Technical Notes and Manuals 12/02 | 2012 3
rates is sufficient for meeting the central bank’s objectives, although some central banks also
influence the monetary aggregates more directly.
3
A key feature of the modern framework is therefore the independence of the central bank
with respect to monetary policy. However, the precise nature of this independence varies and
is determined by national constitutional structures and practices. In most countries, govern-
ments retain some responsibilities, such as for the appointment of board or monetary policy
committee members, and possibly a theoretical override.
3
For a summary of the background history and past assessments, see Nunes (1999) and Turner (2011). Blommes-
tein and Turner (2011) note that the financial and economic crisis has also led to some blurring of the line between
public debt management and monetary policy in developed countries. Debt management offices (DMOs) have
operated more extensively at the short end of the yield curve, and central banks have been increasingly active in the
same long government bond markets as DMOs. Even in developed markets therefore there cannot be an unqualified
separation of debt management and monetary policy operations. On the importance of policy coherence, and the
role of an asset-liability management framework in securing it, see Togo (2007).
Box 1: The Importance of High-Level Policy Coherence
The effectiveness of policy decentralization and the credibility of the respective
authorities hinges on the coherence of the overall policy mix. Many countries emphasize
the separation of operational roles between the treasury and the central bank. However,
completely separate policies only work if there are separate policy instruments that
are independent of each other, which may not be the case in emerging market
countries. Thus, financing plans may put an undue strain on domestic monetary policy
operations, or the introduction of a new inflation-linked bond may have implications for
monetary policy. A more specific example, discussed further below, is a central bank’s
issuance of securities in order to absorb liquidity in the money market. The mode in
which central banks accomplish this has implications for the securities market and for
the governments’ own sales of short-term securities. Unless executed in a manner
sensitive to respective objectives, there is a danger of weakening the credibility of the
government’s ability to achieve its policy goals.
Debt/cash management and monetary policy should therefore be integrated into a
broader macroeconomic framework of analysis that ensures a consistent policy mix.
Different countries coordinate their policies in different ways. Some countries have fiscal
responsibility laws that include target or ceiling deficits and debt levels. Many countries
have internal public debt committees (PDCs), or similar arrangements, which facilitate
coordination. These bodies bring together representatives of the main macroeconomic
policy functions to ensure that debt management decisions, and, more generally, asset-
liability decisions, are properly embedded in wider macroeconomic policies. The role of a
PDC or other institutional mechanism is discussed further below. It should be stressed,
however, that the focus of the interaction discussed here is high-level and strategic.
It should not extend to short-term policy decisions, such as treasury involvement in
changes in the central bank’s policy rate, or in the central bank’s involvement in individual
debt issuance decisions. In these cases, operational independence is important.