purchasing program .................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Create a permanent Medicare Diabetes

Prevention Program beneﬁt ............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Use Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) written

decisions rather than hearings for claims with

no material fact in dispute ............................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

148 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Change the Medicare Appeal Council’s standard

of review to appellate-level to expedite

adjudication procedures and timelines ............ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Implement value-based purchasing programs

for inpatient psychiatric facilities, outpatient

hospitals, and ambulatory surgical centers ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Prohibit unsolicited Medicare beneﬁciary

contacts .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand tools to identify and investigate fraud in

the Medicare Advantage program .................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase transparency by disclosing

accreditation surveys ........................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Require Average Sales Price (ASP) reporting for

oral Methadone

............................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Remove restrictions on the certiﬁcation of new

entities as Organ Procurement Organizations

and increasing enforcement ﬂexibility ............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Establish meaningful measures for the End-

Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive

Program ............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Extend TRICARE coverages to Ready Reserve

Public Health Service (PHS) Commissioned

Corps .................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Extend the National Parks and Federal

Recreational Lands Pass Program beneﬁt to

USPHS Commission Corps ofﬁcers .................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Administration for Children and Families:

Reduce reimbursement rates for foster care

congregate care placements .............................. ......... –27 –24 –21 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –14 –14 –107 –180

Create new ﬂexibilities and support in the

Chafee program for youth who experienced

foster care .......................................................... ......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 500 1,000

Expand and encourage participation in the

Title IV-E Prevention Services and Kinship

Navigator programs .......................................... ......... 280 318 376 445 389 457 539 628 701 767 1,808 4,900

Increase support for kinship foster care

placements and guardianships ......................... ......... 91 100 108 116 126 136 145 155 162 169 541 1,308

Reauthorize Personal Responsibility Education

Program (PREP) ................................................ ......... 6 22 38 7 1 1 ......... ......... ......... ......... 74 75

Reauthorize, increase funding for, and amend

Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program ... ......... 78 250 292 295 300 300 300 300 300 300 1,215 2,715

Treat certain populations as refugees for public

beneﬁt purposes ................................................ ......... 76 83 86 89 93 89 9 4 4 5 427 538

Prevent and combat religious, sexual orientation,

gender identity, gender expression, or sex

discrimination in the child welfare system ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 149

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Authorize program integrity data collection for

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ...... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Department of Health and Human

Services .......................................................... ......... 494 –1,320 –1,008 –1,107 –1,317 –1,442 –1,521 –1,476 –1,546 –1,532 –4,258 –11,775

Department of Homeland Security:

Extend expiring Customs and Border Patrol (CBP)

user fees ................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –7,578 –7,375 ......... –14,953

Expand CBP user fee facilities costs ........................ ......... –7 –7 –7 –7 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –9 –36 –77

End deﬁcit reduction contributions from Passenger

Security Fee ........................................................... ......... 1,560 1,600 1,640 1,680 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 6,480 6,480

Establish an affordability program for the National

Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) ........................ ......... 193 382 428 478 524 568 609 645 678 710 2,005 5,215

Reauthorize the NFIP ............................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Establish Electronic Visa Update System user fee

.... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Department of Homeland Security ...... ......... 1,746 1,975 2,061 2,151 516 560 601 637 –6,908 –6,674 8,449 –3,335

Department of the Interior:

Provide mandatory funding for Indian Water

Rights Settlements:

Provide mandatory funding for current and

future Indian Water Rights Settlements

......... ......... 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 1,250 2,500

Provide mandatory funding for previously

enacted Tribal Water Settlements Operations

and Maintenance ............................................... ......... 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 170 340

Reclassiﬁcations:

Reclassify Tribal lease payments ......................... ......... 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 435 920

Discretionary effects (non-add) ......................... ......... –83 –85 –87 –89 –91 –93 –95 –97 –99 –101 –435 –920

Reclassify Contract Support Costs (CSC) ............ ......... 250 419 432 445 458 471 481 491 500 511 2,004 4,458

Discretionary effects (non-add) ......................... ......... –250 –419 –432 –445 –458 –471 –481 –491 –500 –511 –2,004 –4,458

Subtotal, Department of the Interior ....... ......... 617 788 803 818 833 848 860 872 883 896 3,859 8,218

Department of Justice:

Invest in Community Oriented Policing Services ... ......... 870 1,305 1,740 2,023 2,175 1,305 870 435 152 ......... 8,113 10,875

Establish Gun Crime Prevention Strategic Fund ... ......... 194 530 839 884 884 690 354 44 ......... ......... 3,331 4,419

Support the Accelerating Justice System Reform

(AJSR) program .................................................... ......... ......... 220 710 1,250 1,475 1,555 1,650 1,770 1,840 1,892 3,655 12,362

Subtotal, Department of Justice ........................... ......... 1,064 2,055 3,289 4,157 4,534 3,550 2,874 2,249 1,992 1,892 15,099 27,656

Department of Labor:

Extend Trade Adjustment Assistance ...................... ......... 42 127 178 186 203 217 230 242 256 273 736 1,954

Shift timing of Pension Beneﬁt Guaranty Corporation

(PBGC) Single Employer premiums ....................... ......... ......... 3,666 –3,666 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve Unemployment Insurance (UI) program

integrity

................................................................ ......... –123 –257 –276 –251 –103 –205 –322 –192 –165 –168 –1,010 –2,062

Expand Foreign Labor Certiﬁcation Fees ................ ......... 5 5 –42 –2 4 4 4 5 5 5 –30 –7

Subtotal, Department of Labor ............................ ......... –76 3,541 –3,806 –67 104 16 –88 55 96 110 –304 –115

Department of the Treasury:

150 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Extend investments in the Internal Revenue

Service (IRS)

........................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –47,121 –57,883 ......... –105,004

Expand Treasury’s authority to require bank

account veriﬁcation ............................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Simplify Debt Management Services (DMS) fees ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Make technical corrections regarding calculation of

Current Value of Funds Rate ................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Reduce paperwork burden by permanently

authorizing current home to work transportation

for the IRS Commissioner .................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Ensure the Treasury Do Not Pay Business Center

(DNP) has full access to complete State death

data ........................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Allow DNP to use Fair Credit Reporting Act

(FCRA) data for improper payment purposes ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand Treasury’s access to the National Directory

of New Hires (NDNH) for improper payments .... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Reauthorize and reform the Community

Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund

Bond Guarantee Program ..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase access to the Capital Magnet Fund ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Department of the Treasury ................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –47,121 –57,883 ......... –105,004

Department of Veterans Affairs:

Enhance burial beneﬁts for veterans:

Authorize the Department of Veterans Affairs

(VA) to pay a ﬂat rate for the cost of domestic

transportation of a deceased veteran to

a national cemetery or covered veterans’

cemetery ............................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize designation of eligibility for a ﬂag ...... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand eligibility for government-furnished

headstone, marker, or medallion for medal of

honor recipients ................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Pay accrued beneﬁts to reimburse the person(s)

who bore the expense on a ﬁrst-to-ﬁle basis .... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide permanent authority for burial

of spouses and dependent children who

predecease active duty servicemembers .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Standardize and enhance VA compensation and

pension beneﬁt programs:

Remove matches performed to prevent

duplication of beneﬁts in accordance with

the prohibitions speciﬁed in 38 U.S.C. § 5304

from the Privacy Act deﬁnition of “matching

agreement” ......................................................... ......... –75 –81 –87 –94 –100 –107 –113 –120 –127 –134 –437 –1,038

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 151

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Amend 38 U.S.C. to preempt the applicability of

state laws to VA-appointed ﬁduciaries ............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Codify the correct rate of medal of honor special

pension ............................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Eliminate entitlement to additional pension for

veterans who are permanently and totally

disabled .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Eliminate sunset date on the licensure

requirements (portability) for contractor

medical professionals to perform medical

disability examinations and expansion of the

deﬁnition of a health care professional ............ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Eliminate the direct payment of fees from VA to

accredited agents and attorneys ...................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Extend the statutory marriage delimiting date

for surviving spouses of Gulf War veterans ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Modernize VA’s processing of survivors’ beneﬁts

claims

................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide paid representation for non-continuously

pursued supplemental claims under the

Appeals Modernization Act .............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Standardize and enhance VA education and

employment beneﬁt programs:

Create one GI Bill ................................................. ......... 22 6 6 6 266 251 492 431 349 285 306 2,114

Create entitlement charge parity between degree

programs and non-degree programs ................ ......... –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –5 –10

Permit full allocation of State Approving Agency

funding including the cost of living adjustment

(COLA) at the beginning of the ﬁscal year ...... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

Prevent VA from providing unlimited amounts of

payment for ﬂight training at public schools ... ......... –13 –13 –14 –14 –15 –15 –16 –16 –17 –17 –69 –150

Allow VA to contract with another State

Approving Agency to fulﬁll duties .................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Allow reallocation of State Approving Agency

funds .................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize VA to approve interstate commerce

carrier apprenticeship programs ...................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Bar approval and disapproval of new

enrollments in programs of education at

accredited schools which are ﬁnancially

unstable ............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Eliminate change of program requirement ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Forfeit GI Bill beneﬁts if a veteran or beneﬁciary

colludes in fraud ................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve VA’s “85/15 rule” to better align with the

Department of Education’s “90/10 rule” ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

152 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Improve safeguards against the use of erroneous,

deceptive, or misleading advertising or the

use of commissions, bonus, or other incentive

payments ........................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve repayment of VA beneﬁts payments for

misused beneﬁts ................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Prevent improper payments by barring payment

to any approved programs of education which

fail to meet any statutory requirements .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Remove Veteran Readiness and Employment

from the “rounding out” authority in 38 U.S.C.

