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ENGLISH TEACHING FORUM
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americanenglish.state.gov/english-teaching-forum
can also let your students know that when you
raise your right hand, it is a signal to be quiet.
Once they see you raise your right hand, they
should respond by raising their right hands,
too, until everyone is quiet and focused on the
instructor. You can also alter your voice or use
a certain clue phrase, such as “Time to start.”
Speak simply but clearly
When you give instructions, the point is to
make sure your students know what they are
expected to do. This can best be accomplished
by using simplified language common in
instruction-giving, which often includes
imperatives and short sentences. According to
Doff (1988, 227), “most of the language we
need for organizing the class consists of simple
expressions which can be used again and again.”
Avoid difficult colloquial language, challenging
grammatical structures (especially structures
that have not been introduced to students),
and complex jargon. Do not use exceptionally
polite and complicated language, such as “It
would be great if you could possibly open your
books now, if you don’t mind.” Avoid foreigner
talk, the register we use when speaking to
those perceived as nonnative speakers, such
as “All learners—talking to partner—make
conversation” (Thaine 2010, 11). This unnatural
language is not only confusing to students;
it also models incorrect structures that they
might adopt into their own speech (Brown and
Larson-Hall 2012). Aim your instructions to
be a level or two below your students’ current
level (Scrivener 2012) and pause after giving an
instruction, allowing learners time to absorb
the message (Gardner and Gardner 2000;
Proctor 2014; Scrivener 2012).
Model your instructions
Meaning is made clearer through demonstration.
After you give instructions, whenever possible,
model what you want your students to do
(Scrivener 2012; Ur 1996). You can do this
on your own, with a student, with a pair of
students, with a group of students, or with the
whole class. Your choice will, of course, depend
on the activity and your students. If the activity
simply involves question/answer sets, you could
pretend that you are two people, A and B, and
then model one or two question/answer sets in
front of the class. You could also, as Scrivener
(2012) suggests, perform the activity as a think-
aloud monologue whereby you demonstrate the
procedure. For example, “First, I will write five
sentences that describe the picture. Then, I will
exchange papers with my partner. Next, I will
read my partner’s paper.” You can also model
the activity with a student—for example, if
you are practicing a dialogue, you are A and the
student is B—or you can ask a pair of students
to take on the roles of A and B. For activities
that involve group work, you can ask for a group
of volunteers to come to the front of the room
and demonstrate part of the activity for the
whole class. If, for instance, you are going to
play charades in groups, have a group come to
the front and have one student mime an action
while the others guess what it is. If you have a
whole-class activity, you can give an example
using the entire class. For example, if you are
doing a “Find Someone Who … ” activity,
where students try to find other students based
on given information (e.g., finding someone who
likes horror movies), you can tell your class that
you are playing the role of a student, and then
go around asking the question, “Do you like
horror movies?” to individual students until you
find a student who says “Yes.” When you find
that person, ask the student’s name and then
write it down on your paper, following the exact
procedure you expect your students to use.
It is sometimes beneficial to model an activity
in two steps, using yourself first and the
students second. For a question/answer pair-
work activity, first demonstrate alone and then
have two students demonstrate. For the charade
group activity, first tell the class that you are
going to mime an action that they should guess.
Then call the volunteer group to the front and
have one student mime while the others guess.
In most cases, modeling one or two examples
will be sufficient to help students understand
what they are supposed to do. However, when
an activity or procedure is new to students, or
when you are working with students who have
not had much experience with interactive
classroom activities, you might need to give
additional examples and more instruction on
working in pairs or groups.