11
e federal laws that require the distribution of these funds to states are Title I, Title III, and the Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). (See “Federal funds received by Tennessee school districts.”)
States distribute the funds to districts, which then allocate the funds to schools. e funds can be used to
supplement state and local funds for districts but cannot be used to supplant them.
M
English learners
During the 2018-19 school year, six school districts
accounted for about 69 percent of all students classied
as English learners.
N
Two of these districts (Davidson
and Shelby) served almost half (or 48 percent) of
all EL students in Tennessee.
O
For example, within
Metro Nashville, which serves the largest number
(13,701) of EL students in the state, EL students are
not evenly distributed among the schools. In 2018-
19, one elementary school, Tusculum Elementary,
served more EL students (451 students) than 47 other
schools combined, which served a collective total of 417
students. Five schools reported serving no EL students.
Shelby County served approximately 8,000 EL
students, the second highest total number in the state
after Metro Nashville. During the 2018-19 school year,
29 schools in Shelby County reported no EL students
while six schools served almost 20 percent (1,560) of
the district’s 7,950 EL students. Of the 10 schools with the highest percentage of EL students, the per-pupil
amounts range from $10,925 to $14,100.
Economically disadvantaged students
e BEP’s at-risk component provides a specied amount of state funding for each student identied as “at
risk.”
P
e term is also synonymous with another descriptor for students: “economically disadvantaged or ED.”
Q
As explained previously, it is important not to use one single variable to explain why a school spends more or
less than similar schools in the same district. In larger districts with a diverse student population, however,
students’ economic status is an important consideration that may factor into school decisions about spending.
Schools with large populations of poor students may not have access to private sources of fundraising through
M
In general, schools and districts can use Title I funds in ways they deem best to achieve the goals of Title I: to supplement instructional support for students at risk
of educational failure, within certain scal parameters. Districts must be able to verify that each Title I school receives the same amount of state and local funds it
would have received if it did not participate in the Title I program – in other words, districts can supplement but cannot supplant state and local education funds
with federal Title I funds. 20 U.S. Code 6321 (a); 20 U.S. Code 7901.
N
According to federal law, an English Learner student is one “whose diculties in speaking, reading, writing, or understanding the English language may be
sucient to deny the individual the ability to meet the challenging state academic standards, the ability to successfully achieve in classrooms where the language of
instruction is English, or the opportunity to participate fully in society.”
O
Davidson, Shelby, Knox, Hamilton, Rutherford, and Hamblen had 31,174 of the state’s 45,250 EL students in 2018-19 or about 69 percent. Davidson and Shelby
alone had 21,624 EL students (most in Davidson) or about 48 percent of all EL students in the state.
P
At-risk students meet direct certication eligibility guidelines, i.e., a process that allows states and school districts to certify children who are eligible for free meals.
e term “at risk” also refers to students who are homeless, migrant, foster, and runaway students – i.e., students who experience circumstances that make them more
likely to be at risk academically. e amount of funding generated for the at-risk component includes state funds with a required local match. e amount depends
on the scal capacity of the school district.
Q
Tennessee Department of Education, Every Student Succeeds Act: Building on Success in Tennessee, ESSA State Plan, Updated Aug. 13, 2018, p. 68: “e
‘economically disadvantaged students’ subgroup includes all students who are directly certied to receive free lunch without the need to complete the household
application. Homeless, runaway, and migrant children and children from households that receive benets under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), or the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR) are deemed “categorically eligible”
for free school meals and are directly certied.” See https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/education/documents/TN_ESSA_State_Plan_Approved.pdf.
Federal funds received by Tennessee school districts
All Tennessee school districts receive federal Title I, Part
A funds. In scal year 2019, Tennessee’s grant for Title
I, Part A totaled $302,108,622. Shelby County received
the largest Title I, Part A subgrant at $61,147,324,
and Richard City received the smallest at $86,246. All
Tennessee school districts receive Title I funds.
In 2018-19, 66 districts received Title III funding to
support English learners academically.
In 2018-19, all school districts received funds under
the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
to support students with disabilities academically.
Tennessee’s IDEA grant totaled $239,217,149 that
year. Shelby County had the largest subgrant at
$26,488,747, and State Board of Education had the
smallest at $53,954.
Source: Tennessee Department of Education, Annual Statistical
Report, 2018-19, Table 14.