§ 3680(a)(3) ........................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Require State Approving Agencies to receive

training .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Restore faith in the Post–9/11 GI Bill to limit

debts on veterans and their dependents when

an obligated service period is not met ............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Revise criteria for additional subsistence

allowance payments for claimants who are

displaced by a natural or other disaster .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Update subsistence allowance rate tables ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Update the nomenclature used in 31 U.S.C. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Standardize and enhance insurance programs:

Make technical amendment to allow VA to

contest insurance policies issued due to

administrative error ......................................... ......... –2 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –6 –11

Amend to allow faster payment of government life

insurance beneﬁts ............................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Include all veterans under 81 years of age for

Veterans’ Affairs Life Insurance coverage

eligibility

............................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Make amendment to reimburse Veterans’ Mortgage

Life Insurance administrative costs from life

insurance program funds .................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Make technical amendment to add Space Force

to the deﬁnition of Uniformed Service for

Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Standardize, extend, and improve housing

programs:

Expand Federal civil monetary penalties ............ ......... –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –5 –10

Extend authority for the Specially Adapted

Housing Assistive Technology Grant Program ......... 1 1 1 1 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 4 4

Extend authority for the Specially Adapted

Housing Temporary Residence Adaptation

grant .................................................................. ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

Increase in amounts for energy efﬁciency

improvements of certain VA-guaranteed loans .... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enhance veterans health care programs ................. ......... 16 17 19 19 20 20 21 19 22 20 91 193

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 153

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Other proposals:

Improve VA health care facilities infrastructure .... ......... 62 178 212 173 114 135 156 144 100 105 739 1,379

Except retention of parking receipts from VA

Central Ofﬁce parking facilities from the

Miscellaneous Receipts Statute ....................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Clarify VA’s authority on interest and

administrative costs charged on delinquent

debts ................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Department of Veterans Affairs ....... ......... 11 107 136 90 284 283 539 457 326 258 628 2,491

General Services Administration:

Establish and capitalize the Federal Capital

Revolving Fund ..................................................... ......... 3,267 2,100 1,933 833 267 200 –333 –367 67 ......... 8,400 7,967

Expand Disposal Fund authority ............................. ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

Invest in Acquisition Workforce Training Fund ...... ......... 8 ......... –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 5 .........

Subtotal, General Services Administration ......... ......... 3,276 2,101 1,933 833 267 200 –333 –367 67 ......... 8,410 7,977

National Aeronautics and Space Administration:

Enhance Science, Space, and Technology Education

Trust Fund ............................................................ ......... 16 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 12 7

Ofﬁce of Personnel Management:

Improve ﬁnancial management of Tribal

Federal Employees Health Beneﬁts (FEHB)

administrative fee by treating as mandatory

authority ................................................................ ......... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 20

Expand family member eligibility under Federal

Employee Dental and Vision Insurance Program

(FEDVIP) ............................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand FEDVIP to certain tribal employers .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand FEHB to tribal colleges and universities ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Preempt State/local taxation of FEDVIP carriers to

align with FEHB carriers ..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Shorten FEDVIP contract terms to allow ﬂexibility

for new carriers ..................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Equalize treatment of Civil Service Retirement

System (CSRS) beneﬁts for children with

disabilities ............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7

Subtotal, Ofﬁce of Personnel Management .......... ......... 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 12 27

Small Business Administration:

Transfer COVID administrative funds ...................... ......... 213 2 4 4 4 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 227 227

Consumer Product Safety Commission:

Remove barriers to establishing mandatory

consumer safety rules

.......................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Strengthen mandatory recall authorities

............... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Streamline the release of consumer safety

information to the public

..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

154 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Increase civil penalties for violations of consumer

product safety laws

.............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Consumer Product Safety Commission ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Corporation for National and Community Service:

Authorize the expenditure of interest earnings in

the National Service Trust ................................... ......... 43 55 51 50 51 53 55 56 57 58 250 529

Delta Regional Authority:

Extend outyear effects of Delta Regional Authority

user fee proposal .................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 4

Election Assistance Commission:

Fund election grants ................................................. ......... 1,625 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 3,125 5,000

Federal Communications Commission:

Extend radio frequency spectrum general auction

authority for 10 years ........................................... ......... –17,740 2,760 –17,740 2,760 –17,740 2,760 –17,740 2,760 2,760 2,760 –47,700 –54,400

Japan-United States Friendship Commission:

Fund Japan-U.S. Trust Fund Endowment ............... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

United States Postal Service (USPS):

Pay USPS past losses

............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Crosscutting reforms:

Increase Afghan Special Immigrant Visas (SIV) by

20,000 .................................................................... ......... 140 277 365 308 279 258 224 204 201 200 1,369 2,456

Extend Balanced Budget and Emergency

Deﬁcit Control Act (BBEDCA) Section 251A

sequestration ......................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –6,116 –42,778 ......... –48,894

Increase civil monetary penalties for labor law

violations

............................................................. ......... –150 –200 –250 –250 –250 –250 –250 –300 –300 –300 –1,100 –2,500

Support pandemic fraud prevention and

enforcement ........................................................... ......... 320 320 320 320 320 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,600 1,600

Subtotal, crosscutting reforms ............................. ......... 310 397 435 378 349 8 –26 –96 –6,215 –42,878 1,869 –47,338

Subtotal, additional investments .................................. ......... –6,968 14,703 –11,289 12,639 –9,717 8,868 –13,103 6,195 –54,833 –102,399 –632 –155,900

Total, mandatory initiatives and savings ........................ –43,407 190,573 28,612 3,747 59,158 39,842 96,249 64,312 98,829 50,517 7,501 321,932 639,340

Additional receipt proposals:

Reform business taxation:

Raise the corporate income tax rate to 28 percent

....... –89,130 –137,068 –126,786 –125,160 –129,655 –137,689 –137,514 –133,428 –133,851 –131,646 –132,962 –656,358 –1,325,759

Tax corporate distributions as dividends ......................... ......... –69 –110 –123 –129 –136 –144 –152 –161 –169 –178 –567 –1,371

Limit tax avoidance through inappropriate leveraging

of parties to divisive reorganizations ........................ ......... –250 –741 –1,451 –2,295 –3,212 –4,176 –5,178 –6,214 –7,299 –8,399 –7,949 –39,215

Limit losses recognized in liquidation transactions ..... ......... –299 –507 –522 –538 –554 –570 –587 –605 –623 –642 –2,420 –5,447

Prevent basis shifting by related parties through

partnerships ............................................................... ......... –3,442 –5,893 –6,150 –6,408 –6,670 –6,905 –7,083 –7,195 –7,270 –7,336 –28,563 –64,352

Conform deﬁnition of “control” with corporate

afﬁliation test ............................................................. ......... –370 –541 –556 –569 –579 –586 –592 –595 –598 –600 –2,615 –5,586

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 155

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Strengthen limitation on losses for noncorporate

taxpayers .................................................................... ......... ......... –1,185 –2,241 –2,519 –12,571 –14,373 –10,268 –9,533 –9,371 –9,282 –18,516 –71,343

Accelerate and tighten rules on excess employee

remuneration

........................................................... ......... –2,328 –792 –163 –1,491 –2,259 –1,932 –1,544 –1,237 –1,211 –1,271 –7,033 –14,228

Prevent prison facility rent payments from

contributing to qualiﬁcation as a real estate

investment trust (REIT) ............................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, reform business taxation .......................... –89,130 –143,826 –136,555 –136,366 –143,604 –163,670 –166,200 –158,832 –159,391 –158,187 –160,670 –724,021 –1,527,301

Reform international taxation:

Adopt the undertaxed proﬁts rule

................................. ......... ......... –40,219 –66,414 –66,022 –65,205 –63,540 –62,897 –62,360 –61,559 –60,821 –237,860 –549,037

Repeal the deduction for foreign-derived intangible

income:

Repeal the deduction for foreign-derived intangible

income .................................................................... ......... –9,800 –16,627 –12,619 –9,994 –10,294 –10,602 –10,920 –11,248 –11,585 –11,932 –59,334 –115,621

Provide additional support for research and

experimentation expenditures

............................. ......... 9,800 16,627 12,619 9,994 10,294 10,602 10,920 11,248 11,585 11,932 59,334 115,621

Subtotal, repeal the deduction for foreign-derived

intangible income .............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Revise the rules that allocate Subpart F income

and global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI)

between taxpayers to ensure that Subpart F

income and GILTI are fully taxed ............................. ......... –166 –294 –320 –344 –366 –388 –408 –427 –446 –465 –1,490 –3,624

Eliminate exploited mismatch in calculation

of earnings and proﬁts of controlled foreign

corporations ................................................................ ......... –190 –321 –331 –341 –351 –362 –373 –384 –395 –407 –1,534 –3,455

Limit foreign tax credits from sale of hybrid entities .. ......... –315 –492 –445 –410 –384 –365 –350 –340 –333 –328 –2,046 –3,762

Restrict deductions of excessive interest of members

of ﬁnancial reporting groups ..................................... ......... –2,609 –4,316 –4,193 –4,078 –4,073 –4,167 –4,280 –4,389 –4,514 –4,657 –19,269 –41,276

Treat payments substituting for partnership

effectively connected income as U.S. source

dividends .................................................................... ......... –4 –9 –9 –9 –9 –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 –40 –90

Expand access to retroactive qualiﬁed electing fund

elections ...................................................................... ......... ......... –1 –1 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –6 –16

Reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel income:

Modify foreign oil and gas extraction income and

foreign oil related income rules ............................ ......... –138 –243 –261 –278 –299 –318 –334 –351 –369 –388 –1,219 –2,979

Modify tax rule for dual capacity taxpayers ............ ......... –2,932 –5,148 –5,541 –5,902 –6,344 –6,732 –7,073 –7,443 –7,814 –8,215 –25,867 –63,144

Subtotal, reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel

income ................................................................ ......... –3,070 –5,391 –5,802 –6,180 –6,643 –7,050 –7,407 –7,794 –8,183 –8,603 –27,086 –66,123

Provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business

activity in the United States and remove tax

deductions for shipping jobs overseas:

Provide tax credit for inshoring jobs to the United

States ..................................................................... ......... 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 61 135

Remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas ... ......... –11 –12 –12 –13 –13 –14 –14 –15 –15 –16 –61 –135

156 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Subtotal, provide tax incentives for locating jobs

and business activity in the United States

and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs

overseas

............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, reform international taxation ....................... ......... –6,354 –51,043 –77,515 –77,386 –77,033 –75,884 –75,727 –75,706 –75,442 –75,293 –289,331 –667,383

Support housing and urban development:

Make permanent the New Markets Tax Credit

.... ......... ......... ......... 97 278 483 716 990 1,290 1,602 1,792 858 7,248

Subtotal, support housing and urban development .... ......... ......... ......... 97 278 483 716 990 1,290 1,602 1,792 858 7,248

Modify energy taxes:

Eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences:

Repeal the enhanced oil recovery credit ........................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Repeal the credit for oil and natural gas produced

from marginal wells .............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Repeal expensing of intangible drilling costs .......... ......... –1,369 –2,003 –1,591 –1,122 –599 –394 –383 –366 –337 –328 –6,684 –8,492

Repeal the deduction for costs paid or incurred for

any qualiﬁed tertiary injectant used as part of

tertiary recovery method

.................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Repeal the exception to passive loss limitations

provided to working interests in oil and natural

gas properties ........................................................ ......... –5 –9 –9 –8 –8 –8 –8 –7 –7 –7 –39 –76

Repeal the use of percentage depletion with respect

to oil and natural gas wells .................................. ......... –1,118 –1,144 –1,203 –1,279 –1,357 –1,426 –1,489 –1,554 –1,616 –1,675 –6,101 –13,861

