BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE AIR FORCE

BY ORDER OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 11-214

8 JULY 2020

Incorporating Change 1, 15 JUNE 2021

Flying Operations

AIR OPERATIONS RULES AND

PROCEDURES

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at

www.e-publishing.af.mil for downloading or ordering.

RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication.

OPR: ACC/A3TW

Supersedes: AFI11-214, 14 August 2012

Certified by: AF/A3T

(Maj Gen James A. Jacobson)

Pages: 85

This instruction implements Air Force Instruction (AFI) 11-200, Aircrew Training,

Standardization/Evaluation, and General Operations Structure, and provides rules and procedures

for Air-to-Air and Air-to-Surface training. It applies to aircrew, Air Battle Managers (ABM),

Weapons Directors (WD), and Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTACs). This publication does

not apply to the United States Space Force. This instruction applies to all civilian employees and

uniformed members of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard (Note:

Air National Guard is being treated as a Major Command (MAJCOM) for the purposes of this

AFI). This instruction does not apply to Undergraduate Pilot Training or Undergraduate Combat

System Officer Training. Ensure all records generated as a result of processes prescribed in this

publication adhere to Air Force Instruction 33-322, Records Management and Information

Governance Program, and are disposed in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposition

Schedule, which is located in the Air Force Records Information Management System. Refer

recommended changes and questions about this publication through command channels to HQ

ACC/A3TW ([email protected]) using the AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of

Publication. This publication may be supplemented at any level, but all Supplements must be

routed to the OPR of this publication for coordination prior to certification and approval. The

authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are identified with a Tier (“T-

0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See DAFI 33-360, Publications

and Forms Management, for a description of the authorities associated with the Tier numbers.

Tier 2 waivers in this document are delegable to the following: ACC/A3, 19AF/A3, AMC/A3,

AFGSC/A3, ANG/A3, AFRC/A3, AFSOC/A3, PACAF/A3, and USAFE/A3. The waiver

authority for un-tiered requirements in this document is the ACC/A3. Waiver requests should be

Certified Current, 15 JUNE 2021

2  AFI11-214  8 JULY 2020 
submitted through the chain of command to ACC/A3.  The use of the name or mark of any specific 
manufacturer,  commercial  product,  commodity,  or  service  in  this  publication  does  not  imply 
endorsement by the Air Force. 
SUMMARY OF CHANGES 
This interim change revises AF11-214 by (1) eliminating restrictive guidance on the viewing and 
dissemination of cockpit media, by removing paragraph 2.2.5 and sub-paragraphs, (2) updating 
guidance for AC-130s and non-attack rotary wing aircraft, including AFGSC assets under HH-60 
guidance  and  (3)  updating  “KNOCK-IT-OFF”  guidance  by  clarifying  Large  Force  Exercises 
(LFE) versus non-LFE comm procedures, replacing para 3.4.2.1 and adding paragraph 3.4.2.1.1 
and paragraph 3.4.2.1.2. 
 
Chapter 1—INTRODUCTION    5 
1.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   5 
1.2.  Additional References.  Attachment 1 .....................................................................   5 
1.3.  Roles and Responsibilities. ......................................................................................   5 
Chapter 2—GENERAL TRAINING PROCEDURES    6 
2.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   6 
2.2.  Philosophy ...............................................................................................................   6 
2.3.  Check-in and Check-out Procedures. .......................................................................   7 
2.4.  Airspace Control. .....................................................................................................   8 
Table  2.1.  The Continuum of Control. ......................................................................................   9 
2.5.  Scenario Changes. ....................................................................................................   10 
2.6.  Exercises. .................................................................................................................   10 
2.7.  General Air-to-Air Refueling Rules. ........................................................................   11 
Chapter 3—GENERAL TRAINING RULES    12 
3.1.  Introduction. .............................................................................................................   12 
3.2.  Gravity (G)-Awareness Exercise. ............................................................................   12 
3.3.  Briefing and Debriefing Requirements. ...................................................................   12 
3.4.  Knock-It-Off (KIO) and Terminate Procedures.......................................................   12 
3.5.  Communications Jamming Procedures. ...................................................................   14 
3.6.  Chaff, Flare, and Smokey Devil Procedures. ...........................................................   14 
3.7.  Low Altitude Training Rules. ..................................................................................   15 
3.8.  Night Training Rules. ..............................................................................................   15 
3.9.  RPA Training Rules. ................................................................................................   17 

AFI11-214  8 JULY 2020  3 
3.10.  General Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) Training. ............................   17 
Chapter 4—AIR-TO-AIR TRAINING RULES    19 
4.1.  Introduction.   ...........................................................................................................   19 
4.2.  General Air-to-Air Training Rules. ..........................................................................   19 
4.3.  Bomber Aircraft Training Rules. .............................................................................   27 
4.4.  Airlift Aircraft Training Rules. ................................................................................   28 
4.5.  Tanker Aircraft Training Rules. ...............................................................................   28 
4.6.  Special Ops/Rescue Fixed-Wing Aircraft Training Rules .......................................   29 
4.7.  Helicopter Training Rules. .......................................................................................   29 
4.8.  Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) Training Rules. ...................................................   30 
4.9.  Air Defense and Low/Slow Visual Identification (VID) Procedures. .....................   30 
4.10.  Joint Air-to-Air Training Rules. ..............................................................................   32 
Chapter 5—AIR-TO-SURFACE TRAINING    33 
5.1.  Introduction. .............................................................................................................   33 
5.2.  Air-to-Surface Training Missions. ...........................................................................   33 
5.3.  Authorized Employment Patterns. ...........................................................................   35 
5.4.  Air-to-Surface Training Rules. ................................................................................   35 
5.5.  Range Radio Procedures. .........................................................................................   40 
5.6.  Air to Ground Laser Employment. ..........................................................................   41 
5.7.  Night Surface Attack Procedures. ............................................................................   42 
5.8.  Live Ordnance Procedures. ......................................................................................   44 
5.9.  Operations with Naval Ships. ..................................................................................   45 
5.10.  Air Strike Control Procedures. .................................................................................   45 
5.11.  Operations with JSTARS. ........................................................................................   47 
Attachment 1—GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION    48 
Attachment 2—GENERAL COORDINATION AND BRIEFING GUIDE (USE FOR 
FACE-TO-FACE, TELEPHONIC, OR IN-FLIGHT COORDINATION)    58 
Attachment 3—CAS COORDINATION AND BRIEFING GUIDE (USE FOR FACE-TO-
FACE OR TELEPHONIC COORDINATION)    61 
Attachment 4—AIR-TO-GROUND JOINT LIVE FIRE EXERCISE PROCEDURES    64 
Attachment 5—AIR-TO-AIR LIVE FIRE PROCEDURES    67 
Attachment 6—EXAMPLE IMC/VMC WAR CALLS    78 

4 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 5

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. General Information.

1.1.1. MAJCOM Supplements. MAJCOM/direct reporting unit/field operating agency level

supplements to this volume will be coordinated with ACC/A3TW prior to approval and

publishing in accordance with AFPD 11-2.

1.1.2. Waivers. The OPR of this instruction prefers recommendations for changes instead of

waiver requests. Unless explicitly annotated below, the waiver authority for this instruction is

the lead command (ACC) A3. Units should forward requests for waivers through their

command channels to ACC/A3. Exercise directors will brief all participants on waivers prior

to conducting associated activities. All waiver approvals will include an expiration date. (T-

1).

1.2. Additional References. Attachment 1 provides references, adopted forms, abbreviations

and acronyms, and terms used in this publication. A complete list of multi-service and Air Force

(AF) tactics, techniques, and procedures can be found at

https://intelshare.intelink.gov/sites/561jts/SitePages/Home.aspx and http://www.alsa.mil/.

1.3. Roles and Responsibilities. Units should implement training plans, exercises, products,

scenarios, etc. to enable a safe training environment in accordance with instructions laid out in this

publication. Aircrew are required to follow this publication, but does not preclude sound pilot

judgement when encountering situations not clearly defined in this publication.

6 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Chapter 2

GENERAL TRAINING PROCEDURES

2.1. General Information. This chapter provides general procedures applicable to air-to-air and

air-to-surface training missions.

2.2. Philosophy . Successful mission accomplishment demands effective coordination among

all participants to include command authorities, controlling agencies, friendly surface-to-air sites,

and airborne weapons systems. Operation Plans (OPLANs) and Operation Orders (OPORDs) will

provide the foundation for this coordination.

2.2.1. Coordinate missions flown with other commands, services, Contract Air Training

Services (CATS), and foreign nation services in advance. In the event of conflicting guidance,

apply the most restrictive guidance (Training Rules (TRs), operating instructions, etc.) of

participating units.

2.2.2. Contract Air Training Services. When conducting operations with CATS, this

instruction is the standard for training rules. Additionally, Operations Group Commanders or

equivalent must consider their test/training requirements, the capabilities and currencies of

both their assigned and contracted (if applicable) personnel/aircraft, along with the airspace

and environmental factors in order to determine whether more restrictive TRs and procedures

are required than prescribed in this instruction. (T-3). If more restrictive guidance is deemed

necessary by the Operations Group Commander or equivalent, local TRs and procedures will

be published as local guidance and will be distributed to the applicable contract aircrew. (T-

3). For additional guidance with respect to CATS, reference AFI 10-220, Contractor’s Flight

and Ground Operations. (T-3).

2.2.3. The host Air Force unit has operational control of deployed units upon arrival for

training. The host Air Force unit commander:

2.2.3.1. Identifies the program/mission objectives, ensures the safe conduct of operations,

and designates mission commanders for all composite or combined force training. (T-2).

2.2.3.2. Identifies flying training missions based on unit tasking and the experience levels

of participating aircrews. (T-3).

2.2.3.3. Briefs all deployed aircrews on local operating procedures and training areas. (T-

3).

2.2.3.4. Briefs both host and deployed aircrews on participating aircraft characteristics,

dissimilar formation procedures, and other relevant areas. (T-3).

2.2.4. The results of training are unclassified; however, mark and handle training results FOR

OFFICIAL USE ONLY when associated with weapons systems and their tactical capabilities

or deficiencies. (T-2). Refer to appropriate security classification guides for additional

guidance. Headquarters Air Combat Command, Flight Operations and Training Division (HQ

ACC/A3T), is the release authority for all requests of tactics and training data to all non-

Department of Defense agencies.

2.2.5. DELETED

2.2.5.1. DELETED

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 7

2.2.5.2. DELETED

2.3. Check-in and Check-out Procedures. Aircrew will check-in and check-out with the

controlling agency, such as airborne warning and control system (AWACS), Joint Surveillance

and Reconnaissance System (JSTARS), control and reporting center (CRC), Forward Air

Controller Airborne (FAC(A)), air support operations center (ASOC) or JTAC, with the minimum

items described below. (T-2).

2.3.1. Check-in.

2.3.1.1. Pass the following information at initial check-in:

2.3.1.1.1. Call sign and location.

2.3.1.1.2. Authentication (as required).

2.3.1.1.3. Deviations or aborts affecting mission accomplishment.

2.3.1.1.4. Mission or weapons system alibis that affect mission accomplishment.

2.3.1.1.5. Lost link emergency mission location and altitude (Remotely Piloted

Aircraft [RPA] only).

2.3.1.2. The air battle manager (ABM), WD, FAC(A), ASOC and JTAC will accomplish

the following:

2.3.1.2.1. Authentication (as required). (T-2).

2.3.1.2.2. Indicate negative/positive radar contact (if applicable). (T-2).

2.3.1.2.3. If equipped with Identification Friend or Foe/Selective Identification

Feature (IFF/SIF), conduct an IFF/SIF check and advise the aircrew of status “SOUR”

or “SWEET.” (T-2).

2.3.1.2.4. Provide a brief to include location of friendly forces, civilians and no fire

areas. (T-2).

2.3.1.2.5. Pass information pertinent to mission accomplishment. Pass the air

“PICTURE” and surface “LOWDOWN” to include ground order of battle and

electronic order of battle. Do not pass information already in the Air Tasking Order

(ATO)/Airspace Control Order (ACO) unless it requires special emphasis. (T-2).

2.3.1.2.6. Status of Support Assets. At check-in provide the mission commander with

“WORDS” on the status of all packages supporting the mission. (T-2).

2.3.1.2.7. Provide working frequency or net and Time-of-Day (if applicable). (T-2).

2.3.1.2.8. Transfer control to the designated control agency (AWACS, CRC, etc.)

and/or element/ controller, such as the ABM, WD, ASOC, JTAC, FAC(A), etc. (as

applicable). (T-2).

2.3.1.3. The controlling agency/aircrew will provide additional information, as required:

2.3.1.3.1. Available air-to-air armament. State air-to-air armament available by

number of active missiles, number of IR missiles, and gun available (e.g., "2x2xGUN"

for 2 AIM-120, 2 AIM-9, and gun available). (T-2).

8 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

2.3.1.3.2. Available Air-to-Surface armament. (T-2). When air-surface munitions are

directed in the ATO, pass status as “as-fragged” or provide changes to the controlling

agency. Otherwise, when directed, or when mission require a full accounting of

available munitions (e.g., time-sensitive-target tasking, troops-in-contact), pass all

available air-surface munitions. (T-2).

2.3.1.3.2.1. Aircrew checking-in to a Close Air Support (CAS) mission will clearly

identify actual versus simulated weapons load out to the ASOC/FAC(A)/JTAC.

(T-2).

2.3.1.3.2.2. ASOC/FAC(A)/JTAC will provide a read back to the aircrew the

actual weapons load-out. (T-2).

2.3.1.3.3. Mission Update. The control agency (AWACS, CRC) will pass any mission

updates to include updated target coordinates. (T-2).

2.3.1.3.4. Fuel Status. Pass fuel status by indicating the amount of “PLAYTIME” in

minutes the flight has above "BINGO" fuel. (T-2).

2.3.2. Check-out. The controlling agency is responsible for prioritizing aircraft recoveries.

2.3.2.1. During check-out aircrew will contact the controlling agency with the following:

2.3.2.1.1. Call sign, location, and recovery base or recovery request. (T-2).

2.3.2.1.2. If available for additional Air-to-Air or Air-to-Surface tasking, transmit

“PLAYTIME” and ordnance remaining. (T-2).

2.3.2.1.3. Mission results and intelligence (In-flight Report). (T-2).

2.3.2.2. The ABM/WD will, as conditions permit:

2.3.2.2.1. Provide recovery instructions including base status and weather. (T-2).

2.3.2.2.2. Copy and relay in-flight reports and/or weather reports. (T-2).

2.3.2.2.3. Assist in Minimum Risk Route (Safe Passage) procedures. (T-2).

2.4. Airspace Control.

2.4.1. General Information. Effective airspace management and utilization is a shared

responsibility between aircrew and the controlling agency. During training missions, airspace

is generally reserved for only those aircraft participating in the training. As aircrew, ABMs,

WDs, ASOCs, and JTACs transition to combat operations, airspace allocation is determined

by the ACO, mission priorities, and airspace needs of multiple users.

2.4.2. Commit Criteria . The commit is a coordinated effort between aircrew, Tactical

Command and Control’s (Tac C2) ABM/WDs, and the Area Air Defense Commander (through

the senior air defense officer [SADO] and/or regional air defense center [RADC]). Authorities,

responsibilities, and procedures are governed by published OPORDs, OPLANS, command

authority, Rules of Engagement (ROE), Special Instructions (SPINS), commit criteria, and

force commander’s directions.

2.4.2.1. Tac C2 initiates a “COMMIT” when on- or off-board sensors identify the

adversary has met pre-defined criteria. When informed of a “COMMIT” by Tac C2, the

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 9

flight lead will acknowledge by directing the flight to “COMMIT” or advise Tac C2

“NEGATIVE COMMIT” and state the reason. (T-2).

2.4.2.2. Aircrew initiate a “COMMIT” when on- or off-board sensors identify the

adversary has met pre-defined criteria. When the aircrew initiates a “COMMIT” the flight

lead will inform the ABM/WD and provide target information. (T-2).

2.4.3. Continuum of Control. The continuum of control is grouped into five levels: close,

tactical, broadcast, advisory, and autonomous. Transition between levels of control may occur

rapidly and continuously throughout the mission. The continuum allows maximum use of

aircrew and ABM/WDs’ situational awareness (SA) while minimizing missed opportunities.

Table 2.1 shows the Continuum of Control.

Table 2.1. The Continuum of Control.

Control

Tactical

Control

Broadcast

Control

Advisory

Control

Autonomous

Operations

Target and commit information

provided to specific flights

Target information

provided but not to

specific flights

Radar target

information not

available and not

provided

Communication not

available

Vectors and

altitude

Aircrew responsible for tactical positioning

2.4.3.1. Close Control. The ABM/WD is responsible for vectors, intercept geometry, and

altitude deconfliction.

2.4.3.2. Tactical Control. Tactical control enables the maximum use of aircrew and

ABM/WD radar, communication, and SA to accomplish the mission. It is the standard

employment level for the execution of training missions and employs informative,

comparative, and directive communications.

2.4.3.2.1. Aircrew will structure communications to support SA of all participants.

Call sign usage is critical to mission success. (T-2).

2.4.3.2.2. ABM/WDs will keep aircrew informed about all situations affecting their

mission or execution through clear and concise communications. (T-2).

