2060 KEHING & YUNUS / SLR on LLS for Speaking Skills in a New Learning Environment
Findings
In this section, the most frequently used language learning strategies in learning speaking skills were discussed based on
meta-cognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, social strategies, memory strategies, and
affective strategies.
Meta-cognitive Strategies Used in Learning Speaking Skills
Based on the findings, 28 out of 40 articles found from the search that mentioned meta-cognitive strategies were most
frequently used by language learners for speaking skills (Adi et al., 2019; Alfian, 2021; Alhaysony, 2017; Alihusni et al.,
2018; Altay & Saracaloglu, 2017; Aziz & Shah, 2020; Basalama et al., 2020; Citra & Zainil, 2021; Dawadi, 2017; Dorand,
2020; Grisales & Cruz, 2017; Habok & Magyar, 2018; Hashim et al., 2018; Istiqomah et al., 2019; Khumhom & Taylor,
2019; Kurnia, 2019; Lestari & Fatimah, 2020; Lestari & Wahyudin, 2020; Masbirorotni & Fajaryani, 2020; Muslimin,
2019; Ong et al., 2018; Parnrod et al., 2017; Rianto, 2020; Sitompul et al., 2019; Syafryadin, 2020; Wael et al., 2018;
Wahyuni, 2019; Zakaria et al., 2018). Results were consistent with studies from 2011 until 2014 as reported whereby
meta-cognitive strategies were frequently used (Dawadi, 2017). This indicated that there has not been much difference
in the most frequently used strategies in three years’ gap. Learners who used meta-cognitive strategies were able to self-
monitor their own learning process which means that they can be identified as successful learners (Dawadi, 2017;
Wahyuni, 2019). Learners were able to plan, organize and set goals when learning (Lestari & Fatimah, 2020; Wael et al.,
2018).
In using meta-cognitive strategies, learners are more independent. Learners also are aware of the learning strategies
used when they are in the learning process. They could arrange and plan their learning strategies and self-evaluate their
own performance (Adi et al., 2019; Wael et al., 2018). Independent learners produce good language learners. By
acknowledging them, they could help low achievers to achieve better results.
Cognitive Strategies Used in Learning Speaking Skills
The second most used strategies found in the review was cognitive strategies (Alfian, 2021; Alhaysony, 2017; Aziz &
Shah, 2020; Basalama et al., 2020; Citra & Zainil, 2021; Dawadi, 2017; Dorand, 2020; Grisales & Cruz, 2017; Hashim et al.,
2018; Kurnia, 2019; Mam, n.d.; Marpaung & Widyanotoro, 2020; Masbirorotni & Fajaryani, 2020; Parnrod et al., 2017;
Salam et al., 2020; Saputra & Subekti, 2017; Syamaun et al., 2019; Taheri et al., 2020; Wael et al., 2018; Widhayanti, 2018).
From the search, 20 out of 40 articles mentioned cognitive strategies as the most frequent used strategies for speaking
skills. Learners with cognitive strategies imitate other learners as a strategy in learning. Learners also indicated that this
strategy is associated with the limitations in producing the language (Dawadi, 2017). This might affect introvert learners
as they are not as active as the extrovert learners. Learners also acknowledge the importance of speaking skills to practice
what they have learnt (Altay & Saracaloglu, 2017). Other than that, learners repeat sound to improve on their
pronunciation when learning speaking skills (Wael et al., 2018). Cognitive strategies were used by learners in practicing,
receiving, and sending message, followed by creating sentence structures by taking notes (Salam et al., 2020). In
practicing, learners repeat, practice with sounds and practice naturalistically (Salam et al., 2020). Cognitive strategies
also help learners to enrich their vocabulary (Marpaung & Widyanotoro, 2020).
Compensation Strategies Used in Learning Speaking Skills
The use of compensation strategies was also highlighted in the findings (Alhaysony, 2017; Dawadi, 2017; Dorand, 2020;
Fussalam & Kurniawan, n.d.; Grisales & Cruz, 2017; Lestari & Wahyudin, 2020; Marpaung & Widyanotoro, 2020;
Muslimin, 2019; Salam et al., 2020; Saputra & Subekti, 2017; Syafryadin et al., 2020; Taheri et al., 2020; Wael et al., 2018;
Wahyuni, 2019; Zakaria et al., 2018). 15 out of 40 articles mentioned compensation strategies were the most frequently
used strategies in learning speaking skills. Another study also highlighted compensation strategies as the second most
favored strategies as learners depended on this strategy especially when they need to produce the language (Dawadi,
2017). Compensation strategies help learners to improve their fluency in speaking skills (Marpaung & Widyanotoro,
2020). Syafryadin et al. (2020) found that competent and poor learners both use compensation strategies differently in
delivering intended messages.
Compensation strategies acts as an alternative strategy in guiding learners to overcome difficulties in mastering the
language (Syafryadin et al., 2020). When learners lost for words, they use gestures, mime, or synonym to get the message
across. The findings indicated that learners were aware of their language limitations when they used compensation
strategies in speaking (Wahyuni, 2019).
Social Strategies Used in Learning Speaking Skills
12 out of 40 articles mentioned the use of social strategies as the most often used strategies for speaking skills (Altay &
Saracaloglu, 2017; Basalama et al., 2020; Dorand, 2020; Grisales & Cruz, 2017; Hashim et al., 2018; Istiqomah et al., 2019;
Koc, 2017; Lestari & Wahyudin, 2020; Mam, n.d.; Naaim & Hashim, 2019; Ong et al., 2018; Wael et al., 2018). The tendency
to use social strategies as a strategy for speaking skills started to emerge with the use of technologies in language