Increase geological and geophysical amortization

period for independent producers ........................ ......... –51 –187 –320 –359 –353 –345 –336 –324 –301 –271 –1,270 –2,847

Repeal expensing of mine exploration and

development costs ................................................. ......... –113 –166 –131 –93 –50 –32 –32 –31 –28 –27 –553 –703

Repeal percentage depletion for hard mineral fossil

fuels ........................................................................ ......... –78 –77 –78 –79 –81 –83 –86 –87 –89 –91 –393 –829

Repeal capital gains treatment for royalties ........... ......... –26 –54 –57 –62 –64 –66 –69 –71 –73 –75 –263 –617

Repeal the exemption from the corporate income

tax for fossil fuel publicly traded partnerships

... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –80 –159 –199 –236 –271 ......... –945

Repeal the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and

Superfund excise tax exemption for crude oil

derived from bitumen and kerogen-rich rock

.... ......... –110 –153 –157 –163 –170 –176 –180 –185 –191 –195 –753 –1,680

Repeal accelerated amortization of air pollution

control equipment ................................................. ......... –13 –32 –50 –66 –82 –96 –110 –108 –98 –86 –243 –741

Subtotal, eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences .... ......... –2,883 –3,825 –3,596 –3,231 –2,764 –2,706 –2,852 –2,932 –2,976 –3,026 –16,299 –30,791

Eliminate drawbacks on petroleum taxes that ﬁnance

the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and Superfund

... ......... –163 –220 –223 –225 –229 –231 –233 –236 –240 –242 –1,060 –2,242

Impose digital asset mining energy excise tax

........... ......... –74 –199 –327 –385 –394 –405 –415 –425 –435 –444 –1,379 –3,503

Subtotal, modify energy taxes .................................. ......... –3,120 –4,244 –4,146 –3,841 –3,387 –3,342 –3,500 –3,593 –3,651 –3,712 –18,738 –36,536

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 157

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers:

Increase the top marginal income tax rate to 39.6

percent for high-income earners

............................. –20,063 –53,029 –52,206 –28,716 –11,963 –12,757 –13,571 –14,422 –15,271 –16,191 –17,137 –158,671 –235,263

Reform the taxation of capital income .......................... ......... –2,306 –13,211 –19,230 –21,135 –22,086 –23,205 –24,600 –26,066 –27,455 –34,561 –77,968 –213,855

Subtotal, strengthen taxation of high-income

taxpayers ............................................................... –20,063 –55,335 –65,417 –47,946 –33,098 –34,843 –36,776 –39,022 –41,337 –43,646 –51,698 –236,639 –449,118

Modify rules relating to retirement plans:

Prevent excessive accumulations by high-income

taxpayers in tax-favored retirement accounts and

make other reforms

.................................................... ......... –6,633 –5,887 –3,266 –1,915 –1,231 –898 –749 –699 –702 –734 –18,932 –22,714

Subtotal, modify rules relating to retirement plans ......... –6,633 –5,887 –3,266 –1,915 –1,231 –898 –749 –699 –702 –734 –18,932 –22,714

Support workers, families, and economic security:

Make the adoption tax credit refundable and allow

certain guardianship arrangements to qualify

...... ......... ......... 1,011 1,979 1,704 1,655 1,639 1,623 1,602 1,594 1,582 6,349 14,389

Make permanent the income exclusion for forgiven

student debt

............................................................. ......... ......... ......... 1 11 25 164 180 197 215 235 37 1,028

Extend tax-preferred treatment to certain Federal and

tribal scholarship and education loan programs ....... ......... 41 63 71 78 82 85 87 89 92 94 335 782

Increase the employer-provided childcare tax credit

for businesses ............................................................. ......... 17 35 35 36 38 39 39 39 40 40 161 358

Improve the work opportunity tax credit program

integrity to promote longer-term employment ......... ......... –65 –134 –86 –27 –17 –13 –9 –8 –5 –4 –329 –368

Subtotal, support workers, families, and economic

security .................................................................. ......... –7 975 2,000 1,802 1,783 1,914 1,920 1,919 1,936 1,947 6,553 16,189

Modify estate and gift taxation:

Improve tax administration for trusts and decedents’

estates

......................................................................... ......... 3 –1 –1 9 5 5 1 –5 –12 –21 15 –17

Limit duration of generation-skipping transfer tax

exemption ................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Modify income, estate, gift, and generation-skipping

transfer tax rules for certain trusts .......................... ......... –1,052 –3,157 –3,710 –4,999 –6,506 –8,480 –6,063 –8,480 –10,343 –12,355 –19,424 –65,145

Revise rules for valuation of certain property .............. ......... –279 –789 –918 –1,107 –1,299 –1,356 –1,466 –1,571 –1,700 –1,829 –4,392 –12,314

Subtotal, modify estate and gift taxation ................ ......... –1,328 –3,947 –4,629 –6,097 –7,800 –9,831 –7,528 –10,056 –12,055 –14,205 –23,801 –77,476

Close loopholes:

Tax carried (proﬁts) interests as ordinary income

....... ......... –398 –662 –661 –659 –657 –664 –677 –691 –705 –719 –3,037 –6,493

Repeal deferral of gain from like-kind exchanges ........ ......... –642 –1,765 –1,818 –1,873 –1,929 –1,986 –2,047 –2,107 –2,171 –2,236 –8,027 –18,574

Require 100 percent recapture of depreciation

deductions as ordinary income for certain

depreciable real property ........................................... ......... –39 –120 –249 –389 –540 –704 –881 –1,073 –1,279 –1,502 –1,337 –6,776

Limit use of donor advised funds to avoid a private

foundation payout requirement ................................ ......... –20 –19 –13 –8 –4 –3 –4 –4 –4 –4 –64 –83

Exclude payments to disqualiﬁed persons from

counting toward private foundation payout

requirement ................................................................ ......... –1 –2 –1 –1 –1 –1 ......... ......... ......... ......... –6 –7

158 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Extend the period for assessment of tax for certain

Qualiﬁed Opportunity Fund investors ...................... ......... –5 –15 –18 –15 –11 –10 –8 –6 –2 ......... –64 –90

Impose ownership diversiﬁcation requirement for

small insurance company election ............................ ......... –245 –797 –873 –975 –1,046 –1,109 –1,171 –1,228 –1,302 –1,383 –3,936 –10,129

Expand pro rata interest expense disallowance for

business-owned life insurance ................................... ......... –557 –561 –583 –615 –643 –673 –704 –737 –768 –803 –2,959 –6,644

Modify rules for insurance products that fail the

statutory deﬁnition of a life insurance contract ....... –2 –4 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –4 –4

Correct drafting errors in the taxation of insurance

companies under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

.... ......... –65 –97 –101 –100 –73 –55 –48 –41 –37 –33 –436 –650

Deﬁne the term “ultimate purchaser” for purposes of

diesel fuel exportation

............................................. ......... –4 –8 –10 –12 –14 –16 –19 –21 –23 –26 –48 –153

Subtotal, close loopholes ........................................... –2 –1,980 –4,046 –4,327 –4,647 –4,918 –5,221 –5,559 –5,908 –6,291 –6,706 –19,918 –49,603

Improve tax administration:

Enhance accuracy of tax information:

Expand the Secretary’s authority to require

electronic ﬁling for forms and returns ................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve information reporting for reportable

payments subject to backup withholding ............ ......... –40 –91 –155 –211 –221 –231 –241 –252 –263 –288 –718 –1,993

Subtotal, enhance accuracy of tax information ... ......... –40 –91 –155 –211 –221 –231 –241 –252 –263 –288 –718 –1,993

Amend the centralized partnership audit regime to

permit the carryover of a reduction in tax that

exceeds a partner’s tax liability ................................. ......... 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 27 63

Modify requisite supervisory approval of penalty

included in notice ....................................................... ......... –134 –136 –138 –144 –145 –157 –153 –159 –166 –174 –697 –1,506

Modify the requirement that general counsel review

certain offers in compromise ..................................... ......... –6 –14 –9 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –33 –43

Incorporate chapters 2/2A in centralized partnership

audit regime proceedings ........................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Simplify foreign exchange gain or loss rules and

exchange rate rules for individuals ........................... ......... 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 9 20

Increase threshold for simpliﬁed foreign tax credit

rules and reporting .................................................... ......... 10 29 31 34 34 34 35 35 36 40 138 318

Authorize limited sharing of business tax return

information to measure the economy more

accurately ................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand TIN matching and improve child support

enforcement ................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Clarify that information previously disclosed in a

judicial or administrative proceeding is not return

information ................................................................. –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –10 –20

Subtotal, strengthen tax administration ................. –2 –166 –207 –266 –317 –328 –349 –354 –371 –388 –415 –1,284 –3,161

Improve tax compliance:

Address taxpayer noncompliance with listed

transactions:

Extend statute of limitations for listed transactions .... ......... –23 –52 –66 –79 –78 –76 –74 –73 –72 –70 –298 –663

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 159

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Impose liability on shareholders to collect unpaid

income taxes of applicable corporations .............. ......... –457 –477 –498 –519 –540 –563 –587 –613 –639 –667 –2,491 –5,560

Subtotal, address taxpayer noncompliance with

listed transactions ............................................. ......... –480 –529 –564 –598 –618 –639 –661 –686 –711 –737 –2,789 –6,223

Impose an afﬁrmative requirement to disclose a

position contrary to a regulation ............................... ......... –7 –9 –11 –12 –12 –14 –14 –15 –16 –16 –51 –126

Require employers to withhold tax on failed

nonqualiﬁed deferred compensation plans ............... ......... –198 –207 –217 –226 –237 –247 –258 –270 –283 –295 –1,085 –2,438

Extend to six years the statute of limitations for certain

tax assessments ........................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase the statute of limitations on assessment

of the COVID-related paid leave and employee

retention tax credits

................................................ ......... –3 –39 –118 –96 –13 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –269 –269

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling and authorize IRS

oversight of paid preparers:

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling

.......................... ......... –25 –49 –68 –84 –94 –95 –95 –96 –93 –94 –320 –793

Grant authority to IRS for oversight of all paid

preparers

............................................................. ......... –37 –50 –47 –47 –51 –56 –62 –66 –73 –79 –232 –568

Subtotal, expand and increase penalties and

oversight for return preparation and e-ﬁling and

authorize IRS oversight of paid preparers ......... ......... –62 –99 –115 –131 –145 –151 –157 –162 –166 –173 –552 –1,361

Address compliance in connection with tax

responsibilities of expatriates ................................... ......... ......... –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –5 –4 –4 –4 –10 –32