2.4.3.3. Broadcast Control. Broadcast control is a means for ABM/WDs to support air

operations in a covert or saturated environment. ABM/WDs provide informative

communications primarily to pass target information to multiple missions by referencing a

designated location.

2.4.3.4. Advisory Control. The controlling agency uses advisory control when they lose

radar capability. ABM/WDs may use procedural control to manage airspace allocation

depending on the controller’s training and certification, and published

procedures/restrictions.

2.4.3.5. Autonomous Operations. Autonomous operations occur when the aircrew cannot

receive information or guidance from Tac C2 or the controlling agency. During

10 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

autonomous operations that are not pre-planned, both aircrew and Tac C2/controlling

agency will attempt to re-establish communications. (T-2).

2.4.4. Methods of Airspace Control. ABMs, WDs, FAC(A)s, ASOCs, and JTACs use

positive or procedural methods to control and deconflict airspace between participating

aircraft, between aircraft and surface fires/missions, and between participating and non-

participating aircraft.

2.4.4.1. The method of airspace control is dictated by system capabilities,

pilot/ABM/WD/ASOC/JTAC training/certification, and requirements published in the

Airspace Control Plan (ACP), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Control

(ATC) regulations, host nation Aeronautical Information Publications, SPINS, and/or other

governing documents.

2.4.4.1.1. Procedural control methods depend on adherence to published procedures

with real-time changes directed by the controlling agency based on mission

requirements, weather, and competing/conflicting requirements.

2.4.4.1.2. Positive control methods rely on radar, other sensors, tactical data links, and

transponder usage to positively identify, track and direct air assets.

2.4.4.2. Tac C2 focus for airspace control is safety of all users through the application of

deconfliction methods. Tac C2 does not provide standard ATC services as defined by

FAA/ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) or host nation rules.

2.4.4.3. During Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), aircrew must use all available

sensors to clear their flight path utilizing see and avoid procedures.

2.4.4.4. ABM/WD/ASOC/FAC(A)/JTACs will use all available radar, data link, and other

sensors to provide SA to aircraft under their control, and should communicate to aircrew

when no longer able to provide positive control and deconfliction due to limited radar

coverage or task saturation. (T-2).

2.5. Scenario Changes. Before the "FIGHT'S-ON" call (or “vulnerability” start time), exercise

directors, mission commanders, and ABM/WDs will notify and receive acknowledgment from all

aircrew for any scenario changes affecting safety of flight (e.g., airspace changes, weather in

working area, block changes, altimeter setting). (T-2).

2.6. Exercises. The following instructions apply to major exercises including, but not limited to,

Flag Exercises, Operational Readiness Inspections, and composite force training exercises:

2.6.1. Special Instructions (SPINS). Exercise directors will publish and brief SPINS unique

to their exercise. (T-2).

2.6.2. Qualifications. Commanders will ensure that exercise participation is limited to those

events that aircrew and ABM/WDs are qualified to perform. (T-2). Mission Commander and

other upgrades may be accomplished in a major exercise with appropriate supervision.

2.6.3. Briefing Requirements. Exercise directors will brief participants unfamiliar with this

instruction to ensure they know and understand the TRs. (T-2). For additional Joint Live Fire

Exercise briefing requirements, refer to Attachment 4. Exercise directors will also publish

modifications to TRs in the exercise planning document to accommodate differences in TRs.

(T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 11

2.6.4. Pre-Mission Briefings (See paragraph 3.3 for additional Air-to-Air TRs briefing

requirements):

2.6.4.1. Pre-mission briefings will include the applicable portions of the TRs and exercise

SPINS. (T-2).

2.6.4.2. The mission commander, flight lead, squadron/wing supervisor, or weapons

officer will conduct daily telephonic mission briefs, e-mail, and/or video teleconference

with participating units in exercises when operational constraints make it impractical for

face-to-face briefings. (T-2). This wing supervisor does not need to be flying in the

mission, but must be a fully knowledgeable exercise participant. (T-2).

2.6.5. Separation of Aircraft. Exercise directors and mission commanders will develop and

implement deconfliction plans that provide adequate separation of participating aircraft. (T-

2). Use any combination of time, space (assigning specific geographical areas to flights), or

altitude blocks to deconflict participating aircraft. (T-2).

2.7. General Air-to-Air Refueling Rules.

2.7.1. ABM/WDs and aircrew will refer to:

2.7.1.1. MDS specific checklist. (T-2).

2.7.1.2. The applicable Air Force Manual (AFMAN) series 11-2, Volume 3, Operations

Procedures. (T-2).

2.7.1.3. The applicable Air Force series Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (AFTTP) 3-

3. (T-2).

2.7.1.4. Allied Technical Publication (ATP) 3.3.4.2, Air to Air Refueling, for detailed

information with regard to Air-to-Air Refueling. (T-2).

2.7.2. Air-to-Air Refueling Communications. Emission control (EMCON) procedures

must be tailored to receiver and tanker proficiency and flight safety. (T-2). In addition to the

guidance provided here, minimized radio transmissions between command and control, the

receivers, and the tankers will be conducted in accordance with ATP-3.3.4.2. (T-2).

12 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Chapter 3

GENERAL TRAINING RULES

3.1. Introduction. This chapter provides general training rules and procedures for day, night, and

low altitude operations.

3.2. Gravity (G)-Awareness Exercise. As a minimum, conduct a G-awareness exercise. (T-1).

3.2.1. For aircraft requiring a G-suit, anytime aircrew plan or are likely to maneuver above

five Gs during the mission. (T-1). For aircraft not requiring a G-suit, anytime aircrew plan or

are likely to maneuver above four Gs during the mission. (T-1).

3.2.2. Maintain a minimum of 6,000 feet between aircraft during the G-awareness exercises.

3.3. Briefing and Debriefing Requirements.

3.3.1. Briefings and debriefings should take place in the following order of priority: 1) Face

to face; 2) Telephonic or electronic; 3) Airborne.

3.3.2. As a minimum, face-to-face, telephonic and electronic briefings will cover the items in

the General Coordination briefing guide in Attachment 2 or the CAS coordination and briefing

guide in Attachment 3. For electronic briefings, confirm that the briefing is received and

understood by the recipient. (T-2).

3.3.3. Flight debriefings will critically assess mission execution and offer solutions to

problems encountered. (T-2).

3.4. Knock-It-Off (KIO) and Terminate Procedures. Use KIO or Terminate procedures to

direct aircraft or aircrew to stop engagements, scenarios and tactical maneuvering. (T-2).

3.4.1. KIO Procedures. A KIO call ceases all tactical maneuvering and ends the overall

scenario. Use KIO procedures for the following:

3.4.1.1. If safety of flight is a factor.

3.4.1.1.1. A dangerous situation is developing.

3.4.1.1.2. An unbriefed or unscheduled flight enters the working area and is

detrimental to the safe conduct of the mission.

3.4.1.1.3. Weather below minimums required to safely conduct the scenario.

3.4.1.1.4. Aircraft malfunctions affecting safety of flight.

3.4.1.1.5. Loss of SA.

3.4.1.2. When Desired Learning Objectives (DLOs) either are met or are unattainable for

an entire scenario.

3.4.1.3. Scenario may be restarted with a “FIGHT’S ON” call.

3.4.2. Once a "KNOCK-IT-OFF" is called, all participating aircraft will:

3.4.2.1. Acknowledge with call sign in roll call fashion.

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 13

3.4.2.1.1. If participating in a Large Force Exercise (LFE) flight leads will

acknowledge KIO on the primary frequency. (T-2). Flight members will acknowledge

the call on the interflight frequency. (T-2).

3.4.2.1.2. If not executing an LFE, all aircraft will respond in a roll call fashion on the

primary frequency. (T-2).

3.4.2.2. Cease tactical maneuvering and end the scenario. (T-2).

3.4.2.3. Deconflict flight paths and climb/descend to a safe altitude, block, or as briefed.

(T-2).

3.4.2.4. Address any problems/issues and obtain verbal clearance from the flight

lead/mission commander/exercise director/representative before resuming/resetting the

scenario. (T-2).

3.4.3. TERMINATE procedures. A TERMINATE ceases all tactical maneuvering with the

terminating aircraft or within a specific portion of a larger scenario.

3.4.3.1. Use TERMINATE procedures when safety of flight is not a factor, and in the

following cases:

3.4.3.1.1. Reaching BINGO fuel. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.2. DLOs are met or are unattainable for a local engagement within a larger

scenario. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.3. Training rules or other limits met (e.g., 180-degrees turn). (T-2).

3.4.3.1.4. Exceeding area boundaries. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.5. Below minimum altitude or within minimum range, but when safety is not

compromised. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.6. Below 5,000 feet Above Ground Level (AGL), airspeed is below MDS

minimum, and within visual range (defined as < 5 nautical miles [NM]) of adversary.

(T-2).

3.4.3.2. Initiate “TERMINATE” procedures with a wing rock or transmit "TERMINATE"

when conditions are not appropriate for a wing rock (night/weather, own-ship parameters

will not allow, etc.). (T-2). When calling “TERMINATE” anchor position geographically

or with a bullseye reference ("(Callsign), TERMINATE south fight" or "(Callsign),

TERMINATE fight, BULLSEYE 180/10)”. (T-2). Use amplifying information if

necessary (altitude, type aircraft, and geographical feature). (T-2).

3.4.3.3. If “TERMINATE” is called within a large scenario, radio acknowledgments (in

roll call fashion) are not required; however, all affected element leads must ensure

compliance. All participating aircraft within visual range (defined as < 5 NM) of a

terminated fight, whether passed via a radio call or wing rock will:

3.4.3.3.1. Cease tactical maneuvering with the terminating aircraft, group of aircraft,

or as specified in the terminate call. (T-2).

3.4.3.3.2. Deconflict flight paths and climb/descend to a safe altitude, blocks or as

briefed. (T-2).

14 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

3.5. Communications Jamming Procedures.

3.5.1. Exercise directors will brief restricted frequencies to include taboo, protected and

guarded frequencies to all personnel directly associated with communication jamming

missions (aircrew, ABMs/WDs, EWOs, jammers, JTAC) with emphasis placed on safety

frequencies. Accomplish communication jamming only in tactical training areas. (T-2).

3.5.2. Preface all transmissions required for safety (e.g., weather changes, airspace

advisories), with "SAFETY, SAFETY." Upon hearing this call all jammers on the frequency(s)

will cease jamming to allow the transmission. (T-2).

3.5.3. Transmit "KNOCK-IT-OFF" when situations develop that meet paragraph 3.4.1 as a

result of communication jamming. (T-2).

3.5.4. Any person employing communications spoofing will not use terms with safety

implications (e.g., "KNOCK-IT-OFF," "CHATTERMARK," or "SAFETY") as

communication jamming tactics. (T-2).

3.5.5. Do not conduct communication jamming on Guard or any pre-designated safety

frequency. (T-0).

3.5.6. In training, do not conduct communication jamming that would affect the following

activities:

3.5.6.1. Air-to-Air refueling. (T-2).

3.5.6.2. Actual personnel or cargo air drops. (T-2).

3.5.6.3. Aircraft in distress. (T-2).

3.5.6.4. Aircraft in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) conditions. (T-2).

3.5.6.5. Live ordnance delivery missions. (T-2).

3.6. Chaff, Flare, and Smokey Devil Procedures.

3.6.1. Arm chaff, flare, and Smokey Devil systems only in an approved airspace. (T-2).

3.6.2. Smokey Devil or Flare Employment.

3.6.2.1. Aircrew may employ flares or Value Engineering Change Proposal Smokey

Devils (VECP SD) when operating over government-owned-or-controlled property

(including over-water warning areas). Aircrew will make every attempt to verify current

fire conditions prior to employment. (T-2). If unable to verify current fire conditions,

aircrew will adhere to the most restrictive fire hazard procedures until a less restrictive

update is received. Use the following minimum altitudes:

3.6.2.1.1. No fire hazard: Aircrew may employ down to their minimum altitude unless

a higher altitude is specified in range regulations. (T-2).

3.6.2.1.2. Fire hazard: According to applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3

directives or range regulations, whichever is most restrictive. Smokey Devils

employment is limited to 500 feet AGL. (T-2).

3.6.2.2. VECP SD minimum altitude for employment is 300 feet. (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 15

3.6.2.3. Aircrew may employ flares and VECP SD in a non-government owned or

controlled training area (e.g., Military Operations Areas (MOA), Military Training Routes)

only if the training area has an approved AF Form 813, Request For Environment Impact

Analysis. Aircrew must contact the local airspace manager for information. In training

areas over non-government-owned or -controlled property, minimum flare employment

altitude is 2,000 feet AGL unless specified otherwise in governing regulations. (T-1).

Outside the U.S. refer to host nation rules governing the employment of flares. (T-0).

3.6.3. When employing chaff in the U.S. and Canada, refer to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

Of Staff Manual (CJCSM) 3212.02E, Performing Electronic Attack in the U.S. and Canada

for Tests, Training, and Exercises; FAA Handbook; and AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1, Range

Planning and Operations. (T-0). Outside the U.S. and Canada, refer to host nation rules

governing the employment of chaff. (T-0).

3.7. Low Altitude Training Rules.

3.7.1. Maneuvering transition to low altitude. (N/A for helicopters) Maximum dive angle

during maneuvering flight below 5,000 feet AGL is the lesser of 45 degrees or one percent of

AGL altitude (e.g., 40 degrees nose low at 4,000 feet AGL, 30 degrees nose low at 3,000 feet

AGL). Reduce dives starting above 5,000 feet AGL to 45 degrees or less before passing 5,000

feet AGL. (T-2).

3.7.2. Adhere to low altitude guidance in accordance with the applicable AFMAN series 11-

2, Volume 3.

3.7.3. FTU HC/MC-130Js will adhere with the following minimum altitude restrictions when

a student pilot is in either seat: Day Threat Penetrations – 200’ AGL, Night Threat Penetrations

– 300’ AGL. (T-2).

3.8. Night Training Rules. This section adds additional night TRs applicable to both Air-to-Air

and Air-to-Surface night training.

3.8.1. Day, Night, and Civil Twilight Procedures. Use day rules and procedures (training)

during civil twilight (defined in the air almanac or flight weather briefing). (T-2). Use night

or weather procedures when adverse conditions exist during civil twilight. (T-2).

3.8.2. Night Lighting and Illumination.

3.8.2.1. Aircraft Lighting Category Definitions. (Note: These definitions do not relieve

aircrew from complying with AFMAN 11-202V3, Flight Operations, aircraft lighting

requirements).

3.8.2.1.1. Full-up: Normal aircraft lighting in accordance with AFMAN 11-202V3,

and any applicable waivers.

3.8.2.1.2. Reduced: any lighting configuration other than full-up, normal lighting.

3.8.2.1.2.1. Covert: Night lighting visible through Night Vision Goggles (NVGs)

but not visible to the naked eye.

3.8.2.1.2.2. Lights-out: All external lights off.

3.8.2.2. Comply with the appropriate syllabus limitations for student training. (T-2). In

addition, units must:

16 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

3.8.2.2.1. Brief all participants. (T-3).

3.8.2.2.2. Operate only within authorized areas (per agreement with local airspace

controlling agencies). (T-0).

3.8.2.2.3. Advise the appropriate airspace controlling agencies before commencing

lights out activities to ensure passing of advisories to nonparticipating aircraft. (T-0).

Note: This is not required for operations below 500 feet above ground level.

3.8.2.2.4. Establish procedures to halt reduced or light-out operations when a potential

conflict or emergency occurs. (T-0).

3.8.2.3. Illumination Levels.

3.8.2.3.1. High Illumination (HI) is defined as illumination, derived from natural or

artificial sources, of 2.2 millilux or greater, unless defined otherwise in the applicable

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 instructions.

3.8.2.3.2. Low Illumination (LI) is defined as less than 2.2 millilux, unless defined

otherwise in the applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 instructions.

3.8.2.3.3. In aircraft not equipped with in-flight illumination measuring devices, the

flight lead or individual pilot is the final determining authority to assess actual

illumination for a particular mission element based on visibility and terrain

features/resolution. Missions planned for HI may transition to LI TRs in-flight

depending upon weather, moon rise/set, artificial illumination, etc. Missions may not

transition from LI mission to HI TRs unless the actual conditions permit (i.e., greater

than 2.2 millilux), and the HI mission was both planned for and briefed. (T-2).

3.8.3. Minimum Altitude. The minimum altitude at night is Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA),

Terrain Following/Terrain Avoidance (TF/TA), or NVG minimum altitude as appropriate.

MQ-9/Special Operations/Airlift/Rescue aircraft may operate below the MSA according to the

applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3.

3.8.3.1. NVG minimum altitude.

3.8.3.1.1. With HI, the minimum altitude for NVG (non -TF/TA) operations is 1,000

feet AGL. (T-2).

3.8.3.1.2. With LI, the minimum altitude for NVG operations is the MSA. (T-2).

3.8.3.2. Aircraft conducting TF/TA operations with NVGs may use the lower of the two

minimum altitudes.

3.8.4. NVG Mission Planning and Considerations.

3.8.4.1. Mission Planning.

3.8.4.1.1. NVG pre-mission planning will be accomplished using a DoD-approved

light level-planning program. (T-2).

3.8.4.1.2. If ambient illumination is low and artificial illumination is planned to

enhance the mission, a "no flares/artificial illumination" back-up option will be briefed.

(T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 17

3.8.4.1.3. (N/A for helicopters) All flights will plan LI and no-NVG back-up options.