Deﬁne control of the payment of wage .......................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, improve tax compliance ............................ ......... –750 –884 –1,027 –1,066 –1,029 –1,056 –1,095 –1,137 –1,180 –1,225 –4,756 –10,449

Modernize rules, including those for digital assets:

Apply the wash sale rules to digital assets and

address related party transactions

........................... ......... –1,240 –1,629 –1,743 –2,098 –2,256 –2,459 –2,710 –2,909 –3,126 –3,351 –8,966 –23,521

Modernize rules treating loans of securities as tax-

free to include other asset classes and address

income inclusion ......................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide for information reporting by certain ﬁnancial

institutions and digital asset brokers for purposes

of exchange of information ........................................ ......... ......... ......... –90 –157 –167 –178 –188 –200 –215 –227 –414 –1,422

Require reporting by certain taxpayers of foreign

digital asset accounts ................................................. ......... –37 –75 –141 –165 –176 –187 –198 –211 –226 –239 –594 –1,655

Amend the mark-to-market rules to include digital

assets .......................................................................... ......... –3,634 –99 –109 –120 –132 –146 –160 –176 –194 –213 –4,094 –4,983

Subtotal, modernize rules, including those for

digital assets .......................................................... ......... –4,911 –1,803 –2,083 –2,540 –2,731 –2,970 –3,256 –3,496 –3,761 –4,030 –14,068 –31,581

Improve beneﬁts tax administration:

Clarify tax treatment of ﬁxed indemnity health

policies

........................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

160 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Rationalize funding for post-retirement medical and

life insurance beneﬁts ................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Clarify tax treatment of on-demand pay

arrangements ............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, improve beneﬁts tax administration ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, additional receipt proposals ...................... –109,197 –224,410 –273,058 –279,474 –272,431 –294,704 –299,897 –292,712 –298,485 –301,765 –314,949 –1,344,077 –2,851,885

Grand total, mandatory and receipt proposals ........... –152,604 –33,837 –244,446 –275,727 –213,273 –254,862 –203,648 –228,400 –199,656 –251,248 –307,448 –1,022,145 – 2,212,545

Note: Detail in this table may not add to the totals due to rounding. For receipt effects, positive ﬁgures indicate lower receipts. For outlay effects, positive ﬁgures indicate higher

outlays. For net costs, positive ﬁgures indicate higher deﬁcits.

The estimate for this proposal includes effects on receipts. The receipt effects included in the totals above are as follows:

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2023 2033 2024–2028 2024–2033

Reduce insulin cost-sharing in commercial plans

............ ......... 410 368 77 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 855 855

Permanently extend enhanced premium tax credits ....... ......... ......... ......... 4,887 6,720 7,102 7,166 6,426 6,448 6,899 7,402 18,709 53,050

Extend surprise billing protections to ground

ambulances ..................................................................... ......... ......... –52 –76 –80 –84 –88 –92 –96 –101 –105 –292 –774

Provide a neighborhood homes credit ............................... ......... 18 142 534 1,213 1,894 2,284 2,391 2,375 2,351 2,362 3,801 15,564

Expand and enhance the low-income housing credit ....... ......... 38 192 549 1,198 2,041 2,944 3,872 4,823 5,799 6,803 4,018 28,259

Impose a minimum income tax on the wealthiest

taxpayers ........................................................................ ......... ......... –43,698 –48,977 –51,620 –52,507 –52,093 –51,533 –46,084 –43,616 –46,481 –196,802 –436,609

Revise the global minimum tax regime, limit inversions,

and make related reforms ............................................. –18,461 –44,951 –55,091 –48,450 –43,750 –44,943 –46,935 –49,007 –51,154 –53,378 –55,682 –237,185 –493,341

Increase the excise tax rate on repurchase of corporate

stock ................................................................................ –3,934 –20,266 –20,364 –21,243 –22,143 –23,059 –24,016 –25,031 –26,111 –27,247 –28,429 –107,075 –237,909

Expand the child credit, and make permanent full

refundability and advanceability .................................. 5,735 24,721 –63,604 –25,591 –268 3,265 3,530 3,795 4,104 4,444 4,813 –61,477 –40,791

Restore and make permanent the American Rescue

Plan expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit for

workers without qualifying children ............................. 376 1,544 1,675 1,808 2,123 2,098 2,084 2,047 2,024 1,996 1,952 9,248 19,351

Improve access to behavioral healthcare in the private

insurance market

........................................................... ......... ......... ......... 1,833 2,521 2,621 2,737 2,864 2,998 3,146 3,300 6,975 22,020

Require coverage of three behavioral health visits and

three primary care visits without cost-sharing ............ ......... ......... ......... 3,695 3,445 1,331 820 856 897 941 986 8,471 12,971

Apply the net investment income tax to pass-through

business income of high-income taxpayers ................... –12,342 –22,839 –26,245 –27,381 –28,606 –30,298 –31,589 –33,004 –34,162 –35,348 –36,472 –135,369 –305,944

Increase the net investment income tax rate and

additional Medicare tax rate for high-income

taxpayers ........................................................................ –14,891 –29,627 –28,282 –27,872 –30,074 –32,494 –34,525 –36,772 –39,104 –41,532 –44,089 –148,349 –344,371

Establish Electronic Visa Update System user fee .......... ......... –52 –58 –64 –72 –79 –88 –108 –118 –130 –143 –325 –912

Improve Unemployment Insurance (UI) program

integrity .......................................................................... ......... ......... ......... 11 35 189 90 –24 114 150 163 235 728

Extend investments in the IRS ......................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –61,425 –72,721 ......... –134,146

Increase civil monetary penalties for labor law

violations ........................................................................ ......... –150 –200 –250 –250 –250 –250 –250 –300 –300 –300 –1,100 –2,500

Total, receipt effects of mandatory proposals ............... –43,517 –91,154 –235,217 –186,510 –159,608 –163,173 –167,929 –173,570 –173,346 –237,351 –256,641 –835,662 –1,844,499

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 161

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Totals

2024–2028 2024–2033

Estimates were not available at the time of Budget publication.

The Cancer Moonshot authorization expires in 2023. The Budget prioritizes the reauthorization of the Cancer Moonshot by requesting $716 million in discretionary resources within

NIH in 2024 and by proposing a mandatory reauthorization through 2026. The total Budget request for NIH Cancer Moonshot is $3.6 billion through 2026.

The Budget proposes to support the USPS through an intragovernmental transaction that increases the balances in the Postal Service Fund but results in no net deﬁcit effect in the

10-year budget window. The General Fund appropriation of $465 million in 2024 can be found in the transmit 4 for the Payment to the Postal Service account and is offset in the

receiving account, the Postal Service Fund.

Net of income offsets.

Effects are included in the estimate of Repeal the enhanced oil recovery credit.

The estimate for this proposal includes effects on outlays. The outlay effects included in the totals above are as follows:

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2023 2033 2024–2028 2024–2033

Make the adoption tax credit refundable and allow

certain guardianship arrangements to qualify

...........

......... ......... 1,000 1,937 1,661 1,608 1,591 1,575 1,553 1,544 1,532 6,206 14,001

Make permanent the income exclusion for forgiven

student debt ..................................................................

......... ......... ......... ......... 1 1 19 19 20 22 24 2 106

Increase the statute of limitations on assessment of the

COVID-related paid leave and employee retention tax

credits ............................................................................

......... –2 –35 –119 –108 –21 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –285 –285

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant return

preparation and e-ﬁling ................................................

......... –9 –15 –18 –20 –22 –22 –22 –22 –19 –19 –84 –188

Grant authority to IRS for oversight of all paid

preparers .......................................................................

......... –23 –29 –22 –19 –20 –22 –24 –25 –28 –30 –113 –242

Total, outlay effects of receipt proposals ..........................

......... –34 921 1,778 1,515 1,546 1,566 1,548 1,526 1,519 1,507 5,726 13,392

162 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

Actual

2022

Enacted

1,2

2023

Request

2024

Outyears

Totals

2024–

2028

2024–

20332025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Base Discretionary Funding

Allocation

............................................. 1,477 1,618 1,695 1,722 1,760 1,798 1,838 1,864 1,892 1,920 1,948 1,977 8,813 18,413

Non-Defense Shifts to Mandatory

..... ......... ......... –2 –10 –10 –11 –11 –11 –11 –12 –12 –12 –44 –102

Bureau of Indian Affairs ........................ ......... ......... –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –3 –6

Indian Health Service ............................ ......... ......... –1 –10 –10 –10 –10 –11 –11 –11 –11 –12 –41 –96

Non-Base Discretionary Funding (not included above):

mergency Funding E ............................... 100 91 11 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 25 43

Program Integrity .................................. 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 14 31

Disaster Relief ........................................ 19 20 20 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 68 128

Wildﬁre Suppression .............................. 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 27

21st Century Cures Appropriations ...... 1 1 * * * ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1 1

Total, Non-Base Funding ...................... 124 117 37 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 121 229

Grand Total, Discretionary Budget

Authority .............................................. 1,601 1,736 1,730 1,733 1,771 1,808 1,848 1,874 1,902 1,929 1,958 1,987 8,890 18,540

Memorandum: Presentation of base discretionary by defense and non-defense

Defense Allocation

................................. 782 858 886 905 924 944 964 970 977 984 991 998 4,623 9,542

Non-Defense Allocation .......................... 597 641 688 704 720 737 754 771 789 807 825 844 3,602 7,638

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program ... 97 119 121 113 115 118 121 123 126 129 132 135 587 1,233

Memorandum: Presentation of base discretionary by security and nonsecurity

Security Allocation ................................. 894 979 1,014 1,037 1,059 1,081 1,106 1,117 1,127 1,138 1,148 1,159 5,298 10,987

Nonsecurity Allocation ........................... 485 520 560 572 586 599 611 624 638 653 668 683 2,928 6,194

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program .... 97 119 121 113 115 118 121 123 126 129 132 135 587 1,233

Memorandum: Discretionary appropriations provided in the

Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs

Act

...................................................... 174 70 67 66 64 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 197 197

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 163

Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

* Less than $500 million.

The 2022 actual and 2023 enacted levels include changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the

rebasing as mandatory any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2022 and 2023 levels are adjusted to add back OMB’s scoring of

CHIMPs enacted in 2022 and 2023 appropriations Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2024 request levels.

The 2023 enacted levels for base funding include the $12.5 billion primarily for base activities that was designated as emergency funding in Public Law 117–328.

The 2024 Budget proposes to shift contract support costs and 105(l) leases within the Indian Health Service (IHS) in HHS and the Bureau of Indian Programs (BIA) in the

Department of the Interior to the mandatory side of the Budget starting in 2024. The Budget further proposes to shift all of IHS to mandatory starting in 2025 as well. See the

“Budget Process” chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals.