(T-2).

3.8.4.1.4. Brief factors affecting NVG use to include current and forecasted weather,

illumination, terrain, and physiological considerations. (T-2).

3.8.4.2. Considerations.

3.8.4.2.1. When only portions of participating aircraft are NVG-equipped, inter-flight

deconfliction will be accomplished using visible lighting or positive altitude/area

deconfliction. All aircraft will halt any reduced (covert or lights-out) lighting

operations when a "KNOCK-IT-OFF" occurs until positive separation of aircraft is

achieved. (T-2).

3.8.4.2.2. Failure of any portion of the NVGs requires an immediate transfer to

instruments and establishment of non-NVG procedures. Resume NVG operations only

after correcting the NVG malfunction. (T-2).

3.9. RPA Training Rules.

3.9.1. Deconfliction. Prior to establishing radio/radar/data link/visual contact, manned

aircraft will maintain a minimum of 1,000 feet vertical or 5 NM lateral separation from RPA’s

expected altitude block or orbit point. (T-2).

3.9.1.1. After contact has been established, aircraft will maintain 1,000 feet vertical

separation and may reduce lateral separation to 2 NM. (T-2).

3.9.1.2. When maintaining both radio and visual contact, aircraft may reduce separation

to a 1,000 feet bubble.

3.9.2. Lost Link.

3.9.2.1. Manned aircraft will assume RPA Lost Link when previously established

communications are lost. (T-2).

3.9.2.2. Upon notification of RPA Lost Link or communication is lost with RPA, manned

aircraft will increase separation based upon monitoring systems available and associated

deconfliction described in paragraph 3.9.1. (T-2).

3.9.2.3. RPA crew will notify the controlling agency that they are “LOST LINK.” (T-2).

3.9.2.4. Controlling agency will notify all applicable players of RPA “LOST LINK.” (T-

2).

3.9.3. Multi-Flight attacks. Aircraft run-in heading and egress will be planned to maintain

separation from RPA in accordance with paragraph 3.9.1. (T-2).

3.10. General Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) Training.

3.10.1. IMC Operations . These maneuvering limitations are for all aspects of training (air-

to-air and air-to-ground). Reference paragraph 4.2.9 and paragraph 5.4.1 for additional IMC

training rules.

3.10.2. If IMC training is a possibility, aircrew will include IMC maneuvering restrictions

during the brief. (T-2).

18 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

3.10.3. Aircrew will only conduct IMC training above 5,000 feet AGL or the MSA, whichever

is higher. (T-2). Exception: AFSOC, units under AFSOC oversight, or AFSOC-gained

aircraft conducting IMC intercept training above 3,000 feet AGL may maneuver up to the

limitations specified for the LIMITED maneuvering category. When conducting IMC

intercept training below 3,000 feet AGL, AFSOC, units under AFSOC oversight, or AFSOC-

gained aircraft are limited to the RESTRICTED maneuvering category. (T-2).

3.10.4. If unable to maintain the weather requirement for VMC operations, aircrew will adhere

to the IMC restrictions outlined below. (T-2). If the bank/pitch limits are inadvertently

exceeded, pilots will TERMINATE tactical maneuvering in their aircraft and recover to within

the prescribed limits (T-2). Once back within limits, tactical maneuvering may resume.

3.10.5. Experienced Aircrew Restrictions:

3.10.5.1. Aircrew will use a maximum of 90 degrees of bank and 30 degrees of pitch

during all phases of training. (T-2).

3.10.5.2. With Operations Group Commander Approval, experienced aircrew may

execute the following:

3.10.5.2.1. When executing Outs, Aborts, and Exits (normal Air-to-Air and Surface-

to-Air timeline maneuvers), aircrew will use a maximum of 135 degrees of bank and

30 degrees of pitch for no more than 180 degrees of turn (based on the heading at the

initiation of the maneuver). (T-3).

3.10.5.2.2. When executing Surface-to-Air threat reactions, aircrew will use a

maximum of 135 degrees of bank and 30 degrees of pitch. Additionally, aircrew will

use a maximum of three heading reversals not to exceed ±90 degrees from the heading

at the initiation of the threat reaction. (T-3).

3.10.5.2.3. Upon completion of the maneuver, and prior to any further maneuvering,

aircrew will return to a 0 degrees pitch / 0 degrees bank (wings level attitude) in order

to reorient themselves with the horizon. (T-3).

3.10.5.2.4. Note: Air-to-Air RESTRICTED maneuvering limitations take precedence

over this section (see paragraph 4.2.6.4).

3.10.6. Non-Experienced Aircrew Restrictions.

3.10.6.1. Aircrew will use a maximum of 90 degrees of bank and 15 degrees of pitch

during all phases of training. (T-2).

3.10.6.2. FTU students will use a maximum of 60 degrees of bank and 15 degrees of pitch

during all phases of training. (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 19

Chapter 4

AIR-TO-AIR TRAINING RULES

4.1. Introduction. This chapter provides rules that apply to all maneuvering categories of Air-

to-Air training unless otherwise specified.

4.2. General Air-to-Air Training Rules.

4.2.1. Airspace. Conduct training within designated airspace. Both aircrew and ABM/WDs

share joint responsibility for avoiding lateral spill-outs. (T-2). It is the aircrew responsibility

to avoid vertical spill-outs. Accomplish supersonic flight only in designated areas and ensure

its documented in accordance with AFI 13-201, Airspace Management. Units will develop

and publish local procedures to ensure an airspace buffer exists between concurrent, vertically

separated missions (such as low altitude training occurring below air combat training). (T-2).

4.2.2. Communications. Basic procedures are in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. The following

additional procedures apply to Air-to-Air training:

4.2.2.1. Aircrew will acknowledge all ABM/WD airspace and safety related calls. (T-2).

4.2.2.2. ABM/WD procedures:

4.2.2.2.1. Advise aircrew of the bearing, range, heading, and altitude (if available) of

previously unreported aircraft within 10 miles that are a potential hazard. (T-2).

4.2.2.2.2. Advise aircrew when the controlling agency cannot support a minimum of

broadcast control. In this situation only continue an engagement if the aircrew can

provide safe separation. (T-2).

4.2.2.2.3. Advise aircrew when they approach airspace boundaries (3 NM for fighters

and 5 NM for non-fighters) or as directed by the ATC agency. (T-2).

4.2.2.2.4. Provide other pertinent information (e.g., airspace changes, weather in

working area, system degradation). (T-2).

4.2.2.3. If using separate frequencies for opposing forces, ABMs, WDs, and/or Range

Training Officers (RTOs) must have simultaneous monitor and broadcast capability on

each working frequency. (T-2). ABMs/WDs and/or RTOs will immediately pass all

“KNOCK-IT-OFFs”, “TERMINATEs” and safety of flight information to all participating

aircraft. (T-2).

4.2.3. Live Air-to-Air Missile Carriage.

4.2.3.1. Do not fly with live Air-to-Air missiles in peacetime, except under the following

circumstances:

4.2.3.1.1. Air defense alert aircraft, to include changeover sorties. (T-2).

4.2.3.1.2. Weapon System Evaluation Program (WSEP) and Operational Test and

Evaluation programs (reference Attachment 5). (T-2).

4.2.3.1.3. Aircraft flown following generation exercises. (T-2).

4.2.3.1.4. As authorized by MAJCOM/A3 (or equivalent), service directives, or

OPLAN tasking. Note: Waiver for non-USAF service directives is (T-0).

20 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

4.2.3.2. The following requirements apply to authorized carriage of live Air-to-Air

missiles for other than WSEP firings: (T-2).

4.2.3.2.1. Aircrew will make a "WEAPONS SAFE" call upon initial check-in and

before each setup following a KIO or terminate. Check the master arm switch in the

SAFE, SIM/TRAIN, OFF, or equivalent position, and use the weapons panel or Heads

Up Display (HUD) to verify Weapons Safe. (T-2).

4.2.3.2.2. Do not simulate weapons employment, squeeze trigger or depress the pickle

button. (T-2).

4.2.3.2.3. Maximum maneuvering category is LIMITED. (T-2).

4.2.3.2.4. Do not use the terms “HOSTILE” or “KILL” at any time unless

acknowledging a kill call. (T-2).

4.2.4. Simulated Gun/Missile/Laser Employment.

4.2.4.1. To prevent inadvertent firings when simulating gun employment ensure the

following:

4.2.4.1.1. Have no ammunition loaded or safe the gun according to the applicable –34

Series Technical Orders (T.O.s), or comply with the applicable AFMAN series 11-2,

Volume 3 guidance. (T-0). Only A-10 aircraft may simulate gun employment with a

gun that is not safe. (T-0). Adhere to procedures outlined in AFMAN 11-2A-10C,

Volume 3, A-10C - Operations Procedures. (T-0).

4.2.4.1.2. Perform a trigger check (trigger squeeze) before simulated gun employment.

(T-2).

4.2.4.2. To train or simulate missile employment with a gun that is not safe in accordance

with –34 Series T.O.s, accomplish all of the following:

4.2.4.2.1. Load no live missiles. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.2. Place the master arm switch in the SAFE, SIM/TRAIN, OFF, or equivalent

position. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.3. Verify the weapons panel or HUD display SAFE, SIM, OFF, or equivalent

position. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.4. Do not squeeze the gun trigger. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.5. Do not conduct basic fighter maneuver training (A-10 exempt). (T-2).

4.2.4.3. Air-to-Air Laser Employment.

4.2.4.3.1. Combat Air-to-Air lasing above the horizon must be coordinated through the

JFCC-Space/J95 Laser Clearing House (LCH) (DSN 275-6565) in accordance with

Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 3100.11, Management of Laser

Illumination of Objects in Space and U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM)

Instruction 534-12, Laser Deconfliction Process (T-0). At present time, there are no

aircraft-mounted combat laser systems in the inventory that have LCH approval or

waiver for lasing above the horizon. The AN/AAQ-33 SNIPER Advanced Targeting

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 21

Pod and the AN/AAQ-28 LITENING Advanced Targeting and Navigation Pod are

approved to operate above the horizon in the eye safe training mode only.

4.2.4.3.2. Combat Laser Setting for Air-to-Air Employment. Laser-equipped aircraft

are prohibited from using a combat laser setting during peacetime training missions

unless the Operation Group (or equivalent) Commander specifically approves use for

a training exercise, test, or WSEP. Unit will contact and abide by current guidelines

established by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)/RHDO Range Certification

Team. (For Air-to Ground Laser Employment see paragraph 5.6) (T-2).

4.2.5. Fuel Requirements.

4.2.5.1. Establish fuel minimums for each mission in accordance with the applicable

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 unless further restricted by local guidance. Note: Waiver

for non-USAF service directives is (T-0).

4.2.5.2. Perform operations checks prior to each engagement and/or periodically during

the vulnerability period. (T-2).

4.2.6. Maneuvering Categories. This section provides maneuvering categories for aircraft

during Air-to-Air training missions. This section also specifies the maximum maneuvering

allowed during Air-to-Air training based on flight conditions (day, night, or weather) or

altitude. If no weather call is made, maintain cloud clearances in accordance with briefed

maneuvering category. Note: If maneuvering category is determined by non-USAF directives,

policies or other sources the waiver level is (T-0). The rules of this instruction, MAJCOM

Supplement to AFI 11-203, Volume 2 or service directives (e.g., Army, Navy, Joint), or aircraft

limitations apply, whichever is the more restrictive. Note: Waiver for non-USAF service

directives is (T-0).

4.2.6.1. The engagement begins when opposing aircraft initiate visual maneuvers against

each other. The altitude of the lowest participating aircraft determines the maneuvering

category. When in doubt, default to the more restrictive category. (T-1).

4.2.6.2. UNLIMITED. Provides Air-to-Air training with no limitations on maneuvering

other than outlined in the applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 and flight manual

(e.g., applicable AFTTP 3-1, applicable T.O. 1-1M34s) aircraft limitations.

4.2.6.2.1. Minimum altitude is 5,000 feet AGL.

4.2.6.2.2. Weather Requirements for UNLIMITED Operations. Must maintain 2,000

feet vertical and 1 NM horizontal cloud clearance with 5 NM visibility and a discernible

horizon.

4.2.6.3. LIMITED. Provides for Air-to-Air training with the following limitations.

4.2.6.3.1. Offensive/Neutral aircraft have no maneuver restrictions pre-merge.

4.2.6.3.2. An engagement can continue until:

4.2.6.3.2.1. A “TERMINATE” or “KNOCK-IT-OFF” occurs.

4.2.6.3.2.2. A role reversal between two opposing aircraft.

4.2.6.3.2.3. A defender reaches 180 degree of turn at the start of the threat reaction.

(A defender is an aircraft visually reacting to defeat an adversary's attack aft of his

22 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

3/9 line. All maneuvers into and out of the notch are excluded.)

4.2.6.3.2.4. If neither aircraft can be clearly identified as the defender, the

engagement will be terminated after the first aircraft reaches 180 degrees of turn

after 3/9 line passage. (T-2).

4.2.6.3.3. Weather Requirements for LIMITED Maneuvering: When operations

cannot be maintain for the weather requirements outlined for unlimited maneuvering

and IMC conditions can be avoided, then limited maneuvering may be utilized.

4.2.6.4. RESTRICTED. Provides for Air-to-Air training with heading changes of up to

90 degrees either side of course. This rule applies upon initiation of any defensive reaction

(surface-to-air or Air-to-air). This does not apply to aircraft performing conversions versus

RESTRICTED maneuvering targets. The heading change starts at the heading of the

aircraft once inside 10 NM (15 NM for F-22/F-35) to a threat when making the decision to

defensively react. Defensive reactions do not include out maneuvers executed in order to

maintain a timeline (e.g., Skate and Short Skate flows).

4.2.6.5. NON-MANEUVERING. Provides for Air-to-Air training by maintaining

constant heading, airspeed, and altitude. This does not apply to aircraft performing

conversions versus NON-MANEUVERING targets.

4.2.6.6. CONTROLLED. Provides for Air-to-Air 1 v 1 night visual training conducted

with NVGs. Maneuvers are fluid and continue beyond 180 degrees, but maneuvering

options for the defensive fighter are predetermined and restricted to a maximum of 540

degrees of combined turn. Controlled maneuvering may only be conducted as authorized

in applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 guidance. Abide by the following restriction:

Minimum altitude is 5000 feet AGL. (T-2).

4.2.7. Low Altitude (LOWAT). Applies to maneuvering below 5,000 feet AGL (fixed

wing).

4.2.7.1. LIMITED is the maximum maneuvering category. (T-2).

4.2.7.2. Do not perform rolling or exaggerated vertical maneuvering. (T-2).

4.2.7.3. Defender’s reactions must be level to climbing. (Note: AFSOC, units under

AFSOC oversight, or AFSOC gained fixed wing aircraft may execute descending

defensive reactions). (T-2).

4.2.7.4. Minimum altitude for aircraft engaged in offensive and defensive Air-to-Air

maneuvering is 300 feet AGL (250 feet for AFSOC assigned/gained aircraft, and aircraft

operated under AFSOC lead command guidance), pilot minimums, as directed by MDS-

specific instructions, or range/airspace restrictions whichever is higher. (T-2).

4.2.7.5. Minimum altitude for aircraft engaged in offensive and defensive Air-to-Air

maneuvering overwater is 1,000 feet AGL. (T-2).

4.2.7.6. Minimum altitude for aircraft not engaged in offensive or defensive maneuvering

at low altitude is 100 ft AGL, pilot minimums, as directed by MDS-specific instructions or

range/airspace restrictions whichever is higher. (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 23

4.2.7.7. Upon completion of a defensive reaction at low altitude, do not perform additional

reactions to follow-on attacks beyond visual range (defined as > 5 NM) until reestablishing

the pre-briefed minimum MDS-specific tactical airspeed. (T-2).

4.2.7.8. Determine minimum altitudes by referencing MAJCOM directives, service

directives, and personal low altitude minimums, whichever is higher. (T-2).

4.2.8. Night.

4.2.8.1. LIMITED is the maximum maneuvering category unless flying CONTROLLED

maneuvering exercises. (T-2).

4.2.8.2. Include frequent flight instrument cross-checks during all engagements. (T-2).

4.2.8.3. No visual-only intercepts for non-NVG equipped aircrew. (T-2).

4.2.8.4. For NVG-equipped aircrew, visual-only intercepts are authorized if a discernable

horizon exists, target line-of-sight (LOS) rate is observed, and range/altitude to complete

the intercept is perceived. If no target LOS rate is observed, or range/altitude to complete

the intercept is not perceived using NVGs, another instrument or sensor must be used to

complete the intercept. (T-2). If a discernable horizon is lost during the intercept, revert

to non-NVG night operations and ensure safe separation of aircraft. (T-2). If unable to

ensure safe separation discontinue the intercept. (T-2).

4.2.8.5. No air-to-air gun attacks except during Controlled Maneuvering. (T-2).

4.2.9. Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) Intercepts. Conduct IMC intercepts

in approved special use airspace under the control of or monitored by GCI/AWACS. (T-2).

Without GCI/AWACS control, IMC intercepts are approved in restricted areas, warning areas

above 18,000 feet MSL, or in Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspace (ATCAA) unless

prohibited by published range operating procedures or additional MDS-specific restrictions.