The 2024 Budget presents funding for anomalous or above-base activities such as emergency requirements, program integrity, disaster relief, wildﬁre suppression, and 21st Century

Cures appropriations outside of base allocations, which is largely consistent with allocation adjustments in the FY 2022 Congressional Budget Resolution (H.Con.Res. 14) and the

FY 2023 deeming resolution in the House of Representatives (H.Res. 1151).

The section presents base discretionary funding by both defense and non-defense and by security and nonsecurity allocations. The deﬁnition of security and nonsecurity is the

same as the deﬁnition speciﬁed in the Budget Control Act of 2011 with security including the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Veterans Affairs, the National Nuclear

Security Administration, the International Budget Function (150), and the Intelligence Community Management Account and with all other discretionary programs in the

nonsecurity category. This presentation of discretionary excludes the proposed shifts to mandatory.

The amounts in the 2024 Budget are based on the National Security and National Defense strategies and the Department of Defense Future Years Defense Program, which includes

a ﬁve-year appropriations plan and estimated expenditures necessary to support the programs, projects, and activities of the Department of Defense. After 2028, the Budget reﬂects

outyear growth rates consistent with the FY 2023 President’s Budget.

Section 905(c) of division J of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Public Law 117–58; IIJA) speciﬁed that amounts provided in division J and certain rescissions in section

90007 of IIJA should be considered as emergency discretionary appropriations. The amounts provided as discretionary appropriations in IIJA are summarized here, however, these

amounts are kept separate from other discretionary amounts included above that are considered during the regular appropriations process.

164 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–8. 2024 Discretionary Request by Major Agency

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2022

Actual

2023

Enacted

1,2

2024

Request

2024 Request Less

2023 Enacted

Dollar Percent

Base Discretionary Funding:

Cabinet Departments:

Agriculture

.............................................................................................................................................. 26.3 26.4 30.1 +3.8 +14.3%

Commerce ................................................................................................................................................. 9.9 11.2 12.3 +1.2 +10.7%

Defense ..................................................................................................................................................... 742.6 816.0 842.0 +26.0 +3.2%

ducation E .................................................................................................................................................. 75.3 79.2 90.0 +10.8 +13.6%

nergy (DO ) E E ........................................................................................................................................... 44.3 47.8 52.0 +4.2 +8.7%

Health and Human Services (HHS)

...................................................................................................... 120.9 130.4 145.3 +14.9 +11.4%

Proposed IHS Shift to Mandatory (non-add)

.................................................................................... (1.0) (1.3) (1.3) (+*) (+2.2%)

HHS, BA excluding IHS (non-add) ..................................................................................................... (119.9) (129.1) (144.0) (+14.8) (+11.5%)

Homeland Security (DHS) ....................................................................................................................... 57.6 61.0 60.4 –0.6 –1.0%

Housing and Urban Development (HUD):

HUD program level

.............................................................................................................................. 65.7 72.1 73.3 +1.1 +1.6%

HUD receipts ........................................................................................................................................ –11.0 –8.3 –5.5 +2.8 N/A

Interior (DOI) ........................................................................................................................................... 16.0 17.2 18.8 +1.6 +9.3%

Proposed BIA Shift to Mandatory (non-add)

.................................................................................... (0.3) (0.5) (0.5) (+0.1) (+10.8%)

DOI, BA excluding BIA (non-add) ....................................................................................................... (15.7) (16.7) (18.3) (+1.6) (+9.3%)

Justice ....................................................................................................................................................... 35.2 37.5 39.7 +2.2 +5.9%

Labor ......................................................................................................................................................... 13.1 13.6 15.1 +1.5 +10.9%

State and International Programs

3,6

....................................................................................................... 57.8 63.4 70.5 +7.1 +11.2%

Transportation (DOT) .............................................................................................................................. 26.9 28.7 27.8 –0.8 –2.9%

Treasury

.................................................................................................................................................. 14.3 14.2 16.3 +2.1 +15.0%

Veterans Affairs

...................................................................................................................................... 112.4 134.9 137.9 +3.0 +2.2%

Major Agencies:

Corps of ngineers (Corps) E ...................................................................................................................... 8.3 8.7 7.4 –1.2 –14.4%

nvironmental Protection Agency ( PA)E E

.............................................................................................. 9.6 10.1 12.1 +1.9 +19.2%

General Services Administration ............................................................................................................ –0.5 –0.1 1.0 +1.1 N/A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ................................................................................... 24.0 25.4 27.2 +1.8 +7.1%

National Science Foundation ................................................................................................................... 8.8 9.5 11.3 +1.8 +18.6%

Small Business Administration ............................................................................................................... 0.5 1.1 1.0 –0.1 –8.2%

Social Security Administration

.............................................................................................................. 9.1 9.6 10.5 +0.9 +9.7%

Other Agencies ......................................................................................................................................... 25.4 27.3 29.4 +2.1 +7.7%

Changes in mandatory program offsets

................................................................................................ –16.1 –18.6 –30.6 –12.0 +64.8%

Subtotal, Base Discretionary Budget Authority (BA) ...................................................................... 1,476.6 1,618.3 1,695.5 +77.2 +4.8%

Subtotal, BA excluding programs shifted to mandatory �� 1,475 3� 1,616 5� 1,693 6� +77 1� +4 8%�

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 165

Table S–8. 2024 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2022

Actual

2023

Enacted

1,2

2024

Request

2024 Request Less

2023 Enacted

Dollar Percent

Non-Base Discretionary Funding:

Emergency Requirements Funding:

Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................... 11.2 6.0 ......... –6.0 N/A

Commerce ............................................................................................................................................. 0.4 1.9 ......... –1.9 N/A

Defense ................................................................................................................................................. 34.0 32.8 ......... –32.8 N/A

Education .............................................................................................................................................. 1.3 0.2 0.2 ......... N/A

Energy .................................................................................................................................................. 0.1 1.7 ......... –1.7 N/A

Health and Human Services ............................................................................................................... 6.9 7.1 3.0 –4.2 N/A

Homeland Security .............................................................................................................................. 0.4 6.6 4.7 –1.9 N/A

Housing and Urban Development ....................................................................................................... 5.0 5.0 ......... –5.0 N/A

Interior .................................................................................................................................................. 0.6 2.0 ......... –2.0 N/A

Justice ................................................................................................................................................... 0.6 0.3 0.3 –* N/A

State and International Programs ...................................................................................................... 29.3 22.0 ......... –22.0 N/A

Transportation ..................................................................................................................................... 2.7 1.0 ......... –1.0 N/A

Corps of Engineers (Corps) .................................................................................................................. 5.7 1.2 –* –1.2 N/A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

.......................................................................................... ......... 2.1 2.5 +0.5 N/A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ............................................................................... 0.3 0.2 ......... –0.2 N/A

Small Business Administration ........................................................................................................... 1.2 0.9 ......... –0.9 N/A

Other Agencies ..................................................................................................................................... 0.3 0.5 ......... –0.5 N/A

Subtotal, Emergency Requirements ....................................................................................................... 100.0 91.4 10.7 –80.7 N/A

Program Integrity:

Health and Human Services

............................................................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.6 +* +6.3%

Labor ..................................................................................................................................................... 0.1 0.3 0.4 +0.2 +67.8%

Social Security Administration ........................................................................................................... 1.4 1.5 1.6 +0.1 +4.8%

Subtotal, Program Integrity .................................................................................................................... 2.1 2.3 2.6 +0.3 +12.1%

Disaster Relief:

Homeland Security

.............................................................................................................................. 18.8 19.9 20.1 +0.2 +0.8%

Small Business Administration ........................................................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 ......... .........

Subtotal, Disaster Relief .......................................................................................................................... 18.9 20.1 20.3 +0.2 +0.8%

Wildﬁre Suppression:

Agriculture

........................................................................................................................................... 2.1 2.2 2.3 +0.1 +4.1%

Interior .................................................................................................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.4 +* +2.9%

Subtotal, Wildﬁre Suppression ................................................................................................................ 2.5 2.6 2.7 +0.1 +3.9%

21st Century Cures appropriations:

Health and Human Services

............................................................................................................... 0.5 1.1 0.5 –0.7 –59.8%

Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding

....................................................................................... 124.1 117.5 36.7 –80.8 –68.8%

Total, Discretionary BA ........................................................................................................................... 1,600.6 1,735.8 1,732.2 –3.6 –0.2%

Total, BA excluding programs shifted to mandatory �� 1,599�4 1,734�0 1,730�3 –3�7 –0�2%

166 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–8. 2024 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2022

Actual

2023

Enacted

1,2

2024

Request

2024 Request Less

2023 Enacted

Dollar Percent

Memorandum - Comparison of 2023 Enacted to 2024 Request by Category:

Total, Base Discretionary Funding .......................................................................................................... 1,618.3 1,695.5 +77.2 +4.8%

Base Discretionary by Defense and Non-Defense:

Defense

.................................................................................................................................................. 858.3 886.4 +28.0 +3.3%

Non-Defense .......................................................................................................................................... 641.2 688.1 +46.9 +7.3%

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program

............................................................................................ 118.7 121.0 +2.3 +1.9%

Base Discretionary by Security and Nonsecurity:

Security ................................................................................................................................................. 979.2 1,014.4 +35.2 +3.6%

Nonsecurity ........................................................................................................................................... 520.3 560.1 +39.8 +7.6%

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program

............................................................................................ 118.7 121.0 +2.3 +1.9%

* Less than $50 million.

The 2022 actual and 2023 enacted levels include changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the

rebasing as mandatory any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2022 and 2023 levels are adjusted to add back OMB’s scoring of

CHIMPs enacted in 2022 and 2023 appropriations Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2024 request levels.

The 2023 enacted levels for base funding include the $12.5 billion primarily for base activities that was designated as emergency funding in Public Law 117–328.

Funding for Food for Peace Title II Grants is included in the State and International Programs total. Although the funds are appropriated to the Department of Agriculture, the

funds are administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Funding from the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance trust funds for administrative expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration that support

the Medicare program are included in the Health and Human Services total and not in the Social Security Administration total.

The 2024 Budget proposes to shift contract support costs and 105(l) leases within the Indian Health Service (IHS) in HHS and the Bureau of Indian Programs (BIA) in the

Department of the Interior to the mandatory side of the Budget starting in 2024. The Budget further proposes to shift all of IHS to mandatory starting in 2025 as well. See the

“Budget Process” chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals.

The State and International Programs total includes funding for the Department of State, USAID, Treasury International, and 11 international agencies while the Treasury total

excludes Treasury’s International Programs.

In addition to discretionary funding, the 2024 Budget includes mandatory funding for veterans medical care, research, and beneﬁts delivery through the Cost of War Toxic Exposures

Fund, in accordance with the Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022.

The EPA base total does not include additional resources for the Superfund program from tax revenue in 2023 and 2024 provided through provisions in the Infrastructure

Investment and Jobs Act and the Inﬂation Reduction Act as these amounts are reﬂected as emergency funding in the allocation adjustment section. Total budget resources for the

Superfund program would be approximately $2.9 billion in 2024, compared to the $1.7 billion available in 2023.

The limitation enacted and proposed in the Justice Department’s Crime Victims Fund program and preclusions in the Children’s Health Insurance Program in HHS make up the

bulk of these offsets.

The 2024 Budget presents funding for anomalous or above-base activities such as emergency requirements, program integrity, disaster relief, wildﬁre suppression, and 21st Century

Cures appropriations outside of base allocations, which is largely consistent with allocation adjustments in the FY 2022 Congressional Budget Resolution (H.Con.Res. 14) and the

FY 2023 deeming resolution in the House of Representatives (H.Res. 1151).

The deﬁnition of security and nonsecurity is the same as the deﬁnition speciﬁed in the Budget Control Act of 2011 with security including the Departments of Defense, Homeland

Security, Veterans Affairs, the National Nuclear Security Administration, the International Budget Function (150), and the Intelligence Community Management Account and with

all other discretionary programs in the nonsecurity category.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 167

Table S–9. Economic Assumptions

(Calendar years)

Actual

2021

Projections

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

Nominal level, billions of dollars

.................................................... 23,315 25,409 26,544 27,523 28,750 29,981 31,224 32,516 33,884 35,342 36,880 38,483 40,157

Percent change, nominal GDP, year/year ....................................... 10.7 9.0 4.5 3.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3

Real GDP, percent change, year/year ............................................. 5.9 1.8 0.6 1.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

Real GDP, percent change, Q4/Q4 .................................................. 5.7 0.2 0.4 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

GDP chained price index, percent change, year/year .................... 4.5 7.0 3.9 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Consumer Price Index,

percent change, year/year ................ 4.7 8.1 4.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Interest rates, percent:

91-day Treasury bills

..................................................................... * 2.0 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5

10-year Treasury notes ................................................................... 1.4 3.0 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5

Unemployment rate, civilian, percent

...................................... 5.4 3.7 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8

* 0.05 percent or less.

Note: A more detailed table of economic assumptions appears in Chapter 2, “ conomic Assumptions and Overview,” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.E

Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers.

Annual average.

Average rate, secondary market (bank discount basis).

168 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt

(Dollar amounts in billions)

Actual

2022

Estimate

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Financing:

Uniﬁed budget deﬁcit:

Primary deﬁcit

................................................................ 900 909 1,058 839 654 599 643 513 593 605 620 714

Net interest ..................................................................... 476 661 789 833 867 910 960 1,022 1,093 1,171 1,250 1,321

Uniﬁed budget deﬁcit .................................................. 1,376 1,569 1,846 1,671 1,521 1,509 1,604 1,536 1,686 1,776 1,871 2,035

As a percent of GDP ................................................ 5.5% 6.0% 6.8% 5.9% 5.1% 4.9% 5.0% 4.6% 4.8% 4.9% 4.9% 5.1%

Other transactions affecting borrowing from the public:

Changes in ﬁnancial assets and liabilities:

Change in Treasury operating cash balance ............. 421 14 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Net disbursements of credit ﬁnancing accounts:

Direct loan and Troubled Asset Relief

Program (TARP) equity purchase accounts ....... –256 44 22 133 118 109 64 56 47 38 33 32

Guaranteed loan accounts ...................................... 205 31 6 6 4 1 * –* –* * 1 1

Net purchases of non-Federal securities by the

National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust

(NRRIT) ................................................................... –5 –* –1 –2 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1

Net change in other ﬁnancial assets and liabilities

.... 229 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, changes in ﬁnancial assets and

liabilities .............................................................. 594 89 27 138 121 109 63 54 46 37 33 32

Seigniorage on coins ........................................................ –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –*

Total, other transactions affecting borrowing from

the public ................................................................. 594 88 26 138 120 109 63 54 45 37 33 31

Total, requirement to borrow from the public

(equals change in debt held by the public) ........ 1,970 1,657 1,873 1,809 1,641 1,618 1,666 1,589 1,732 1,812 1,903 2,066

Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation:

Change in debt held by the public ...................................... 1,970 1,657 1,873 1,809 1,641 1,618 1,666 1,589 1,732 1,812 1,903 2,066

Change in debt held by Government accounts .................. 483 197 242 204 212 59 –41 77 –40 –71 –122 –240

Change in other factors ...................................................... 15 1 –* –1 –1 * 1 * –1 –* –1 –*

Total, change in debt subject to statutory limitation .... 2,468 1,855 2,115 2,012 1,852 1,677 1,626 1,667 1,691 1,741 1,781 1,825

Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End of Year:

Debt issued by Treasury ..................................................... 30,818 32,672 34,786 36,798 38,650 40,326 41,951 43,617 45,308 47,049 48,831 50,656

Adjustment for discount, premium, and coverage

........... 51 52 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 56 56 56

Total, debt subject to statutory limitation

................... 30,869 32,724 34,839 36,851 38,703 40,381 42,006 43,673 45,364 47,105 48,887 50,712

Debt Outstanding, End of Year:

Gross Federal debt:

Debt issued by Treasury ................................................. 30,818 32,672 34,786 36,798 38,650 40,326 41,951 43,617 45,308 47,049 48,831 50,656

Debt issued by other agencies ........................................ 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 27

Total, gross Federal debt ............................................. 30,839 32,693 34,808 36,821 38,674 40,351 41,976 43,643 45,334 47,076 48,858 50,683

As a percent of GDP ................................................ 123.4% 124.1% 127.8% 129.5% 130.3% 130.5% 130.4% 130.1% 129.6% 129.0% 128.3% 127.6%

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 169

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt—Continued

(Dollar amounts in billions)

Actual

2022

Estimate

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033

Held by:

Debt held by Government accounts

............................... 6,586 6,783 7,025 7,229 7,441 7,501 7,459 7,537 7,496 7,426 7,304 7,064

Debt held by the public

................................................. 24,252 25,910 27,783 29,592 31,233 32,851 34,517 36,106 37,838 39,650 41,553 43,619

As a percent of GDP .................................................... 97.0% 98.4% 102.0% 104.1% 105.2% 106.3% 107.2% 107.7% 108.2% 108.7% 109.1% 109.8%

Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial Assets:

Debt held by the public ....................................................... 24,252 25,910 27,783 29,592 31,233 32,851 34,517 36,106 37,838 39,650 41,553 43,619

Less ﬁnancial assets net of liabilities:

Treasury operating cash balance

................................... 636 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650

Credit ﬁnancing account balances:

Direct loan and TARP equity purchase accounts ...... 1,339 1,382 1,404 1,538 1,655 1,765 1,829 1,885 1,932 1,970 2,003 2,035

Guaranteed loan accounts .......................................... 45 77 83 88 93 94 94 94 94 94 95 95

Government-sponsored enterprise stock

...................... 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224

Air carrier worker support warrants and notes

.......... 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 4 * ......... .........

Emergency capital investment fund securities ............. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

Non-Federal securities held by NRRIT .......................... 23 22 22 20 19 17 16 15 13 12 11 11

Other assets net of liabilities .......................................... –78 –78 –78 –78 –78 –78 –78 –78 –78 –78 –78 –78

Total, ﬁnancial assets net of liabilities ...................... 2,204 2,291 2,318 2,455 2,575 2,684 2,746 2,800 2,841 2,874 2,907 2,938

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial assets ...... 22,049 23,619 25,465 27,137 28,658 30,167 31,771 33,306 34,997 36,776 38,647 40,681

As a percent of GDP ............................................ 88.2% 89.7% 93.5% 95.4% 96.6% 97.6% 98.7% 99.3% 100.1% 100.8% 101.5% 102.4%

* $500 million or less.

A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of ﬁnancing a deﬁcit and therefore has a negative sign. An increase in checks outstanding (which

is a liability) is also a means of ﬁnancing a deﬁcit and therefore also has a negative sign. More information on the levels and changes to the operating cash balance is available in

Chapter 20, “Federal Borrowing and Debt” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.

Includes checks outstanding, accrued interest payable on Treasury debt, uninvested deposit fund balances, allocations of special drawing rights, and other liability accounts; and, as

an offset, cash and monetary assets (other than the Treasury operating cash balance), other asset accounts, and proﬁt on sale of gold.

Consists mainly of debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank (which is not subject to limit), the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of Treasury notes and bonds

(other than zero-coupon bonds), and the unrealized discount on Government account series securities.

The statutory debt limit is $31,381 billion, as enacted on December 16, 2021.

Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds held by Government accounts are almost all measured at sales price plus amortized discount or less amortized

premium. Agency debt securities are almost all measured at face value. Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less

unrealized discount (if any).

At the end of 2022, the Federal Reserve Banks held $5,634.9 billion of Federal securities and the rest of the public held $18,617.4 billion. Debt held by the Federal Reserve Banks is

not estimated for future years.

Treasury’s warrants to purchase 79.9 percent of the common stock of the enterprises expire after September 7, 2028. The warrants were valued at $4 billion at the end of 2022.

Portions of the notes and warrants issued under the Air carrier worker support program (Payroll support program) are scheduled to expire in 2025, 2026, 2030, and 2031.

171

The following personnel contributed to the preparation of this publication. Hundreds, perhaps

thousands, of others throughout the Government also deserve credit for their valuable contribu-

tions.

OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2024 BUDGET

Lindsay Abate

Bryan Abbe

Allison Abbott

Andrew Abrams

Chandana L. Achanta

Laurie Adams

Jeffrey Adarkwa

Olukayode Adeyemo

Saran Ahluwalia

Shagufta Ahmed

Benjamin Aidoo

Stephanie O. Akpa

Lina Al Sudani

Joseph Albanese

Isabel Aldunate

Erin Cheese Alejandre

Jason Alleman

Katherine S. Aloisi

Aaron Alton

Marc Alvidrez

Samantha Ammons

Michaela Amos

Starlisha Anderson

Rudolph A. Antoncic

Lisa Anuszewski

Alejandra Apecechea

Kristine Arboleda

Rachel Arguello

Alison Arnold

Anna R. Arroyo

Thomas F. Asher

Elham Ashoori

Emily Schultz Askew

Erin K. Auger

Lisa L. August

Jeffrey Auser

Viraj Ayar

Jordan Ayoung

Eileen Baca

Joyce Bai

Drew Bailey

Jessie W. Bailey

Paul W. Baker

Carol A. Bales

Juliana Desiree Balla

Pratik S. Banjade

Carl Barrick

Avital Bar-Shalom

Amy Batchelor

Alicia Beckett

Anya Eloise Bégué

Sarah Belford

Jennifer Wagner Bell

Joseph J. Berger

Danielle Berman

Elizabeth A. Bernhard

Katherine Berrey

Jalen K. Berrian

William Bestani

Samuel J. Black

William M. Blais

Kate Bloniarz

Mathew C. Blum

Tia Boatman

Patterson

Brandon Bodnar

Amira C. Boland

Cassie L. Boles

Melissa B. Bomberger

Charles J. Borges

Alexandra S.