(T-2). IMC rules will apply when weather requirements for VMC Operations cannot be

maintained. If not previously briefed/coordinated, Flight Leads will designate training aids

(e.g., adversary aircraft) and altitude blocks. Additionally, unless previously briefed, the fight

altimeter will be passed to all players prior to the commencement of tactical maneuvering.

Flight leads, GCI/AWACS, or RTO can pass the fight altimeter. (T-2).

4.2.9.1. Option 1: GCI/AWACS and/or RTO tracking all players. When all aircraft are

outside of 10 NM (15 NM for F-22/F-35), aircrew may maneuver in accordance with IMC

pitch / bank restrictions (paragraph 3.10). NLT 10 NM (15 NM for F-22/F-35),

GCI/AWACS (or the RTO), will make a "10 NM (15 NM for F-22/F-35), check blocks"

call. From that point on, Blue air will be RESTRICTED maneuvering, training aids will

be NON-MANEUVERING and all aircraft will maintain the pre-briefed altitude blocks.

This continues until KIO/TERMINATE is called, kill removing, or clear of all aircraft

(outside of 10/15 NM). (T-2).

4.2.9.2. Option 2: Without GCI/AWACS and without an RTO or RTO is not tracking all

players. Blue air will be RESTRICTED maneuvering, training aids will be NON-

MANEUVERING and all aircraft will maintain the pre-briefed altitude blocks for the

entirety of the mission. (T-2).

4.2.9.3. If the training aids are able to monitor all Blue players by means of datalink,

aircrew may execute in accordance with “Option 1” outlined above. In this case, the

24 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

training aids will be responsible for making the "10 NM (15 NM for F-22/F-35), check

blocks" call. If the training aids are not tracking all blue players via datalink, aircrew will

adhere to “Option 2” as outlined above. Training aids must verbally confirm they are

tracking all Blue aircraft prior to the start of tactical maneuvering for this to be applicable

(“Devil 11, Satan is tracking all Blue players”). (T-2).

4.2.9.4. Weather Calls.

4.2.9.4.1. IMC Only Rule. When IMC conditions exist in the entirety of the operating

airspace “IMC Only Rules” will apply to the entire engagement. In this category,

aircrew will adhere to all IMC rules and restrictions even if they find themselves able

to maintain VMC cloud clearances. (T-2).

4.2.9.4.2. IMC Rules/UNLIMITED or LIMITED clear of clouds. When IMC

conditions are expected to affect the majority or portions of the airspace, “IMC

Rules/UNLIMITED clear of clouds” or “IMC Rules/LIMITED clear of clouds” can be

applied. This will allow a less scripted engagement and maximize training where

weather allows. The War Call will be based on the weather call or pilot reports

(PIREPs) and will be acknowledged. (T-2).

4.2.9.4.2.1. When not able to maintain VMC cloud clearances. All aircraft will

adhere to the IMC Categories as well as the maneuvering limits when unable to

maintain VMC cloud clearances. (T-2).

4.2.9.4.2.2. When able to maintain VMC cloud clearances. The maximum

maneuvering category will be UNLIMITED or LIMITED, based on the briefing (or

War Call) when operating with VMC cloud clearances. (T-2).

4.2.9.4.2.3. If an aircraft operating clear of clouds inadvertently enters IMC, they

will immediately transition to instruments and execute a climb/descent to their

assigned altitude block. (T-2). This block will be maintained until meeting the

requirements for transitioning blocks outlined in paragraph 4.2.10.6. (T-2).

Example war call: If the weather is broken from 12,000 to 23,000, an example war

call is as follows: “Blue 1, War Call is IMC Rules/Unlimited clear of clouds.

25,000-foot floor, 10,000 foot ceiling.” Floor and ceiling in this war would be

treated as a transition to IMC rules. If desiring all aircraft to remain clear of clouds,

a split war can be called. “Blue 1, War Call is split war. 25,000-foot floor, 10,000-

foot ceiling.” (In cases where sloping/uneven decks do not lend to making a

uniform floor or ceiling, High War, Low War, Split War, IMC/Unlimited War,

IMC/Limited War can be called without floor and/or ceiling whereby players will

execute in accordance with VFR cloud clearances when VMC.) Cloud bases must

be greater than 5,000 feet AGL to execute a transition from IMC to Unlimited or

Limited below a deck. If maximum maneuvering category is unknown, execute in

accordance with the most restrictive. See Attachment 6 for visual depiction of

different War Call examples.

4.2.10. Separation of Aircraft. Each participant must use "see and avoid" techniques to

ensure a clear flight path, especially while entering and exiting engagements. (T-2). Aircrew

must assume that adversaries do not see their aircraft and may maneuver in an unpredictable

manner. (T-2). If loss of visual or tally occurs, establish positive separation until regaining

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 25

visual contact. Flight leads will ensure deconfliction for concurrent missions in the same

airspace. (T-2).

4.2.10.1. Attackers losing sight will maneuver away from the defender's last known

position and make a “NO JOY” call if in radio contact with target aircraft. (T-2).

4.2.10.2. Defenders losing sight and SA will maneuver predictably and make a “NO JOY”

call if in radio contact with the attacking aircraft. (T-2).

4.2.10.3. If the attacker cannot ensure separation from trailers within a lead-trail

formation, do not perform rear quarter attacks against the leaders. (T-2).

4.2.10.4. Minimum Separation. The minimum slant range between aircraft during Air-

to-Air maneuvering is 500-feet unless; 1,000-feet for night, weather, bomber, tanker, airlift,

AFSOC/Rescue fixed-wing, and FTU student Basic and Qualification training or as

directed by syllabus, or 1,500-feet during CONTROLLED maneuvering exercises. (T-2).

Aircrew will not penetrate a 1,000-feet vertically or 1,500 feet horizontally of the JSTARS

and AWACS. (Exceptions to minimum slant ranges are outlined in paragraph 4.9 for

Low/Slow visual identification (VID) and paragraph 4.7 for helicopter versus helicopter

training). (T-2).

4.2.10.5. Altitude Blocks. Assign hard altitudes or altitude blocks to provide vertical

separation for non-visual setups. (T-2). Aircrew cannot rely on altitude blocks to

guarantee separation once any participant initiates visual maneuvering. (T-2).

4.2.10.5.1. A minimum of 1,000 feet vertical separation between altitude blocks is

required at or above 5,000 feet AGL. (T-2).

4.2.10.5.2. A minimum of 500 feet vertical separation between altitude blocks is

required below 5,000 feet AGL. (100 feet between A-10s and helicopters during anti-

helicopter training). (T-2).

4.2.10.5.3. Ensure deconfliction from friendly forces within 10 NM. Where visual

deconfliction is not possible, utilize a minimum of 1,000 feet (500 if below 5,000 feet

AGL) altitude separation or deconflict by geography, timing, onboard systems, or

GCI/AWACS. (T-2).

4.2.10.5.4. F-22/F-35s and their adversaries will use a 15 NM range for block

adherence and separation of aircraft in lieu of the 10 NM guidance. Any aircraft

transiting blocks when the “check blocks” call is made will immediately cease tactical

maneuvering until they are established within their block (unless requisite situational

awareness has been established to depart their block see paragraph 4.2.10.6.1). (T-

2).

4.2.10.5.4.1. If Blue and Red AWACS/GCI/RTOs are available, they will make a

"15 miles check blocks" call on their respective AWACS/GCI/RTO frequency

when the closest F-22/F-35 gets to 15NM from any adversary aircraft. (T-2).

4.2.10.5.4.2. Without both red and blue AWACS/GCI/RTOs available, all players

must be on a common frequency and a "15 miles check blocks" call will be made

by the closest F-22/F-35 to the adversary aircraft. (T-2).

4.2.10.5.4.3. “15 miles check blocks” is a one-time call per intercept, made when

26 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

the closest F-22/F-35 gets to 15NM from an adversary aircraft. It does not need to

be repeated when each F-22/F-35 gets to 15NM from every adversary during the

same intercept.

4.2.10.5.4.4. Exception: If ALL the adversaries are provided with high fidelity

SA on F-22/F-35 position (e.g., datalink PPLI), then no “15 miles check blocks”

call needs to be made. This exception must be briefed by the blue flight lead to the

adversaries and AWACS/GCI/RTOs. (T-1).

4.2.10.6. Transitioning Blocks. Aircraft may not transit or enter the altitude or altitude

block of any aircraft unless at least one of the following conditions applies: (Note: For

helicopter versus helicopter see paragraph 4.7) (T-2).

4.2.10.6.1. All adversaries are beyond 10 NM (15 NM for F-22/F-35). (T-2).

4.2.10.6.2. Tally is established on all aircraft in the group of interest and no conflict

with other groups within 10 NM exists. (T-2).

4.2.10.6.3. Not Tally with all adversaries within 10 NM but not a conflict (i.e., no

collision potential) based on SA. (T-2).

4.2.10.6.4. Verbally confirm adversary's hard altitude and maintain required vertical

separation. (T-2).

4.2.10.7. When two aircraft approach head-on, each will clear to the right unless

maneuvering to do so would result in crossing flight paths. (T-2). Aircraft with the higher

nose position will attempt to go above the opponent if energy state permits. (T-2).

4.2.10.8. Attackers will cease weapons employment under the following conditions: (T-

2).

4.2.10.8.1. Pure pursuit, head-on missile attacks prior to 9,000 feet slant range (3,000

feet for helicopter versus helicopter). Maneuver aggressively to deconflict flight paths

so as not to violate minimum range. (T-2).

4.2.10.8.2. Any gun attack exceeding 135 degrees aspect inside 9,000 feet slant range

(except fighter vs. helicopter engagements where all participants remain in their

blocks). (T-2).

4.2.10.8.3. Target aircraft begins an Air-to-Surface delivery maneuver below 5000 feet

AGL or employing live ordnance. (T-2).

4.2.10.8.4. Target aircraft conducting helicopter air-to-air refueling. (T-2).

4.2.10.8.5. F-22/F-35s attacking or any aircraft attacking F-22s will terminate weapons

employment NLT 1000 feet slant range to avoid a 500-foot bubble. (T-2).

4.2.11. Single-Ship Operations. (N/A for helicopters) Combat Mission Ready (CMR) and

Basic Mission Capable (BMC) Air-to-Air qualified pilots may fly single-ship Air-to-Air

training missions. Initial Qualification Training (IQT)/Mission Qualification Training (MQT)

aircrew require an instructor or squadron supervisor on board the aircraft. (T-2).

4.2.12. Visual Engagements. Flight leads will strictly enforce briefed training DLOs in all

visual engagements, and will terminate maneuvering so as to prevent degradation in flight

safety or mission/scenario conduct. (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 27

4.2.12.1. No more than eight aircraft may participate in the same visual engagement. (T-

2).

4.2.12.2. For multi-role aircraft a maximum of four similar MDSs may participate in an

unlimited maneuvering visual engagement. (T-2).

4.2.12.2.1. A visual engagement is defined as merges occurring within 5 NM of each

other.

4.2.12.2.2. Multi-role aircraft participating in USAF Weapons School, Red Flag,

Maple Flag, or other composite force training, are exempt from paragraph 4.2.12.2

and subparagraphs.

4.2.13. Dissimilar fighters tasked with the same mission may employ in mixed elements.

4.2.14. 1 v 1 v 1 Basic Fighter Maneuvers (BFM) training scenarios shall not be conducted.

1 v 1 v 1 BFM is defined as visual setups in which 3 or more separate roles/sides are engaged

in visual maneuvering at one time. (T-2).

4.3. Bomber Aircraft Training Rules. This section applies to all bomber aircraft echelons of

participating commands, all agencies under the operational control of HQ ACC and HQ AFGSC,

and those units under ACC or AFGSC oversight. In addition, these procedures also apply to other

services and foreign services with joint training agreements. The information and TRs in this

chapter apply with the following exceptions and additions:

4.3.1. Special Procedures. Only conduct Air-to-Air training with armed aircraft (bomber or

fighter) if all participants group commanders (or equivalent) approves the training. (T-2).

4.3.2. Training Rules.

4.3.2.1. MQT fighter aircrew will only participate in bomber Air-to-Air training with a

supervisor or instructor in the aircraft. (T-2).

4.3.2.2. The maximum maneuvering category for bomber aircraft during all fighter

activity will be LIMITED, except when further restricted by paragraph 4.2.6 During

operations below 500 feet AGL bomber maximum bank angle is 30 degrees. (T-2).

4.3.3. Electronic Attack (EA) Activity During Air Defense Exercises. The exercise

includes both EA and Air-to-Air training, and may be conducted in conjunction with each other

or individually within a designated Training Area (TA). All EA activity will be conducted in

accordance with CJCSM 3212.02E, Air Combat Command Instruction (ACCI) 10-707, Air

Combat Command (ACC) Electronic Attack Training and Emissions Control (EMCON)

Procedures; AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; MAJCOM and local supplements to AFMAN 13-

212, Volume 1; applicable range guides; local FCIF; Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)s; exercise

SPINS; and this instruction. (T-2). Note: CJCSM 3212.02E waiver is (T-0).

4.3.3.1. With Air Defense Sector (ADS) coordination and approval, the bomber may

employ maximum EA and chaff against air and ground based radars, communications, or

AWACS covering a designated TA.

4.3.3.2. The radar facilities may employ any or all Electronic Protection (EP) techniques,

fixes, and equipment to counter bomber EA activity.

28 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

4.3.3.3. Bomber aircrew will contact the ADS/AWACS/GCI controlling the TA at least

15 minutes before jam-on. See Attachment 2 for coordination information. (T-2).

4.4. Airlift Aircraft Training Rules. This section applies to all echelons of participating

commands and to all agencies under the operational control of MAJCOMs with airlift aircraft. In

addition, these procedures apply to joint training agreements with other services and foreign

services. The provisions of this chapter apply with the following exceptions and additions:

4.4.1. Training Rules.

4.4.1.1. Weather Criteria and Maneuvering Limits.

4.4.1.1.1. Limit standard airlift formation flights to day/VMC conditions. (T-2). The

maximum maneuvering category is LIMITED. Maximum bank angle is 60 degrees.

(T-2).

4.4.1.1.2. Night. The maximum maneuvering category is RESTRICTED. Maximum

bank angle is 45 degrees and no altitude changes are allowed. (T-2). Do not conduct

night Air-to-Air training against airlift formation flights. (T-2).

4.4.1.1.3. IMC. Conduct Air-to-Air training in IMC only with Radar Warning

Receiver (RWR) equipped airlift aircraft. (T-2). All aircraft must maintain continuous

communications. Limit evasive maneuvering to RESTRICTED maneuvers with a

maximum of 45 degrees of bank and no altitude changes. The minimum range for

simulated ordnance delivery is 1 NM. (T-2).

4.4.2. Fighter aircrew will be CMR or BMC before conducting Air-to-Air training with airlift

aircraft. (T-2).

4.5. Tanker Aircraft Training Rules. This section applies to all echelons of participating

commands and to all agencies under the operational control of MAJCOMs with tanker aircraft. In

addition, these procedures apply to joint training agreements with other services and foreign

services. AFSOC assigned/gained aircraft and tanker aircraft operating under AFSOC lead

command guidance will adhere to the procedures in paragraph 4.6. (T-2). The provisions of this

chapter apply with the following exceptions and additions.

4.5.1. General.

4.5.1.1. Accomplish training within special activity airspace (e.g., ATCAA) or where

ATC or Tac C2 (AWACS/GCI/ADS) provides radar coverage and can identify and provide

separation from non-participating aircraft (e.g., MOA, restricted areas, warning areas,

altitude reservation). (T-2).

4.5.1.2. Do not conduct Air-to-Air training against tanker aircraft during IMC conditions.

(T-2).

4.5.1.3. Minimum altitude for tanker aircraft is 3,000 feet (5,000 feet at night) above the

highest obstacle or terrain within 4 NM of route centerline. Aircrew will compute a hard

minimum MSL altitude using the above criteria. (T-2).

4.5.1.4. Tanker aircraft may operate in the UNLIMITED maneuvering category but will

not exceed 45 degrees of bank (30 degrees in cell formation). (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 29

4.5.1.5. Fighter aircrew will be CMR or BMC before participating in Air-to-Air training

with tanker aircraft. (T-2).

4.5.2. Composite Force Exercises and Large-Scale Training (e. g., Red Flag). The

following rules apply to Air-to-Air training where more than 10 aircraft are operating in the

assigned airspace. During exercises supervised by 509 Weapons Squadron the following

requirements may be deleted at the discretion of 509 Weapons Squadron Commander.

4.5.2.1. Tanker aircraft will not depart assigned altitude blocks. (T-2).

4.5.2.2. Restrict maneuvering to level turns, with bank angle limits as specified in

paragraph 4.5.1.4. (T-2).

4.5.2.3. Once turns are complete, tanker aircraft may descend within their assigned altitude

block.

4.5.3. Small Scale Training (e. g., Composite Force Training Exercise, Dissimilar Air

Combat Tactics training). The following rules apply to Air-to-Air training where a total of

10 or less aircraft are operating within the assigned airspace. During exercises supervised by

509 Weapons Squadron the following requirements may be deleted at the discretion of 509

Weapons Squadron Commander.

4.5.3.1. Restrict maneuvering to level turns, with bank angle limits as specified in

paragraph 4.5.1.4. (T-2).

4.5.3.2. Once turns are complete, tanker aircraft may descend to no lower than the

minimum altitudes specified in paragraph 4.5.1.3.

4.6. Special Ops/Rescue Fixed-Wing Aircraft Training Rules . This section applies to all

echelons of participating commands and to all other agencies under the operational control of

MAJCOMs with Special Ops/Rescue fixed-wing aircraft. In addition, these procedures apply to

training agreements with other services and foreign services.

4.6.1. Conduct Air-to-Air training in IMC only against AFSOC-assigned/gained aircraft and

aircraft operated under AFSOC-lead command guidance with operational RWR. (T-1). All

aircraft must maintain continuous communications. (T-1). Limit evasive maneuvering to

RESTRICTED maneuvers with no altitude change. (T-1). Maintain 1000 feet altitude

separation between participating aircraft. (T-2).

4.6.2. AFSOC assigned/gained aircraft, and aircraft operated under AFSOC lead command

guidance equipped with a fully functional Terrain Following Radar (TFR) may conduct IMC

intercepts in airspace approved for IMC TF down to TF system limits in accordance with

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3. Otherwise, conduct IMC intercept training no lower than the

MSA for the area. (T-2).

4.7. Helicopter Training Rules. This paragraph applies to all echelons of participating

commands and to all agencies under the operational control of MAJCOMs with rotary wing

aircraft when at least one helicopter is participating in Air-to-Air training. In addition, these

procedures apply to other services and foreign services with joint training agreements.

4.7.1. Training Rules.

4.7.1.1. Helicopters will maintain 200 feet vertical separation when “NO JOY”. (T-2).

30 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

4.7.1.2. Helicopter minimum separation for pre-briefed tail chase maneuvers during basic

helicopter maneuver sorties is 200 feet. (T-2).

4.7.1.3. Helicopters may not enter or transition the altitude or block of an adversary unless

one of the following conditions applies:

4.7.1.3.1. All adversaries are beyond 5 NM. (T-2).

4.7.1.3.2. “TALLY/VISUAL” is established on all aircraft in the group of interest and

no conflict with other groups within 5 NM exists. (T-2).

4.7.2. Maneuvering Categories.

4.7.2.1. UNLIMITED. in accordance with paragraph 4.2.6.2 with the following

exceptions:

4.7.2.1.1. Minimum altitude is in accordance with MDS-specific guidance.

4.7.2.1.2. Helicopter versus helicopter weather minimums are 1,000 feet vertical and

1 NM horizontal cloud clearance, 3 NM visibility, and discernible horizon.

4.7.2.2. LIMITED. in accordance with paragraph 4.2.6.3 with the following Exception:

4.7.2.2.1. During helicopter versus fixed-wing engagements the offensive aircraft will

terminate in accordance with paragraph 4.2.6.3. (T-2). The helicopter may continue

beyond 180 degrees to defend against a follow-on attack from remaining aircraft from

the offensive flight.

4.7.2.2.2. During helicopter versus helicopter engagements, if neither aircraft can be

clearly identified as the defender, the engagement will be terminated after the first

aircraft reaches 360 degrees of turn post 3/9 passage. (T-2).

4.7.3. Additional Limitations.

4.7.3.1. Night. All night defensive maneuvering training will be LIMITED maneuver

category and will comply with the appropriate AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 weather and

altitude minimums. (T-2).

4.7.3.2. Fighter aircraft will remain subsonic during training conducted with helicopters.

(T-2).

4.7.3.3. IMC intercepts will not be conducted on helicopters. (T-2).

4.8. Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) Training Rules. This section applies to all agencies of

participating commands and to all agencies under the operational control of MAJCOMs with RPA

aircraft. The provisions of this chapter apply with the following exceptions and additions.

4.8.1. Fighter aircrew will be CMR/BMC, or MQT with in instructor or squadron supervisor

in the aircraft, before conducting air-to-air training with RPAs. (T-2).

4.8.2. Maximum maneuvering category for RPAs is UNLIMITED as long as they remain

within assigned altitude blocks. (T-2).

4.9. Air Defense and Low/Slow Visual Identification (VID) Procedures. This section provides

guidance for Air Defense Tasking (All Altitudes) and MDS Low/Slow VID ready aircrew program

(RAP) training specific events. Fighter and trainer aircraft acting as training aids will be NON-

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 31

MANEUVERING, will fly no lower than 500 feet AGL, and will abide by the airspeeds in

paragraph 4.9.2.4. (T-2).

4.9.1. Vertical Separation. Aircrew will maintain a minimum of 1,000 feet vertical

separation throughout the VID when directed to conduct a beam or front conversion. (T-2).

Aircrew will use all available means to determine target altitude. (T-2). If unable to positively

determine vertical separation by 10 NM, convert the intercept to stern geometry. (T-2).

4.9.2. Intercept Procedures. Apply the separation and airspeed minimums in this section

after the intercept is complete and closure is under control. (T-2). Fighters performing a stern

aspect intercept and rendezvous to VID will adhere to the following:

4.9.2.1. Maintain a minimum of 1,000 feet vertical separation between the fighter and

target aircraft until positive radar or visual contact in the stern aspect of the target. (T-2).

4.9.2.2. If co-altitude, proceed no closer than 3 NM without visual contact unless positive

radar contact provides target range, azimuth, and elevation. (T-2).

4.9.2.3. Proceed no closer than 1 NM without positive radar lock-on providing target

range, azimuth, elevation, and closure rate. (Exception: the fighter may proceed inside 1

NM with a visual contact on the target during daylight conditions or at night with NVGs

in accordance with paragraph 4.2.8.4). (T-2).

4.9.2.4. Proceed no closer than the following minimum slant range without a visual

contact:

4.9.2.4.1. F-15/F-16: per AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3. (T-2).

4.9.2.4.2. F-16 VID Mode: per AFMAN 11-2F-16, Volume 3, F-16 Operations

Procedures. (T-2).

4.9.2.4.3. F-22/F-35: per applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3. (T-2).

4.9.2.4.4. F-35 Low/Slow VID: per AFMAN 11-2F-35A, Volume 3, F-35A

Operations Procedures. (T-2).

4.9.2.4.5. Minimum slant range is 500 feet. The fighter may move inside 500 feet slant

range to the target if flight safety is not jeopardized and it is necessary to accomplish

the mission (e.g., aiding an aircraft in distress or intelligence collection). In this case,

the mission will dictate the maximum closure and minimum slant ranges required. (T-

2).

4.9.2.5. Without a visual contact, do not proceed inside of 1 NM until attaining an

approximate co-speed (a maximum of 50 knots closure) condition. (T-2).

4.9.2.6. Fighters will use the following limits below 5,000 feet AGL:

4.9.2.6.1. F-15: 22 units Angle of Attack (AOA). (T-2).

4.9.2.6.2. F-22: 12 degrees AOA. (T-2).

4.9.2.6.3. F-16 CAT I: 13 degrees AOA. (T-2).

4.9.2.6.4. F-16 CAT III: 200 Knots Indicated Airspeed (KIAS) or 13 degrees AOA

when in takeoff and landing gains. (T-2).

4.9.2.7. Execute an immediate breakaway from the target if any of the following occurs:

32 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

4.9.2.7.1. Radar contact is lost with no visual contact and inside 3 NM. (T-2).

4.9.2.7.2. TALLY is lost and inside minimum range. (T-2).

4.10. Joint Air-to-Air Training Rules. AFJI 36-2220, Joint USAF/USA/USN/USMC Air

Combat Training, covers inter-service Air-to-Air training requirements.

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 33

Chapter 5

AIR-TO-SURFACE TRAINING

5.1. Introduction. This chapter describes procedures for tactical Air-to-Surface training. Use

the procedures in this chapter along with operational command directives, ATC regulations, and

letters of agreement. These weapons employment procedures provide aircrew and JTACs typical

procedures for weapons employment under fixed conditions. For additional FTU or MQT

restrictions and termination rules see paragraph 5.4.8 Find further procedures for formal course

training in the applicable syllabi. During joint and coalition air operations, AF aircrew will

thoroughly brief other participants on the differences between their operating procedures and this

AFI. (T-2) For more information regarding ranges/definitions, refer to AFMAN 13-212, Volume

1, Range Planning and Operations, chapter 1.

5.2. Air-to-Surface Training Missions.

5.2.1. Perform all delivery passes (including jettison passes), whether hot or dry, using live

ordnance delivery parameters to include fuse arming, safe escape, safe separation, and flight

deconfliction considerations. (T-2).

5.2.2. Avoid populated areas to the maximum extent possible when carrying externally loaded

inert or externally/internally loaded live ordnance. (T-2). For the purpose of this instruction,

AC-130 munitions in the ammunitions storage-and-handling systems and weapons carried by

helicopters are not considered live ordnance.

5.2.3. Prior to first release when carrying expendable ordnance (live, inert, or training), final

switch configuration for weapon release will not be accomplished until the aircraft is in such a

position that any accidental release will be contained within the range. MAJCOMs or theater

Commander of Air Force Forces will develop specific guidance for armament system

configurations for multiple passes. Refer to aircraft specific AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3

series operating procedures, AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1, MAJCOM and local range

supplements to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1, and applicable range guides for additional

guidance. (T-2).

5.2.4. Do not conduct simulated attacks against off-range or manned targets with

internally/externally loaded live ordnance or externally loaded inert ordnance. (T-2). This

restriction does not apply to 20/30mm ammunition, BDU-33s, 2.75 inch TP / SP / WP /

illumination rockets, illumination flares (e.g., LUU-2/19 and LUU-1/5/6), or non-expendable

training assets (e.g., captive air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, GBU-15 captive flight

trainer, MQ-9 hard-wired inert GBU-38). Simulated attacks against off-range targets or

manned targets are permitted with expendable training ordnance loaded on the aircraft only in

accordance with applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3; AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1;

MAJCOM and local supplements to AFMAN 13-212; applicable range guides; local FCIF;

and NOTAMs. For specific cockpit configurations and switch settings/actuations. Simulated

attacks off-range or against manned targets are prohibited if guidance is insufficient or a

reasonable possibility exists that inadvertent/unintentional release may cause injury, death, or

destruction of property. (T-2).

5.2.5. The use of “combat” laser mode of a laser designator is restricted to laser certified

ranges. A listing of laser certified ranges can be obtained from AFRL 711th HPW/RHDO.

34 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

All air-to-surface laser operations on-range will be in accordance with AFMAN 13-212,

Volume 1; MAJCOM and local supplements to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1;applicable

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3; applicable range guides; local FCIF; and NOTAMs. (T-2).

5.2.5.1. Off-range laser emissions are authorized if the system is in training mode and the

training mode has been certified as “eye-safe.” Off-range laser emissions in non-training

modes are authorized in accordance with the minimum slant range in paragraph 5.6.3.1.

5.2.5.2. Reference paragraph 4.2.4.3 for further guidance on Air-to-Air Laser

Employment.

5.2.5.3. When working with ground personnel, aircrew will inform them prior to

employing lasers in the combat mode. (T-2). Upon acknowledgement, ground personnel

will ensure proper eye protection is in place. (T-2).

5.2.6. Aircraft employing Inertially Aided Munitions (IAMs) in bomb-on-coordinate mode or

aircraft employing any ordnance in a system delivery mode on coordinates only will adhere to

the following prior to release: (T-2).

5.2.6.1. Aircrew will confirm the accuracy of the aircraft navigation and weapon delivery

systems in accordance with MDS specific publications. (T-2). A process must be

implemented to ensure correct weapon targeting has been verified by at least three

independent checks “Triple Check” prior to weapon release.

5.2.6.2. Aircrew will ensure accurate receipt and entry of target coordinates and confirm

they come from a valid target source. (T-2). These coordinates will be verified via read-

back from target data entry displays or will be cross-checked with mission planning data,

range guides, or visual/sensor confirmation of target with a valid target source. Aircrew

will verify correct data is selected prior to the “IN” call. (T-2). Examples of valid target

sources include, but are not limited to Range Control Officers (RCOs); JTACs; MAJCOM

and local supplements to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; applicable range guides; local FCIF;

NOTAMs; or FAC(A) qualified aircrew, or the coordinates may be generated on-board the

aircraft and then entered into the weapon/steer point/waypoint (as appropriate per weapon

and platform).

5.2.6.3. Aircrew will use all means available to verify accuracy of target

coordinates/elevation, and that the coordinates are within the anticipated target area. (T-

2). Examples of available means include but are not limited to; Targeting Pod (TGP),

Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR), radar, Synthetic Aperture Radar map, HUD cueing,

other aircraft sensors, terrain pointers, map plots, data links, radio communications, talk-

on with JTACs, RCOs, other aircrew members, etc. (T-2).

5.2.6.4. Aircrew will confirm and adhere to published range operating procedures and

restrictions (e.g., .local Instruction 11-250 series; local supplements to AFMAN 13-212,

Volume 1; local FCIF; NOTAMs), including any additional MDS-specific weapons

delivery requirements (e.g., applicable AFTTP 3-1; applicable T.O. 1-1M34s; applicable

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3). (T-2).

5.2.7. When ordnance is employed, minimum safe distances for personnel from all targets will

comply with Weapon Danger Zone (WDZ) footprints as described in AFMAN 13-212,

Volume 1 or local directives (e.g., .local Instruction 11-250 series; MAJCOM and local

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 35

supplements to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; applicable range guides; local FCIF; NOTAMs),

whichever are more restrictive. (T-2). HQ ACC/A3A is the USAF executive agent for

procuring and modifying WDZ weapon safety footprints.

5.2.7.1. Close Air Support (CAS)/Air-to-Ground EXCEPTION. If training requires

personnel to be inside Hazard Area or Impact Area, Tactical Air Control Parties (TACP),

JTACs, aircrew, or other briefed participants in CAS/air-to-ground training may use the

Minimum Safe Distances (MSDs) for Ground Parties (Training Use Only: Live Fire)

provided in AFTTP 3-2.6 JFIRE: Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for

the Joint Application of Firepower. (available at the Air, Land, Sea Application Center

(ALSA) Web site (www.alsa.mil)). If unable to comply with MSD assumptions outlined

in JFIRE, personnel will then use WDZ distances as outlined above. (T-2).

5.2.7.2. Do not mistake MSDs with Risk Estimate Distances (REDs) defined in Joint

Publication 3-09.3, Close Air Support and listed in AFTTP 3-2.6, REDs are for combat use

only. (T-2).

5.2.8. For missions falling under the Joint Live Fire Exercise definition, refer to Attachment

4 for additional guidance.

5.3. Authorized Employment Patterns.

5.3.1. Class A Range. Aircraft within a flight will fly the same delivery pattern (rectangular,

pop attacks, etc.); however, aircrew may mix events or delivery modes when using the same

target, same type delivery, and if approved by the RCO. Fly radio-silent attacks, random

attacks, element tactics, split pop-up attacks, etc., only if allowed by range procedures (e.g.

local Instruction 11-250 series; AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; MAJCOM and local supplements

to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; applicable range guides; local FCIF; NOTAMs), if prebriefed,

and if approved by the RCO. (T-2).

5.3.2. Class B/C Range. Aircraft are not required to execute any specific pattern. Refer to

local range procedures (e.g., .local Instruction 11-250 series; AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1;

MAJCOM and local supplements to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; local FCIF; NOTAMs) for

any further guidance.

5.4. Air-to-Surface Training Rules. See paragraph 5.7 for additional night rules.

5.4.1. Weather Minimums. (USAF helicopters follow the applicable AFMAN series 11-2,

Volume 3 and the applicable MAJCOM supplement):

5.4.1.1. For VMC operations below the weather, the ceiling must be 1,500 feet AGL, or

at least 500 feet above the highest portion of the weapons delivery pattern, whichever is

higher. (N/A for fixed wing level deliveries above 5,000 feet AGL.). (T-2). For VMC

operations above the weather, maintain VMC. For rotary wing operations the ceiling must

be 800 feet AGL or at least 500 feet above the highest portion of the weapons delivery

pattern, whichever is higher. (T-2).

5.4.1.1.1. Visibility will be at least 3 NM for fixed-wing and 2 NM for helicopters

(USAFE 5 KM for fixed-wing and 3.5 KM for helicopters). (T-2).

5.4.1.1.2. Daylight weapons delivery events on over water ranges require a discernible

horizon unless TF/TA equipped. (T-2).

36 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

5.4.1.2. For IMC deliveries, level deliveries above 5,000 feet AGL and/or TF/TA

operations, the ceiling and visibility must be in accordance with applicable AFMAN series

11-2, Volume 3; AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; MAJCOM and local range supplements to

AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; applicable range guides; local FCIF; and NOTAMs.

5.4.2. Range Entry.

5.4.2.1. Before weapons delivery on Class B/C ranges, positively identify the authorized

target and confirm the target area is clear of unauthorized persons or vessels (with on board

or remote sensors, or via reports from authorized sources). (T-2). Range personnel, to

include those who directly observe or use remote scoring cameras, FAC(A)/JTAC, IG

chase aircraft, departing flights or other aircraft sharing the range are authorized sources

that may be used to ensure the target area is clear. If the target area cannot be cleared by

these means, perform a dry clearing pass/dry First Run Attack (FRA) before weapons

delivery. (T-2).

5.4.2.2. If planning a weapons delivery requiring visual acquisition of the target (e.g.,

visual delivery, TGP, FLIR delivery), accomplish a dry familiarization pass when an

aircrew has not been on that range for more than 1 year. Aircrew will familiarize

themselves with range boundaries, target locations, and friendly locations on the range. If

the familiarization pass is flown as a dry FRA, aircrew must familiarize themselves with

the range and the range must still be cleared as stated above prior to expending ordnance.