Bornkessel

Matthew Bowen

Andrew Bowers

Michael E. Boyce

William J. Boyd

Thomas J. Bradley

Michael D. Branson

Alex M. Brant

Victoria Bredow

Joseph F. Breighner

Nicholas Brethauer

Andrea M. Brian

Candice M. Bronack

Ashley A. Brooks

Katherine W. Broomell

Dustin S. Brown

Sherry L. Brown-

Wilson

Michael T. Brunetto

Matthew Buck

Tom D. Bullers

Coulton Bunney

Scott H. Burgess

Michael D. Burstein

Sarah E. Burt

Angela S. Burton

John C. Burton

Sean Butler

Dylan W. Byrd

Steven Cahill

Edward A. Calimag

Samuel F. Callahan

Gregory J. Callanan

Cesay Camara

Stephanie Campbell

Amy Canﬁeld

Eric D. Cardoza

Joseph Carlile

Laura Carollo

Kevin Carpenter

Liz Carr

Christina S. Carrere

Scott D. Carson

Corryne C. Carter

Mary I. Cassell

David Cassidy

Trisha Castaneda

Sam P. Cathcart

Stephanie R. Cellini

David Cerrato

Christina Cervantes

Dan Chandler

Alice C. Chang

David Chang

Laura K. Chang

Suzanne Chapman

William W. Chapman

Anthony Chase

James Chase

Nida Chaudhary

Anita Chellaraj

Fonda Chen

Amy Chenault

Douglas G. Cheung

Zachary A. Child

Dana Chisnell

Clarisse Chisum

Sophia Choudhry

Lisa Chung

Michael J. Ciccarone

Alex Ciepley

Jaimie N. Clark

Louise A. Clark

Michael Clark

Christopher Clavin

Sean Coari

Alyssa Cogen

Jordan Cohen

Kristy L. Colbert

Debra M. Collins

Nelson A. Colon

Vargas

Nani Coloretti

Kelly T. Colyar

Tye R. Compton

Jose A. Conde

Christine M. Connolly

David C. Connolly

Kyle Connors

Mary Rose Conroy

Shila R. Cooch

LaTiesha B. Cooper

Nicole Cordan

Drew W. Cramer

Ayana Crawford

Tiffany N. Crawford

William E. Creedon

Jill L. Crissman

172 OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2024 BUDGET

Jefferson Crowder

Albert Crowley

Juliana Crump

Lily Cuk

Pennee Cumberlander

C. Tyler Curtis

Patricia Cusack

Amanda Dahl

Nadir Dalal

Shaibya L. Dalal

D. Michael Daly

Rody Damis

Neil B. Danberg

Elisabeth C. Daniel

Kristy L. Daphnis

Joanne C. Davenport

Kelly Jo Davis

Kenneth L. Davis

Margaret B. Davis-

Christian

Karen De Los Santos

David A. del Cuadro-

Zimmerman

Thomas Delrue

Tasha M. Demps

Paul J. Denaro

Catherine A. Derbes

Christopher DeRusha

Anuj C. Desai

Lyne-Robert Desroches

Lauren D. Deutsch

Selene Diaz

John H. Dick

Jamie Dickinson

Amie M. Didlo

Rachel M. Diedrick

Rachael E. Dietkus

Cle Diggins

Jean Diomi Kazadi

Daniel Dister

Katie Webb Doerge

Angela M. Donatelli

Paul S. Donohue

Cristin Dorgelo

Michelle Dorsey

Tobias A. Dorsey

Prashant Doshi

Celeste Drake

Megan Dreher

Sasha Dresden

Carlton A. Drew

Angela Driscoll

Lisa Cash Driskill

Adrian Drummond

Vanessa Duguay

Mark W. Dumas

Nathaniel Durden

Ryan Durga

Timothy Duschenes

Javier R. Dutan

Dominique M. Duval

Matthew C. Eanes

Maureen E. Earley

Jeanette Edwards

Melissa Eggleston

Matthew Eliseo

Jeffrey M. Elkin

Michelle Enger

Dayne Engler

Diana F. Epstein

Paul R. Eriksen

Jorge Escobar

Celeste Espinoza

Jose A. Estrada

Ramirez

Erica Evans

Gillian Evans

Patrick Evans

Farnoosh Faezi-Marian

Edna Falk Curtin

Hunter Fang

Kara Farley-Cahill

Louis E. Feagans

Agatha Fenech

Matias C. Fernandez

Saverio V. Feudo

Lesley A. Field

Tess E. Fields

Jonathan R. Finch

Sean C. Finnegan

Melanie Fiore

Mary S. Fischietto

John J. Fitzpatrick

Kelsey Fitzpatrick

Ashlie B. Flegel

Cleones Fleurima

Maria Christina J.

Foreman

Mary Frances Foster

Daniel G. Fowlkes

Nicholas A. Fraser

Rob Friedlander

Christopher Froehlich

Carlos A. Fuentes Cruz

Laurel Fuller

Steven Furnagiev

Noha Gaber

Scott Gaines

Anthony Galace

Kelley J. Gallagher

Christopher D.

Gamache

Joseph R. Ganahl

Kyle Gardiner

Mathias A. Gardner

Arpit Garg

Marc Garuﬁ

Anthony R. Garza

Jalyn Gatling

Alex Gaynor

Marc Geller

Anna M. Gendron

Mariam Ghavalyan

Daniel M. Giamo

Carolyn Gibson

Brian Gillis

Janelle R. Gingold

Jacob Glass

Porter O. Glock

Christopher Glodosky

Andrea L. Goel

Joseph H. Goldberg

Jeffrey D. Goldstein

Christopher Gomba

Anthony A. Gonzalez

Oscar Gonzalez

Alex Goodenough

David M. Gratz

Kathryn Green

Aron Greenberg

Elyse F. Greenwald

Robin J. Grifﬁn

Justin Grimes

Hester C. Grippando

Adam A. Grogg

Stephanie F. Grosser

Benjamin Guhin

Kamari Guthrie

Michael B. Hagan

William F. Hamele

Katelyn R. Hamilton

Christine E. Hammer

Rachel Han

Anastasia K. Hanan

John D. Hanna

Anna Hansen

Brian J. Hanson

Jennifer L. Hanson

Dionne Hardy

Jamila Harris

Deidre A. Harrison

Paul Harvey

Homa Hassan

Julian Hasse

Joseph

Hatzipanagiotis

Laurel Havas

Glinda R. Hawkins

Mark Hazelgren

Kelly A. Healton

Paul Heayn

Noreen Hecmanczuk

Gary Hellman

Sherita J. Henderson

Natalie D.