(T-2). See paragraph 5.7 for additional night restrictions and Attachment 4 for

additional joint live fire exercise restrictions. Units participating in a scheduled and

monitored air-to-ground Weapons System Evaluation Program (WSEP) are exempt from

this paragraph.

5.4.3. Conventional range pattern operations. Conventional range pattern operations are

limited to a maximum of four attacking aircraft at any one time.

5.4.4. Single-Ship Operations. (N/A for RPA/helicopters).

5.4.4.1. Qualified FAC(A)s and CMR/BMC flight leads may perform:

5.4.4.1.1. Full mission profiles while single-ship in accordance with applicable

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 procedures.

5.4.4.1.2. Low altitude tactical navigation (LATN) to their minimum altitude

qualification.

5.4.4.2. CMR/BMC aircrew that don’t qualify for paragraph 5.4.4.1 May perform:

5.4.4.2.1. On Class A Ranges, deliveries for which they are certified.

5.4.4.2.2. On Class B/C Ranges:

5.4.4.2.2.1. Aircrew must have instructor supervision for deliveries which that

aircrew is not certified. (T-3).

5.4.4.2.2.2. Under control of a JTAC/FAC(A), may execute deliveries for which

aircrew are certified.

5.4.4.2.2.3. Without a JTAC/FAC(A), may execute deliveries which aircrew are

certified, with a minimum recovery altitude of 1,000 feet AGL. (T-3).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 37

5.4.4.3. MQT/IQT aircrew may perform:

5.4.4.3.1. Conventional and nuclear deliveries only if there is an instructor or squadron

supervisor in the aircraft. For multi-specialty crewed aircraft (e.g., B-1, B-52, F-15E)

weapons-qualified non-specialty instructors may supervise a live or inert weapons

delivery provided the MQT/IQT crewmember has previously completed training

requirements for that specific weapon with an instructor of like specialty.

5.4.4.3.2. May fly a single-ship mission to an appropriate range and release ordnance

on one, non-tactical pass above the fragmentation envelope derived from Conventional

Weapons Delivery Software (CWDS) to preclude landing with live or inert ordnance.

5.4.5. Switch Changes. Range restrictions permitting, cockpit switch changes that are

accomplished by the pilot flying the aircraft will be made prior to the final attack heading

unless normally required for system-aided deliveries or tactics (N/A for Hands on Throttle and

Stick). (T-2).

5.4.6. Minimum Altitudes. See paragraph 5.7 for additional night minimums.

5.4.6.1. Determine minimum release and recovery altitudes by using established

applicable AFTTP 3-1. series for procedures, fuzing and fragmentation envelopes, and the

weapon delivery minimum altitudes established by applicable AFMAN series 11-2,

Volume 3 series guidance; T.O. 1-1M-34, Aircrew Weapons Delivery Manual

(Nonnuclear); AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; MAJCOM and local supplements to AFMAN

13-212, Volume 1; CWDS; local supplements to 11-250 series; applicable range guides;

local FCIF; NOTAMs; and this instruction, whichever are higher. (T-3).

5.4.6.2. In addition to the minimum altitudes established in the applicable AFMAN series

11-2, Volume 1 guidance, apply the following minimum altitudes:

5.4.6.2.1. Level Deliveries: 200 feet AGL (50 feet AGL for helicopters, N/A for hover

fire). (T-3).

5.4.6.2.2. LAHD: 300 feet AGL on a Class B/C. (T-3).

5.4.6.2.3. Nuclear and Radar Events: 200 feet AGL. (T-3).

5.4.6.2.4. Low Angle Strafe/Long Range Strafe/Two Target Strafe (LAS/LRS/TTS):

75 feet AGL (50 feet AGL for helicopters). (T-3).

5.4.6.3. Pilots will not descend below their designated low-level category at any time (for

example, conventional downwind, approach to a pop-up point) unless on final for low angle

bombing, low angle rockets, level bombing, and LAS/LRS/TTS attacks. (T-2).

5.4.6.4. For nuclear weapons delivery patterns, use a minimum of 1,000 feet AGL on

downwind except when operating with a TF/TA system. (T-3).

5.4.7. Abort Criteria. Along with the general criteria set in paragraph 3.4 (KIO and

Terminate Procedures), cease-fire, and/or abort the pass and do not release if any of the

following situations occur:

5.4.7.1. If friendly troops and/or JTAC position near target area is inside minimum

distance restrictions or friendly position cannot be confirmed. (See paragraph 5.2.7) (T-

0).

38 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

5.4.7.2. If over water and the discernible horizon or the land-water contrast is lost (N/A

for AC-130s, helicopters, or aircraft with a TF/TA system). (T-2).

5.4.7.3. If unable to positively identify the target or confirm correct target coordinates for

IAMS deliveries or system deliveries in coordinate only mode. (T-0).

5.4.7.4. If, at any point in the delivery, the aircrew maneuvers the aircraft in a manner that

invalidates the available abort cues. (T-3).

5.4.7.5. For A/OA-10 aircraft, if aircraft is within 3,000 feet slant range from a hard target

during LRS/LAS/TTS. (T-2). Note: Aircraft will not approach within 500 feet or cross

the 3-9 line of any hard target being shot during aircraft recovery. (T-2).

5.4.8. FTU and MQT Restrictions and Termination Rules (N/A for helicopters).

5.4.8.1. Students will not change targets once initiating roll-in to final except during Two

Target Strafe (TTS). (T-2).

5.4.8.2. Pop-up Restrictions.

5.4.8.2.1. Terminate a pop-up attack if the actual pull-up point is inside the planned

pull-up point. (T-3).

5.4.8.2.2. Do not perform pop-up attacks from fighting wing or closer position. (T-3).

5.4.8.2.3. Terminate the pass if the roll-in will require less than 15 degrees or more

than 90 degrees of turn. (T-2).

5.4.8.3. Low-Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night students will fly direct

pop attacks only when engaged in syllabus directed training missions. (T-2).

5.4.9. Weapons Delivery Spacing.

5.4.9.1. For actual or simulated tactical deliveries, aircrew must ensure minimum spacing

and attack geometry meet T.O. 1-1M-34 deconfliction requirements (e.g., aircraft to

aircraft, aircraft to weapons); local Instruction 11-250 series; AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1;

MAJCOM and local supplements to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; applicable range guides;

local FCIF; and NOTAMs; whichever is more restrictive. (T-3). Use T.O. 1-1M-34 or

CWDS to determine minimum spacing when employing ordnance. (T-3).

5.4.9.2. Use the following minimum spacing on final during level or climbing deliveries

with training ordnance in a basic surface attack conventional or radar pattern:

5.4.9.2.1. Level/Diving - Minimum formation deconfliction spacing time for the

ordnance simulated or 15 seconds, whichever is greater. (T-3).

5.4.9.2.2. Climbing/Loft/Toss - 30 seconds. (T-3).

5.4.9.2.3. When subsequent aircraft conduct a delivery that requires target over flight

following a climbing delivery by a preceding aircraft, use bomb time-of-fall from

release plus 30 seconds to ensure the subsequent aircraft crosses the target after bomb

impact. (T-3).

5.4.10. Fouls.

5.4.10.1. Assess a foul for any of the following reasons:

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 39

5.4.10.1.1. Violation of flight or range safety. (T-3).

5.4.10.1.2. If an aircraft passes below the minimum recovery cue/altitude as

established in the applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 or this instruction for the

event being flown. (T-3).

5.4.10.1.3. An unintentional double-firing burst versus a single target or strafing past

the foul line. (T-3).

5.4.10.1.4. A lazy recovery from a LAS/LRS/TTS pass resulting in the aircraft

descending below 75 feet. (T-3).

5.4.10.1.5. Aircraft expending on wrong target. (T-3).

5.4.10.1.6. Aircraft expending ordnance without clearance. (T-3).

5.4.10.2. Aircrew will not perform further deliveries after receiving a second foul on the

range or a single dangerous foul, or as determined by the RCO or flight lead. (T-2).

5.4.11. Last Strafe Pass Procedure. (N/A for helicopters) The last strafe pass will be dry

unless each aircraft accomplishes an escape maneuver and an immediate turn after recovery.

(T-2). If performing a dry pass, check switches in SAFE, SIM, OFF, or equivalent position

before initiating the last pass. (T-2).

5.4.12. Armament Safety Procedures.

5.4.12.1. After completing weapon deliveries, flight leads will reform their flights, ensure

an armament safety check has been accomplished by each flight member and perform a

battle damage check. (T-2). Check the master arm switch in the SAFE, SIM, OFF, or

equivalent position, and use the weapons panel or Head Up Display (HUD) to verify the

Weapons Safe position. (T-2). Flight leads will ensure that each flight member verbally

confirms switches are safe. Battle damage checks are not required at night or in IMC. (T-

2).

5.4.12.2. If unable to confirm ordnance expenditure on the range, perform a visual bomb

check. (T-2). The aircrew, RCO, JTAC, B-1 Stores Management System, B-2 Mission

Management System, B-52 Stores Management Overlay for MIL-STD-1760 weapons, or

another flight member can all confirm ordnance expenditure. (T-2). If visual confirmation

is not feasible (for example, night), follow hung ordnance or unconfirmed hung ordnance

procedures. (T-2).

5.4.13. Recovery From Delivery. Execute recoveries from weapons deliveries according to

safe escape maneuvers described in the applicable T.O. series 1-34-1-1 aircraft-specific T.O.s.

(T-2). Recoveries will observe minimum altitudes consistent with safe escape, fuse arming,

and the weapon delivery minimum altitudes established by the applicable AFMAN series 11-

2, Volume 3 guidance; T.O. 1-1M-34; AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; MAJCOM and local

supplements to AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1; CWDS; local Instruction 11-250 series; applicable

range guides; local FCIF; NOTAMs; and this instruction, whichever are higher. (T-2).

Turning maneuver safe escapes resulting in a descending turn are not authorized. (T-2).

5.4.14. Flight Composition. A tactical unit possessing dissimilar fighters with integrated

missions (e.g., Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) aircraft, buddy lasing) may

employ as mixed elements when tactically sound.

40 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

5.4.15. Release Authority. Only a fully qualified Range Control Officer or a

JTAC/FAC(A)/flight lead when approved by an RCO or applicable range order are authorized

to allow ordnance release on a Class A/B/C range. (T-2).

5.5. Range Radio Procedures. See paragraph 5.7 for additional night radio procedures.

5.5.1. Radio Contact. Do not expend ordnance on a Class A or Class B/C manned range

without two-way radio contact with the RCO or JTAC on duty. (T-2). Aircrew will

acknowledge all applicable transmissions by the RCO or JTAC. (T-2).

5.5.2. Range Entry. Before weapons delivery on a Class A range (or when using scoring on

a Class B range), flight leaders will confirm the lineup and events. (T-2). The RCO will

confirm range, traffic pattern (when applicable), altimeter setting, and strafe panel (when

applicable). The flight lead will read back the applicable range, traffic pattern, altimeter

setting, and strafe panel. Flight members acknowledge with call sign. (T-2).

5.5.3. Class A Range Standard Radio Calls.

5.5.3.1. Day Conventional.

5.5.3.1.1. "Call Sign, BASE."

5.5.3.1.2. "Call Sign, UP" (pop-up patterns only).

5.5.3.1.3. "Call Sign, IN" and add "DRY" if appropriate. Abort the pass without

clearance to drop ordnance. (Day Conventional passes do not require an “OFF HOT”

call). “IN DRY” radio calls should be used anytime a dry pass is intended with

releasable munitions loaded on the aircraft, to include approved off range training.

5.5.3.1.4. "Call Sign, OFF, DRY" if intent was to release but no weapon was released.

5.5.3.2. Nuclear patterns and conventional bomber racetrack patterns:

5.5.3.2.1. "Call Sign, BASE."

5.5.3.2.2. "Call Sign, FINAL (Event) and add “DRY" if appropriate.”

5.5.3.2.3. "Call Sign, OFF HOT or DRY."

5.5.4. Modify radio calls on a Class B or C ranges to suit the tactical situation (for example,

communications jamming). (T-2).

5.5.5. In addition to the clearance procedures in JP 3-09.3, the following clearance calls will

be used by FAC(A)/JTAC/RCO and CMR/BMC flight leads during dry employment.

5.5.5.1. “CONTINUE DRY” used to provide clearance to aircraft for dry employment

during a type 1 or type 2 control. (T-2).

5.5.5.2. “TYPE 3, CONTINUE DRY” used to provide clearance to aircraft for dry

employment within the parameters imposed by the FAC(A)/JTAC during a type 3 control.

(T-2).

5.5.5.3. The word "CLEARED", in conjunction with any ground attack commencement

communication, will only be used when ordnance is actually to be delivered. (T-2). This

will minimize the chances of dropping ordnance on dry passes. Non-standard calls must

be avoided at all times. (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 41

5.5.5.4. The word “DRY” will be added to communication as a confirmatory measure if

aircraft is loaded with releasable ordnance. (T-2). This applies to “Commencing

engagement [DRY]” (for type 3) and “IN [DRY]” (for type 1/2). (T-2).

5.6. Air to Ground Laser Employment.

5.6.1. Laser employment. Any reference to 'IR pointer' is a reference to “IR Pointers,” “IR

Markers,” “Laser Target Markers (LTM),” and “Illuminators.” Similarly, laser range

finder/designator (LRD) will be used for LRD specific guidance. Some LRD have a combat

mode and a training mode. The overarching term, laser operations, will be used for both IR

pointer and LRD employment.

5.6.2. Aircrew Laser Eye Protection (LEP) use. Aircrew LEP with side protection and

appropriate for laser wavelength and ocular density (OD) must be worn when employing a

laser command pointer (LCP) in the cockpit, where a reflection hazard exists, or during a

ground test. (T-1).

5.6.2.1. Put on LEP (when required) prior to removing the LCP safety cap. (T-2).

5.6.2.2. Aircraft commanders/flight leads will confirm LCP employing aircrew/flight

members are wearing LEP prior to anyone employing an LCP. (T-2).

5.6.2.3. Remove and stow LEP prior to take-off, air-to-air refueling, and landing. (Not

applicable for aircrew performing in-flight monitor duties.) (T-2)

5.6.2.4. Fixed-wing aircraft will separate themselves from IR pointer employing aircraft

by the minimum Non Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) in their MDS T.O.s (or guidance

in paragraph 5.6.3.1), unless wearing LEP with sufficient optical density for that laser.

(T-2). LEP optical density required for each laser is listed in its safety approval memo,

available from AF Safety Center as well or the table referenced in paragraph 5.6.3.1.

5.6.2.5. Flight leads will ensure that each flight member verbally confirms IR pointers are

safe when IR pointer use is terminated for the mission and the safety cap (handheld LCP

only) is in place. (T-2).

5.6.3. Ground Party Safety.

5.6.3.1. Minimum Slant Range. Minimum laser employment slant range must be greater

than the safety distances in the applicable T.O.s (such as the MDS specific T.O. 1-1M-34)

or the range certification report’s “Attachment 1” tables, whichever is greater. The

Optical Radiation Safety office (DSN 389-2375) publishes updated tables for both U.S.

Air Force and U.S. Navy certified lasers for each range certification (Attachment 1 of

every range certification report). Their published tables may be used in place of applicable

MDS T.O. guidance. Go to

https://usaf.dps.mil/teams/acc_weapons_tactics/AFI11214/Forms/AllItems.aspx to

access the most updated table or email [email protected].

This table lists the minimum NOHD for unaided viewing (no image magnification) and

7x50 binocular aided NOHD. Additionally, the table lists data to determine proper LEP

(wavelegth, OD).

5.6.3.2. Personnel in the area. For IR pointers and LRDs, the area is defined as the area

within the footprint of the IR pointer. Account for the elliptical shape downrange of the

42 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

laser. For LRDs, add a 5 milliradian buffer to published beam divergence (including any

jitter value), unless aircraft is equipped with a capability to observe laser energy.

5.6.3.2.1. If ground parties are equipped with LEP, laser operations are allowed above

1,000 feet AGL for fixed-wing aircraft. In this case, there is no minimum altitude for

rotary-wing aircraft LCP employment provided the LCP is not pointed toward any

aircraft, person or reflective surface. LEP must be rated to the specifications of the

laser (defined in the “Attachment 1” table referenced in paragraph 5.6.3.1) in use.

Aircrew will notify ground personnel and other aircraft in the working area prior to

employing a laser. For specific missions that require minimal/no external comm, pre-

mission coordination (when/where lasers will be used) satisfies this notification

requirement. When required, ground personnel will ensure proper eye protection is in

place. (T-2).

5.6.3.2.2. If ground parties do not have LEP (or LEP use is unknown), laser use is

allowed when aircraft is greater than the NOHD. If ground parties can be confirmed

(through radio communication or observation) that no image magnification devices are

in use (e.g., binoculars), then use the “unaided NOHD” column. If image magnification

is unknown or in use, then use the “7x50 binocular NOHD” column. LRD use on pax

in the area, even when greater than the minimum slant range, should be avoided unless

the laser is in a “training” mode (if equipped).

5.6.3.3. Personnel not in the area. There are no minimum slant range or AGL restrictions

for laser use.