Hengstebeck

Tonya R. Henley-Clark

Catherine M. Hensly

John David Henson

Matthew A. Herb

Mitchel Herckis

Nathalie S. Herman

Jacobo Hernandez

Rachel Hernández

Alexander W. Hertel-

Fernandez

Jeremy S. Herzberg

Michael J. Hickey

Michael Hildner

Amanda M. Hill

Jonathan Hill

W. Frankie Hill

Leni Hirsch

Jennifer E. Hoef

Stuart Hoffman

Anthony Hokayem

Troy Holland

Jayla R. Hollie

Shavonne U. Holman

Javay C. Holmes

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 173

Michele Holt

Antonia M. Holton-

Raphael

Nicholas Holtz

Alexander Hoover

Christopher Hoppel

Abigail Horgan

Benjamin Hosmer

Clinton T. Hourigan

Carolyn Howard

Peter Hoy

Mina Hsiang

Grace Hu

Christine Huanasca

Rhea A. Hubbard

Julia Bickett Hubbell

Kathy M. Hudgins

Thomas Huelskoetter

Shristi Humagai

Shaun Humphrey

Ashley Hungerford

Sally J. Hunnicutt

Alexander T. Hunt

Ginny Hunt

Lorraine D. Hunt

James C. Hurban

Veta Hurst

Tae H. Im

Shelley Irving

Maya Israni

Maia R. Jachimowicz

Alfred Jackson

Theodore R. Jackson

Aryeh Jacobsohn

Daniel Jacobson

Manish Jain

Natasha A. Jamal

Yejin Jang

Joseph C. Jankiewicz

Ames R. Jenkins

Carol Jenkins

Connor Jennings

Juan G. Jimenez

Christopher Johns

Carol Johnson

Michael D. Johnson

Suraju O. Jolaoso

Andre A. Jolivette

Denise Bray Jones

Karianne M. Jones

Lauren H. Jones

Lisa M. Jones

Shannon Maire Joyce

Hursandbek

Jumanyazov

Hee Jun

Jason Kahn

Riyad Kalla

Benjamin J. Kallos

Kosta Kalpos

Jennifer M. Kam

Daniel T. Kane

Daniel S. Kaneshiro

Jacob H. Kaplan

Steven Kappel

Jenifer Liechty

Karwoski

Florence Kasule

Natalie Kates

Jason Kattman

Regina L. Kearney

Andrew Keeney

Mary W. Keller

Natonne E. Kemp

Nancy B. Kenly

Moses Kennedy

Kameron Kerger

Amy J. Kim

Jung H. Kim

Maria Kim

Nathaniel Kim

Rachael Y. Kim

Kelly C. King

Kelly A. Kinneen

Jessica Elizabeth

Kirby

Katherine Klaric

Robert T. Klein

April Kluever

Hank Knaack

Carmen Knight

Ellen Knight

Bobby Kogan

Sreeja Kondeti

Glenn Korman

Clair A. Koroma

Andrea G. Korovesis

Katelyn V. Koschewa

Carolyn M. Kousky

Steven Kovacs

Anneli Faride Kraft

Charles Kraiger

Jennifer O. Kramer

Jessica A. Kratchman

Lori A. Krauss

Harold Krent

Alyssa Kropp

Megan K. Kruse

Steven B. Kuennen

Jennifer J. Kuk

Anshul Kumar

Tara Kumar

Sara Kuncaitis-Wall

Christine J. Kymn

Vincent La

Christopher D. LaBaw

Sherry E. Lachman

Leonard L. Lainhart

Chad A. Lallemand

Kristine Lam

Lawrence L. Lambert

Michael Landry

Katrina M. Langer

Daniel LaPlaca

Eric P. Lauer

Shelby K. Lauter

Jessie L. LaVine

Daniel Lawver

Jessica K. Lee

Susan E. Leetmaa

Stephen Leibman

Bryan P. León

Kerrie Leslie

Ariel Leuthard

John C. Levock-

Spindle

Andrew Lewandowski

Kali M. Lewis

Sheila Lewis

Benjamin Lidofsky

Andrew Lieberman

Jennifer Liebschutz

Jane C. Lien

Ming Ligh

Kristina E. Lilac

Erika Liliedahl

Michael Linden

John E. Lindner

Jennifer M. Lipiew

Adam Lipton

Zachary D. Liscow

Tsitsi Liywalii

Luanne Lohr

Sara R. Lopez

Zuzana Love

Adrienne E. Lucas

Alisa Luu

Kelvin T. Luu

Steven Mackey

Sarah Mackintosh

Ryan MacMaster

Christian MacMillan

Brett Maden

Claire A. Mahoney

Dominic Maione

Bianca Majumder

Courtney E. Mallon

Kendi Malone

Dominic J. Mancini

Retrouvailles

Manishimwe

Emily J. Mann

Noah S. Mann

Iulia Z. Manolache

Christopher Steven

Marcum

Caryn L. Marks

Madeline R. Marquez

Jose M. Martinez

Rochelle Martinez

Nicole Martinez Moore

Clare Martorana

Stephen Massoni

Ankit Mathur

Greg Matiasevich

Kimie Matsuo

Beth Mattern

Jennifer A. Mattingley

Joshua May

Mitzi Mayer

Maxwell R. Mazzocchi

Jessica Rae McBean

Alexander J.

McClelland

John L. McClung

Daniela McCool

Jeremy P. McCrary

Anthony W. McDonald

Christine A. McDonald

Katrina A. McDonald

Renford McDonald

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Benjamin L. McGuire

Lewis A. Mcilwain

Katherine E. McKenna

Michael McManus

Frank McNally

Amy L. McNary-

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William McNavage

Christopher McNeal

Sparkle J. Meadows

Maya Mechenbier

Edward Meier

Barbara A. Menard

Flavio Menasce

Ryan Mercer

Margaret Mergen

P. Thaddeus

Messenger

Lauren Michaels

Daniel J. Michelson-

Horowitz

Brian G. Miguel

Eric Mill

Jason Miller

Kimberly Miller

Leanna M. Miller

Soﬁe Miller

Morgan Mills

Susan M. Minson

Wade A. Minty

Analia Mireles-Beuze

Angela L. Mitchell

Terrance D. Mitchell

Katherine Mlika

Brian Mohr

Elizabeth E. Molle-

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Kirsten J. Moncada

Allyce Moncton

Claire E. Monteiro

Joseph Montoni

Andrea J. Montoya

Julia C. Moore

Natalie Moore

Sarah E. Morningred

Karen M. Moronski-

Chapman

Savannah M. Moss

Austin B. Mudd

Todd Muehlenbeck

Robin McLaughry

Mullins

Tracey C. Mulrooney

Angela Lum Mundi

Ian Munoz

Daenuka

Muraleetharan

Susan R. Murphy

Molly Murray

Paul-Donavon Murray

Christian G. Music

Hayley W. Myers

Heather Myers

Kimberley L Myers

Drew Myklegard

Andrew Nacin

Jeptha E. Nafziger

Larry J. Nagl

Barry Napear

Robert Nassif

Emma Nechamkin

Beverly Nelson

Kimberly Nelson

Michael D. Nelson

Anthony Nerino

Melissa K. Neuman

Golar F. Newby

Travis Newby

Alexander R.S.

Newcome

Joanie F. Newhart

Annie Nguyen

Hieu Nguyen

Ella M. Nicholson

Thomas Nielsen

Yu Ning

Sharanda D. Norman

Greg Novick

Janice M. Nsor

Nagela Nukuna

Tim H. Nusraty

Joseph B. Nye

Erin O’Brien

Christopher M.

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Wayne T. O’Donnell

Michael Ogren

Matthew O’Kane

Cassandra Olson

Kathryn Olson

Brendan J. O’Meara

Jessica L. Ondusko

Matthew Oreska

Kim Ortleb

Karin A. Orvis

Joe Osborne

Timothy F. O’Shea

Jared Ostermiller

James Owens

Leticia C. Oxley

Heather C. Pajak

Sheena Panoor

Farrah N. Pappa

Amy Paris

Deja D. Parks

Breanna L. Parra

Emma Parsons

John C. Pasquantino

Matthew Pastore

Jagir D. Patel

Mira D. Patel

Swati A. Patel

Kareema N. Patton

Brian Paxton

Casey Pearce

Liuyi Pei

Zachary T. Pendolino

Sean Pennino

Falisa L. Peoples-Tittle

Patricia C. Perozo

Michael A. Perz

Sean E. Peters

William C. Petersen

Andrea M. Petro

Amy E. Petz

Stacey Que-Chi Pham

Elizabeth M. Pianucci

Brian Pickeral

Joseph Pipan

Amy Pitelka

Megan Policicchio

Marc A. Poling

Nicholas Polk

Mark J. Pomponio

Ruxandra Pond

Imani Pope-Johns

Larrimer S. Prestosa

Jamie M. Price

Alanna B. Pugliese

Robert B. Purdy

Hannah Pyper

Syeda A. Quadry

Lucas R. Radzinschi

Mary Raglin

Kazi Sabeel Rahman

Sanjiv G. Rao

Zahid Rashid

Houman Rasouli

Johnnie Ray

Alex Reed

Maurice Reeves

Heather Regen

Thomas M. Reilly

Cody Reinold

Bryant D. Renaud

Richard J. Renomeron

William A. Resch

Richard L. Revesz

Kenya Fernanda Reyes

Marta A. Reyes

Kharl Reynado

Keri A. Rice

Natalie Rico

Kyle S. Riggs

Glorimar Ripoll Balet

Jamal Rittenberry

Becci Roberts

Beth Higa Roberts

Tina L. Roberts-Ashby

Sean M. Robertson

Donovan Robinson

Lamar R. Robinson

Whitney R. Robinson

Marshall J. Rodgers

Drew J. Rodriguez

Jose Antonio

Rodriguez-Arroyo

Noah Javan Rofagha

Samantha Romero

Philip R. Romike

Meredith B. Romley

Nichole M. Rosamilia

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024 175

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Jeffrey R. Ross

Alicia Rouault

Rachael M. Roueche

David J. Rowe

Amanda Roy

Brian Rozental

Todd W. Rubin

Diana Rutberg

Erika H. Ryan

Jennifer Saindon

Julianna R. St. Onge

Faisal G. Salad

Adam N. Salazar

John Asa Saldivar

Zohaib Sameer

Mark S. Sandy

Nathan T. Sanﬁlippo

Barbara J. Sanford

Ruth Saunders

Joel Savary

Jason K. Sawyer

Christina Schildroth

Tricia Schmitt

Andrea Schneider

Daniel K. Schory

Vanessa G. Schwartz

Mariarosaria

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Nicholas Sciretta

Kristi Scott

Jasmeet K. Seehra

Owen Seely

Kimberly Segura

Andrew Self

Anna Setzer

Megan Shade

Aditi S. Shah

Vimal Shah

Andrea N.

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Shabnam

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Ishan K. Sharma

Amy K. Sharp

Dionna Sharp

Dianne Shaughnessy

Pooja Shaw

Paul Shawcross

Parag A. Shende

Rachel L. Shepherd

Livia Shmavonian

Gary F. Shortencarrier

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Leticia Sierra

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Kristin A. Simmons

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Trevor A. Simon

Daniel Liam Singer

Eitan Sirkovich

Sarah L. Sisaye

Robert Sivinski

Benjamin J. Skidmore

Evan C. Skloot

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Joseph R. Slaughter

Vanessa R. Sloane

Curtina O. Smith

Jasmine R. Smith

Jennifer Smith

Kendra C. Smith

Matthew Smith

Patrick C. Smith

Stannis M. Smith

Tatiana Y. Smith

Joshua Solomon

Roderic A. Solomon

Timothy Soltis

Ki Suk Song

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Valerie Souffront

Amanda R.K. Sousane

Megan Sowder-Staley

Rebecca L. Spavins

Valeria Spinner

Christopher Spiro

John H. Spittell

Sarah Whittle Spooner

Madhu Sreekumar

Travis C. Stalcup

Scott R. Stambaugh

Andrew H. Stawasz

Nathan A. Steele

Nora Stein

Erica Stephens

Benjamin M. Stern

Meredith Stewart

Aaron M. Stienstra

Ryan Stoffers

Gary R. Stofko

Robert B. Stone III

Conrad D. Stosz

Terry W. Stratton

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Thomas J. Suarez

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Patrick Sullivan

Abe Sussan

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Katherine M. Sydor

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Naomi S. Taransky

Abena S. Tate

Stephanie J. Tatham

Kelly Taylor

Myra L. Taylor

Whitney Teal

Jay F. Teitelbaum

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Parikh

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Emma K. Tessier

Lan H. Thai

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Barbara E. Thomas

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Judith F. Thomas

Kevin J. Thomas

Payton A. Thomas

Will Thomas

Serita K. Thornton

Matthew B. Tibbitts

Parth Tikiwala

Marc Tkach

Thomas Tobasko

Allison C. Toledo

Erika Tom

Gia Tonic

Gil M. Tran

Susanna Troxler

Patrick Trulock

Ariana C. Tuckey

Austin Turner

Regina A.

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Shraddha A.

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Darrell J. Upshaw

Matthew J. Vaeth

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Areletha L. Venson

Alexandra Ventura

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Eileen Vidrine

Merici Vinton

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Megha Vyas

James A. Wade

Lucinda Wade

Shelby Wagenseller

Alex J. Wagner

Brett Waite

Nicole Waldeck

Joseph Waldow

Rachel Wallace

Heather V. Walsh

Gang Wang

Tim Wang

Ben A. Ward

Michelle Ward

Clarence Wardell

Jhavoiya Washington

Gary Waxman

Bess M. Weaver

Daniel Week

David M. Weisshaar

Lillian Welch

Philip R. Wenger

Max West

Rachel E. Westrate

Arnette C. White

Ashley M. White

Curtis C. White

Kim S. White

Sherron R. White

Timothy White

Alison Whitty

Brian A. Widuch

Michael R. Wilkening

Avery D. Williams

Carl Christian

Williams

Sabrina Williams

Ijah A. Wilson

Jamie S. Wilson

Kevin Wilson

Kimberly C. Wilson

176 OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2024 BUDGET

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