5.7. Night Surface Attack Procedures. (USAF helicopters follow lead command guidance in

aircraft specific AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 and associated MAJCOM supplements) See

paragraph 3.8 for additional guidance.

5.7.1. Night Weapons Deliveries. At night observe the following additional requirements

(USAF helicopters follow lead command guidance in the applicable AFMAN series 11-2,

Volume 3 and the applicable MAJCOM supplement):

5.7.1.1. Aircraft lighting will be full-up in accordance with paragraph 3.8.2 unless

operating in airspace designated for reduced, covert, or lights-out settings. (T-2). Aircraft

operating in designated airspace may use lighting options in accordance with AFI 11-

202V3, and any applicable waivers. (T-2).

5.7.1.2. If conducting training with an RCO/JTAC, the RCO/JTAC must have an

illumination device to make his/her position readily discernible to NVG-equipped aircraft.

(T-2). NVG aircraft will use external lighting that allows the RCO or JTAC to observe the

aircraft in the pattern. (T-2). If aircraft are employing covertly or with lights out, the

RCO/JTAC will be properly equipped and trained with NVGs. (T-2).

5.7.1.3. Minimum in-flight visibility for visual attacks is 5 NM (3 NM for helicopters).

(T-3).

5.7.1.4. For visual deliveries, illuminate the target area with airborne flares or ground

marking devices unless expending on a lighted target (Class A range). (T-2). Night radar

bombing, TGP, FLIR, Pave Penny, IR Maverick attacks, NVG, or B-52 aircraft do not

require artificial illumination of the target (see paragraph 5.7.2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 43

5.7.1.5. Night Class B/C Dry Clearing Pass. Aircrew may perform a combination dry

FRA, range clearing pass only during a level delivery at an altitude that will allow for

positive clearing of the range, but no lower than outlined in paragraph 3.8.3. (T-2).

5.7.1.6. Operate no more than three aircraft, (or four FLIR or NVG-equipped aircraft)

using Air-Air TACAN, Air-Air radar, or data-links in the same conventional pattern. (T-

2). All conventional patterns will provide adequate spacing to allow aircrew to focus

primarily on aircraft control vice aircraft deconfliction. (T-2).

5.7.1.7. Aircrew will not attempt to air score own-ship deliveries. (T-2).

5.7.2. Night Visual Weapons Delivery Pattern: (N/A for RPA, AFSOC assigned/gained

aircraft, and aircraft operated under AFSOC lead command guidance and helicopters)

5.7.2.1. Maximum planned dive angle is 45 degrees.

5.7.2.2. Minimum downwind altitudes will be 1,500 feet AGL or according to paragraph

3.8.3 (T-2).

5.7.2.3. Aircrew not utilizing TFR will begin their recoveries to ensure that their aircraft

does not go below the following minimum altitudes:

5.7.2.3.1. NVG Equipped Aircraft:

5.7.2.3.1.1. 1,000 feet AGL for planned dive angles up to 45 degrees (HI). (T-2).

5.7.2.3.1.2. 1,000 feet AGL or MSA, whichever is higher for planned dive angles

up to 45 degrees (LI). (T-2).

5.7.2.3.1.3. During LI conditions the use of artificial illumination devices (e.g.,

LUU-2, LUU-19, illumination rockets), may allow for use of HI recovery altitudes.

The flight lead will make this determination based on the ability to identify terrain

features and/or obstacles in the target area. (T-2).

5.7.2.3.2. Non-NVG Equipped Aircraft:

5.7.2.3.2.1. 2,000 feet AGL or MSA, whichever is higher for planned dive angles

greater than 20 degrees up to 45 degrees. (T-2).

5.7.2.3.2.2. 1,000 feet AGL or MSA, whichever is higher for dive angles of 20

degrees or less. (T-2).

5.7.3. Night System Weapons Delivery Pattern. A "Night System" is a device that allows

the aircrew to identify the target when normal visual acquisition is not possible.

5.7.3.1. RPA and aircraft equipped with TGP, FLIR, ground mapping radar, or NVG may

fly events on class A, B or C ranges.

5.7.3.2. Minimum altitude on downwind is 1,500 feet AGL or MSA, whichever is higher.

(T-3). Descend to release altitude when established on final. Range operations permitting,

TF/TA equipped aircraft may operate at the applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3

limits.

5.7.3.3. Minimum spacing between deliveries is 60 seconds. (T-3). Bomber aircraft,

TGP, FLIR or NVG equipped aircraft may use daylight rules of minimum spacing when

operating with an Air-Air TACAN or Air-Air radar.

44 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

5.7.3.4. Maximum angle of bank during TGP recovery maneuvers from a loft or climbing

safe escape is 135 degrees. Descend no lower than MSA until within TF limits. (T-3).

5.7.4. Night Illumination Flare Procedures.

5.7.4.1. Computations. Plan the minimum altitude for flare release to ensure illumination

flare burnout before ground impact. (T-2).

5.7.4.2. Class B and C Range radio procedures are same as day (see paragraph 5.5).

5.7.4.3. Dud Flare Procedures. If a dud flare is suspected, cease range operations until the

flare is no longer a hazard. (T-2).

5.7.4.4. Determining Flare Release Points. Determine the release point by using a

FAC(A)/JTAC, GPS/INS coordinates, radar vector, dead reckoning, computed systems

Continuously Computer Release Point or by the RCO. (T-2). If position is uncertain, do

not attempt a flare release. (T-2).

5.7.4.5. Flare Patterns. Flare patterns and procedures are variable. Timing during the

flight break-up must position the first delivery aircraft on the downwind leg as the flare

ship releases flares. Make flare drop and ordnance deliveries in any sequence that provides

continuous illumination of the target area.

5.7.4.6. Flare Support Aircraft Coordination. Establish positive coordination between

flare support aircraft, weapons delivery aircraft, and RCOs to ensure a mutual

understanding and knowledge of the overall operation. (T-2). Specific briefing items will

include:

5.7.4.6.1. Range entry, exit, and deconfliction procedures. (T-2).

5.7.4.6.2. Pattern altitude and direction. (T-2).

5.7.4.6.3. Expected number of flares dropped on each pass for each different event.

(T-2).

5.7.4.6.4. Dud flare procedures. (T-2).

5.8. Live Ordnance Procedures.

5.8.1. Do not select live ordnance stations until within range boundaries and ready for

delivery. (T-3). Do not arm delivery systems unless there is intent to expend and according

to range procedures (e.g., .local Instruction 11-250 series, local supplements to AFMAN 13-

212, Volume 1, local FCIF, Notices to Airman (NOTAMs)). (T-3).

5.8.2. Weapons safety footprints and minimum safe distances for personnel from targets will

be in accordance with paragraph 5.2.7. (T-2).

5.8.3. Following all live ordnance deliveries accomplish a bomb check and battle damage

check at the earliest opportunity. (T-2).

5.8.4. For laser guided munitions, follow the procedures in paragraph 5.6. (T-1).

5.8.5. AGM-65 and AGM-114 Employment.

5.8.5.1. If multiple elements are in the formation, non-firing elements will maintain a

position clear of the firing element and/or stacked high. (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 45

5.8.5.2. If missile launch has not occurred before reaching minimum range, abort the pass.

(T-3).

5.8.6. For missions falling under the Joint Live Fire Exercise definition in Attachment 4, refer

to that attachment for additional guidance.

5.8.7. For employment of live IAMs during CAS, refer to paragraph 5.2.6 for further

guidance.

5.9. Operations with Naval Ships. The following additional rules apply during maritime

training when not covered by published joint exercise SPINS.

5.9.1. The following restrictions govern flight in the proximity of non-participating ships:

5.9.1.1. Do not penetrate a 1 NM bubble vertically or horizontally. (T-1).

5.9.1.2. Do not fly more than two aircraft in the immediate vicinity. (T-1).

5.9.1.3. Do not perform any provocative or aggressive acts, or any acts which could be

reasonably perceived as provocative or aggressive. (T-1).

5.9.1.4. Do not expend ordnance within l0 NM. (T-1).

5.9.1.5. Limit use of non-participating surface ships to navigation practice setups only. Do

not use nonparticipating surface ships with ordnance on-board. (T-1).

5.9.2. Rules during training with participating ships must be in accordance with pre-briefed

naval SPINS for the ships concerned. (T-2). In no case will aircraft penetrate a 500-foot

bubble around exercise ships. (T-2).

5.9.3. During multiple sector attacks, maintain a 1,000 feet minimum altitude differential

between converging single aircraft. (T-2). Maintain a 2,000 feet differential between

converging elements. (T-2).

5.9.4. A maximum of two aircraft will engage in near simultaneous attacks (10 seconds

minimum spacing) on the same target. (T-2). The second aircraft must maintain visual contact.

(T-2).

5.9.5. A maximum of four aircraft can attack a single target with a minimum of 20 seconds

between elements. (T-3).

5.9.6. A maximum number of eight aircraft can attack a simulated Surface Action Group of

two or more targets simultaneously.

5.9.7. The minimum distance between simulated Surface Action Groups targets is 1 NM for

simultaneous attacks. (T-3).

5.9.8. Aircrew will not attack targets outside their pre-briefed attack quadrant. (T-2).

5.9.9. Aircrew will not attack into reflected sunlight. (T-2).

5.10. Air Strike Control Procedures.

5.10.1. WITH: Air strikes during CAS operations will be conducted in accordance with JP 3-

09.3 and must be controlled by a qualified FAC(A)/JTAC. (T-0). Personnel receiving formal

FAC(A)/JTAC upgrade training or receiving CAS familiarization training require supervision

from a qualified FAC(A)/JTAC instructor while controlling air strikes in CAS training. All

46 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

non-JTAC qualified personnel are required to identify themselves as non-JTAC qualified to

aircrew during initial check-in (e.g., “Hog 01, this is Grunt 69, I am a JFO. I am not JTAC

qualified.”). AC-130s and rotary wing aircraft do not require FAC(A)/JTAC control when

conducting call for fire (CFF) training, however the event must be pre-briefed with all

applicable players IAW the CAS coordination and briefing guide in Attachment 3. (T-2).

5.10.1.1. JTAC upgrade students controlling CAS assets under the direct supervision of

JTAC-I are not required to transmit “I am not JTAC qualified” providing aircrew are

briefed prior to the mission that upgrade student training is taking place.

5.10.1.2. Partner Nation JTAC/FACs that control air strikes will adhere to JP 3-09.3 CAS

procedures and must be Certified and Qualified in accordance with the JTAC MOA. (T-

0). Any JTAC/FAC that does not have this qualification must be under the direct

supervision of a US JTAC instructor to control air strikes in CAS training. (T-2).

5.10.2. Troop and target identification is critical. All available means (map plot, aircraft

systems, target mark, target talk-on, etc.) will be utilized to positively identify the target. (T-

2). Aircrew and JTACs will ensure the position(s) of friendly forces are deconflicted from

ordnance footprints before expending in accordance with paragraph 5.2.7. (T-2). Aircrew

must positively identify the location of friendly forces when they are located within the WDZ.

(T-2).

5.10.3. JTACs shall wear protective gear in accordance with AFI 13-112, Volume 1, Terminal

Attack Controller Training Program. (T-2).

5.10.4. Aircraft Deconfliction.

5.10.4.1. When using altitude deconfliction, the following guidance will apply:

5.10.4.1.1. A minimum of 1,000 feet vertical separation between altitude blocks is

required at or above 5000 feet AGL. (T-2).

5.10.4.1.2. A minimum of 500 feet vertical separation between altitude blocks is

required below 5,000 feet AGL. (T-2).

5.10.4.1.3. Aircraft will verbally confirm all altitude restrictions. (T-2).

5.10.4.2. Aircraft will not transit or exit the assigned altitude, altitude block, or

deconfliction sector, and will not employ weapons unless cleared or acknowledged by

FAC(A)/JTAC. (T-2).

5.10.4.3. If timing is used for deconfliction, aircrew will inform the JTAC/FAC(A) if

planned timing will not be met. (T-2).

5.10.4.4. (N/A for RPA) In addition to on-board systems and the established

deconfliction plan, each participant must use “see and avoid” techniques. (T-2).

5.10.4.5. Aircrew will initiate a “TERMINATE” or “KNOCK IT OFF” in accordance with

paragraph 3.4 criteria if deconfliction is in question. (T-2).

5.10.5. JTACs own the final release clearance authority. If JTACs choose to relinquish the

final release clearance authority (e.g., to FAC(A), JTACs must ensure that a clear, concise, and

positive handoff occurs with a current and qualified air/ground controller. (T-0).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 47

5.10.6. All players have the authority and responsibility to call "KNOCK-IT-OFF" or abort

the pass if they deem safety to ground crews or other airborne aircraft is in jeopardy.

5.11. Operations with JSTARS. The following additional procedures apply during Air-to-

Surface missions with JSTARS: (Note: In the absence of JSTARS or other applicable agencies,

AWACS/CRC may conduct C2 of CAS)

5.11.1. JSTARS has no inherent identification capability. All target identification requires

off-board cross-cueing.

5.11.2. JSTARS does not provide positive-radar control of aircraft. JSTARS provides

procedural control of aircraft using time, altitude, geographic (lateral) separation, and data

links for aircraft deconfliction. The deconfliction method may be delineated in the ACO,

SPINS, AFTTP 3-3, Integrated Planning and Execution, or real-time tactical briefs.

5.11.3. JSTARS will not provide airspace monitoring. Maintaining airspace confines is an

aircrew responsibility. (T-2).

JOSEPH T. GUASTELLA Jr., Lt Gen, USAF

Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations

48 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Attachment 1

GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION

References

ACCI 10-707, Air Combat Command (ACC) Electronic Attack Training and Emissions Control

(EMCON) Procedures, 13 September 2013

AFMAN 11-2F-16V3, F-16 Operations Procedures, 4 February 2020

AFMAN 11-2F-35AV3, F-35A Operations Procedures, 24 May 2018

AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Brevity Codes, 20 June 2018

AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (JFIRE), 18

October 2019

Air Force Doctrine, Volume 1, Basic Doctrine, 10 March 21

Air Force Doctrine, Volume 1, Basic Doctrine, 27 February 2015

AFI 10-220, Contractor’s Flight and Ground Operations, 21August 2013

AFI 10-220, Contractor’s Flight and Ground Operations, 9 April 2014

AFI 11-200, Aircrew Training, Standardization/Evaluation, and General Operations Structure,

21 September 18

AFMAN 11-202V3, Flight Operations, 10 June 2020

AFI 11-2F-16V3, F-16 Operations Procedures, 13 July 2016

AFMAN 11-2F-35AV3, F-35A Operations Procedures, 7 June 2012

AFMAN 11-2MDSV1, Aircrew Training

AFMAN 11-2MDSV3, Operations Procedures

AFI 13-112, Volume 1, Joint Terminal Attack Controller Training Program, 29 September 2017

AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1, Range Planning and Operations, 22 June 2018

AFI 33-322, Records Management and Information Governance Program, 23 March 2020

AFI 33-360, Publications and Forms Management, 1 December 2015

AFJI 36-2220, Joint United States (US) Air Force, US Army, US Navy, and US Marine Corps

Air Combat Training, 1 August 94

AFI 33-322, Records Management and Information Governance Program, 6 March 2020

AFTTP 3-1, Tactical Employment, 23 February 2016.

AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Brevity Codes, June 2018

AFTTP 3-2.6, JFIRE: Multi-service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint

Application of Firepower, 20 January 2017

AFTTP 3-3, Combat Aircraft Fundamentals 23 February 2016

AFTTP 3-3.TACS, Theater Air Control System, 24 April 2019

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 49

ATP-3.3.4.2, Air-to-Air Refueling, 1 April 2007

CJCSM 3212.02E, Performing Electronic Attack in the U.S. and Canada for Tests, Training,

and Exercises, 17 June 2019

CJCSM 3212.02E, Performing Electronic Attack in the U.S. and Canada for Tests, Training, and

Exercises, 17 June 2019

DAFI 33-360, Publications and Forms Management, 1 December 2015

DoDI 3100.11, Management of Laser Illumination of Objects in Space, 24 October 2016

JP 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 01 January 2020

JP 3-09.3, Close Air Support, 10 June 2019

STRATCOM Instruction (SI), 534-12, Laser Deconfliction Process, 25 July 2007

T.O. 1-1M-34, Aircrew Weapons Delivery Manual (Nonnuclear), 1 September 2006, Change 4,

1 January 2011

T.O. 1-1M-34, Aircrew Weapons Delivery Manual (Nonnuclear), 1 September 2006, Change 4,

1 January 2011

Adopted Forms

AF Form 813, Request For Environment Impact Analysis

AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ABM—Air Battle Manager

ACC—Air Combat Command

ACM—Airspace Control Measure

ACA—Airspace Coordination Area

ACCI—Air Combat Command Instruction

ACO—Airspace Control Order

ACP—Airspace Control Plan

ADS—Air Defense Sector

AFGSC—Air Force Global Strike Command

AFI—Air Force Instruction

AFMAN—Air Force Manual

AFRC—Air Force Reserve Command

AFRL—Air Force Research Laboratory

AFSOC—Air Force Special Operations Command

AFTTP—Air Force Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

50 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

AGL—Above Ground Level

AGTS—Aerial Gunnery Target System

AIM—Air Intercept Missile

ALO—Air Liaison Officer

ALSA—Air, Land, Sea, Application Center

AMC—Air Mobility Command

ANG—Air National Guard

AOA—Angle of Attack

AOD—Air Operations Directive

ATC—Air Traffic Control

ATCAA—Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspace

ATM—Air Training Missile

ATO—Air Tasking Order

ATP—Allied Tactical Publication

AWACS—Airborne Warning and Control System

BDA—Battle Damage Assessment

BFM—Basic Fighter Maneuvers

BMC—Basic Mission Capable

CAS—Close Air Support

CATM—Captive Air Training Missile

CATS—Combat Air Training Services

CFF—Call for Fire

CMR—Combat Mission Ready

CP—Control Point

CRC—Control and Reporting Center

CSAR—Combat Search and Rescue

CT—Continuation Training

CWDS—Conventional Weapons Delivery Software

DLO—Desired Learning Objective

DoDI—Department of Defense Instruction

EA—Electronic Attack

EMCON—Emission Control

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 51

EP—Electronic Protection

FAA—Federal Aviation Administration

FAC(A)—Forward Air Controller-Airborne

FEBA—Forward Edge of the Battle Area

FLIR—Forward Looking Infrared

FRA—First Run Attack

FTU—Formal Training Unit

G—Gravity (Units compared to earth’s gravitational force)

GCI—Ground Controlled Intercept

GLO—Ground Liaison Officer

GPS—Global Positioning System

HI—High Illumination

HUD—Heads-Up Display

IAM—Inertially Aided Munitions

ICAO—International Civil Aviation Organization

IFF—Identification, Friend or Foe

IG—Inspector General

IMC—Instrument Meteorological Conditions

IMT—Information Management Tool

INS—Inertial Navigation System

IP—Initial Point

IQT—Initial Qualification Training

IR—Infrared

JAAT—Joint Air Attack Team

JHMCS—Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System

JSTARS—E-8, Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System

JTAC—Joint Terminal Attack Controller

KIAS—Knots Indicated Airspeed

KIO—Knock-It-Off

KM—Kilom

LAHD—Low Angle High Drag

LAS—Low Angle Strafe

52 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

LATN—Low Altitude Tactical Navigation

LCP—Laser Command Pointer

LEP—Laser Eye Protection

LFE—Large Force Exercise

LI—Low Illumination

LOS—Line of Sight

LRD—Laser Range Finder/Designator

LRS—Long Range Strafe

LTM—Laser Target Marker

MAJCOM—Major Command

MDS—Mission Design Series

MOA—Military Operations Area/Memorandum of Agreement

MFD—Multifunction Disp

MQT—Mission Qualification Training

MSA—Minimum Safe Altitude

MSL—Mean Sea Level

NFA—No-Fire Area

NM—Nautical Mile

NOHD—Non-Ocular Hazard Distance

NVG—Night Vision Goggles

OCA/ESC—Offensive Counter Air/Escort

OD—Ocular Density

OPLAN—Operation Plan

OPORD—Operation Order

PACAF—Pacific Air Forces

PIREP—Pilot Weather Report

POM—Plane of Motion

PTM—Pilot Training Missile

RAP—Ready Aircrew Program

RCO—Range Control Officer (certified in accordance with AFMAN 13-212V1 and local range

regulations)

RED—Risk Estimate Distance

ROE—Rules of Engagement

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 53

ROVER—Remotely Operated Video-Enhanced Receiver

RPA—Remotely Piloted Aircraft

RTO—Range Training Officer

RWR—Radar Warning Receiver

SA—Surface Attack; Situational Awareness

SARDOT—Search and Rescue Dot

SEAD—Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

SIF—Selective Identification Feature

SPINS—Special Instructions

STRATCOM—Strategy Command

TA—Training Area; Terrain Avoidance

TACP—Tactical Air Control Party

TACS—Theater Air Control System

TI—Tactical Intercepts

TF—Terrain Following

TFR—Terrain Following Radar

TGP—Targeting Pod

T.O.—Technical Order

TOSS—Television Ordnance Scoring System

TOT—Time over Target

TPT—Target Practice Tracer

TR—Training Rule

TTS—Two Target Strafe

USAFE—United States Air Forces in Europe

VECP SD—Value Engineering Change Proposal Smokey Devil

VFR—Visual Flight Rules

VID—Visual Identification

VMC—Visual Meteorological Conditions

WD—Weapons Director

WDZ—Weapon Danger Zone

WSEP—Weapons System Evaluation Program

54 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Terms

Adversary—An aircrew or aircraft flying as an opponent during Air-to-Air training.

Air Combat Tactics—Training in the application of BFM and ACM skills to achieve a tactical

Air-to-Air objective.

Air Combat Training (ACT)—A general term that includes Dissimilar BFM, Dissimilar ACM,

and Dissimilar ACT.

Aspect Angle—The angle between the longitudinal axis of the target (projected rearward) and the

line of sight to the interceptor measured from the tail of the target.

Attacker—Air-to-Air: An aircraft simulating carrying Air-to-Air ordnance engaged in offensive

maneuvering. Air-to-Surface: An aircraft in the process of delivering Air-to-Surface ordnance.

Attack Restriction—Ingress, ordnance delivery, or egress restrictions depending on situation

(such as, threats, weather, terrain, rules of engagement, etc.)

BINGO Fuel—A prebriefed fuel state that allows the aircraft to return to the base of intended

landing or alternate, if required, using preplanned recovery parameters and arriving with normal

recovery fuel. (ALSA Brevity)

Cell—Two or more tankers flying in formation.

Class A Range—A manned range as defined in AFMAN 13-212V1, where a range control officer

is present with two-way radio voice communication capability.

Class B Range—A manned or unmanned range with scoring capability, but no range control

officer.

Class C Range—An unmanned range with no scoring or control capability.

Close Air Support (CAS)—Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets

that are in close proximity to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each air mission

with the fire and movement of those forces. Also called CAS. (JP 1-02, Department of Defense

Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms)

Closure—Relative velocity of one aircraft in relation to another.

Comm Jam/Jamming—Attempt to interrupt communication.

COMMIT—Directive call to intercept a group of interest. (ALSA Brevity)

Composite Force—Multiple flights of the same or different MDS aircraft, each under the

direction of its own flight leader performing the same or different roles.

Contract Air Training Services—Adversary Air, air services in support of JTAC/controller

training, or any other services of contractor owned/operated airborne platform for the purpose of

supporting USAF training.

Defender—Any type of aircraft attempting to defeat or deny an adversary's weapons employment.

Defensive Maneuvering—Maneuvers designed to negate the attack or ordnance of a maneuvering

adversary, surface or airborne.

Element—A flight of two aircraft.

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 55

Element Pop—up—A two ship pop-up attack where the wingman's only reference is the flight

lead.

FIGHTS ON—To begin an engagement or war or to restart an engagement or war after a KNOCK

IT OFF or TERMINATE.

Flag Exercises—Named major exercises (e.g., Red Flag, Maple Flag)

Forward Air Controller—An officer (aviator/pilot) member of the tactical air control party who,

from forward ground or airborne position, controls aircraft in close air support of ground troops.

Also called FAC. (JP 1-02)

Forward Air Controller (Airborne)—A specifically trained and qualified aviation officer who

exercises control from the air of aircraft engaged in close air support of ground troops. The forward

air controller (airborne) is normally an airborne extension of the tactical air control party. Also

called FAC(A). (JP 1-02)

Hard Target—Any target, moving or fixed, with armored/physical protection requiring increased

precision/weapons yield.

High Illumination—A minimum of 2.2 millilux illumination derived from natural or artificial

sources (unless defined otherwise in aircraft specific AFMAN 11-2MDS series instructions).

Hung Ordnance—Any item attached to the aircraft for the purpose of dropping or firing which

has malfunctioned or failed to release. In addition, hung ordnance includes the following items:

(1) External fuel tanks after unsuccessful jettison attempt; (2) Remaining ordnance after an

inadvertent release; (3) 20/30 millimeter ammunition after a gun malfunction (no fire, unplanned

cease fire, runaway gun, or gun unsafe indication); (4) Any stores determined to be in an unsafe

condition.

Intercept—The phase of an Air-to-Air mission between the commit and the engagement when the

fighter executes a series of maneuvers using ground controlled intercept, Airborne Warning and

Control System, on board systems, or dead reckoning, to place the aircraft or flight in a position

to employ Air-to-Air ordnance, make a visual identification, or initiate a visual engagement.

Inadvertent Release—Uncommanded fired or dropped ordnance. If commanding a single

release, do not consider a double bomb release as an inadvertent release if the releases occur from

a practice bomb dispenser.

Inert Ordnance—Ordnance with no explosive or incendiary material, including full-scale

practice bombs (e.g., BDU-50, BDU-56). This does not include sub-scale practice munitions (e.g.,

BDU-33).

Jettison—The selective release of stores from an aircraft for other than a normal attack.

Joint Live Fire Exercise—Defined CAS or FAC(A) sorties flown in support of maneuver units

that involved aircraft dropping, firing, and/or expending objects/projectiles. These exercises will

involve members of more than one service.

Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC)—A qualified (certified) service member who, from

a forward position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support and other

offensive air operations. A qualified and current JTAC will be recognized across the Department

of Defense and Joint Partners that meet qualification and certification requirements as capable and

authorized to perform terminal attack control.

56 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Live Ordnance—Combat type ordnance incorporating explosive or incendiary material. Do not

consider self-protection flares, night illumination flares and spotting charges as live ordnance.

Lost Link (RPA)—Aircraft is no longer under the control of a ground station pilot.

Lost Link Profile—Pre-programmed flight profile a RPA flies when Lost Link occurs.

Low Altitude—Below 5,000 feet AGL.

Low Altitude Tactical Navigation—Low altitude training using the fundamental aspects of dead

reckoning and point-to-point low altitude navigation, with or without prior route planning.

Low—Altitude Training—Mission oriented operations in the low block altitude.

LOWDOWN—A request to provide tactical ground information pertinent to the mission in a

digital bullseye format (ALSA Brevity).

Low Illumination—Less than 2.2 millilux (unless defined otherwise in aircraft specific AFMAN

series 11-2, Volume 3 instructions).

Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)—An altitude that provides at least 1,000 ft. of clearance above

all obstacles within 4 NMs of the course to be flown in non-mountainous terrain, or 2,000 ft. in

mountainous terrain. (AFMAN 11-202V3).

Minimum Risk/Safe Passage—Usually defined in a theater Air Control Order to aid in the safe

return of a friendly aircraft that is unable to communicate and/or cannot verify the working status

of its IFF/SIF transponder.

Mixed Force—The employment of a single flight of different MDS aircraft, performing the same

tactical role, under the direction of a single flight leader.

Night—The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil

twilight as published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local time.

Offensive Maneuvering—Maneuvers against an opponent to achieve weapons parameters.

Overwater Range—Range complex in which water immediately surrounds the target or desired

mean point of impact and does not have sufficient land references to aid in determining the horizon

during attack and safe escape maneuver.

PICTURE—A request to provide tactical air information pertinent to the mission in a digital

bullseye format. (ALSA Brevity)

Practice Ordnance—Ordnance specifically designed or modified for practice. BDU-33, BDU-

38, BDU-48, MK-106, Air Training Missile (ATM), Captive Air Training Missile (CATM), Pilot

Training Missile (PTM), and classify ball (or tracer – Target Practice Tracer [TPT]) gun

ammunition as practice ordnance.

Range Guide—A document that provides additional information that is unique to the range. It

describes the ranges, targets, authorized ordnance and weapons delivery restrictions not found in

either AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1 or its MAJCOM and local supplements.

Release—The intentional separation of a free-fall aircraft store, from its suspension equipment,

for purposes of employment of the store.

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 57

Rules of Engagement (ROE)—Directives issued by competent military authority that delineate

the circumstances and limitations under which US forces will initiate and/or continue combat

engagement with other forces encountered.

Situational Awareness (SA)—The level the warfighter/aircrew is able to recognize, process, and

react to both external and internal factors in a dynamic environment to increase lethality,

survivability, and mission effectiveness.

SOUR—Invalid /no response to an administrative IFF/SIF check. Opposite of Sweet. (ALSA

Brevity)

Special Instructions (SPINS)—Restrictions, procedures, and scenario elements applicable to

specific scenarios, missions, or exercise.

SWEET—Valid response to an administrative IFF/SIF check request. Opposite of Sour (ALSA

Brevity)

Tactical Formation—Formations, as defined by AFTTP 3-1 and AFTTP 3-3, that provides

mutual support.

TARGET—A directive call to assign group responsibility. Area on a range complex where the

desired mean point of impact is located. (ALSA Brevity)

TERMINATE—Procedures used when safety of flight is not a factor and to indicate stopping

ownship maneuvering. (ALSA Brevity)

Training Ordnance—Ordnance used in conduct of training. This includes practice ordnance,

inert ordnance, and live ordnance.

Training Rules (TR)—Peacetime rules, procedures, and standards governing Air-to-Air and Air-

to-Surface training that, when violated, jeopardize flight safety.

Unexpended Ordnance—Ordnance that is still onboard because no release was attempted.

Unintentional Release—Ordnance fired or dropped through pilot error.

War Call—A call based on the weather call that sets the type of maneuvering category to be used.

Weather Call—A PIREP or call that will be used by an Airboss, Mission Commander or Flight

Lead to make a war call.

WINCHESTER—No ordnance remaining (AFTTP 3-2.5)

58 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Attachment 2

GENERAL COORDINATION AND BRIEFING GUIDE (USE FOR FACE-TO-FACE,

TELEPHONIC, OR IN-FLIGHT COORDINATION)

A2.1. Date/Time

A2.2. Participants

A2.2.1. Units

A2.2.2. Contact Phone Numbers and Frequencies

A2.2.3. Number and Type Aircraft

A2.2.4. Call Signs

A2.3. Mission Commander / Deputy Mission Commander

A2.4. Airspace

A2.4.1. Scheduled Times

A2.4.2. Routing and Entry/Exit points

A2.4.3. Horizontal Boundaries

A2.4.4. Vertical Limits

A2.4.5. Minimum Safe Altitudes (MSA)

A2.4.6. Restrictions and Clearances (EA, EP, Chaff, Flare, Laser, and Ordnance)

A2.4.7. Controlling Agencies.

A2.4.8. Emergency Bases

A2.4.9. Weather

A2.5. Scenario SPINS

A2.5.1. Objectives (Scenario, Mission, and Training).

A2.5.2. Situation, State, and Stage of Alert.

A2.5.3. Type Aircraft Simulated

A2.5.4. Specify Ordnance Simulated, Live or Inerts (Number and Type)

A2.5.5. Roles and Tactical Objectives

A2.5.6. Performance and Avionics Constraints

A2.5.7. Tactics Constraints

A2.5.8. Maneuvering Limits (Maneuvering Categories, Aircraft Maneuvering Limits)

A2.5.9. Points, Target Locations, Kill Boxes, Defended Areas, Home bases

A2.5.10. Surface Threats, Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA), Safe Areas

A2.5.11. Vulnerability Times

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 59

A2.5.12. ROE (Hostile Acts, ID Criteria, Employment Constraints)

A2.5.13. Valid Shot Parameters

A2.5.14. Kill Criteria

A2.5.15. Shot and Kill Passage

A2.5.16. Kill Removal

A2.5.17. Type/Level of GCI or AWACS Control

A2.5.18. Squawks

A2.5.19. Blocks

A2.5.20. Bullseye, Search and Rescue Dot (SARDOT) locations

A2.6. Communication Plan

A2.6.1. Frequencies, Have Quick, Secure, Chattermark, and Code Words

A2.6.2. Tactical Data Links: Table, Crypto, Time, NTR, Fighter Channel, Mission Channel,

Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS)/Multifunctional Information

Distribution System (MIDS) Unit (JU)#, and Track Blocks.

A2.6.3. Link Comm vs. Non-Link Comm

A2.7. Rendezvous Procedures (Location, Altitude, Time, Method)

A2.8. Training Rules (If Nonstandard)

A2.9. Mission Contingencies

A2.9.1. Aircraft Fallout/Minimum Participants

A2.9.2. Single Frequency

A2.9.3. Single GCI/AWACS Scope, Degraded Radar (JSTARS)

A2.9.4. No GCI/ AWACS or JSTARS

A2.9.5. Weather

A2.9.6. Alternate Missions

A2.10. Recovery and Dissimilar Formation Procedures

A2.11. Emergency Procedures

A2.12. Special Subjects

A2.13. Debriefing (Time and Place)

A2.14. GCI/AWACS Coordination

A2.14.1. Combat Air Patrol points/Strike Routes/Timing/Target Locations

A2.14.2. Commit Criteria/Authority

A2.14.3. Tactics (Blue/Adversary)

A2.14.4. Tactical Ranges/Contracts/Application

60 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

A2.14.5. Communications (voice/data link)

A2.14.6. Lean/Spin Criteria/Authority

A2.14.7. Reattack Options/Time over Target (TOT) Window

A2.15. JSTARS Coordination

A2.15.1. On-Station Times

A2.15.2. EA/EP Considerations

A2.15.3. Aircraft Capabilities

A2.15.4. Communications:

A2.15.4.1. Lowdown

A2.15.4.2. Target Briefing (9-Line/Details)

A2.15.4.3. Target Talk-Ons

A2.15.4.4. Route Screening

A2.15.4.5. Threat/Target Updates

A2.15.4.6. Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) Passing

A2.16. RPA Coordination

A2.16.1. RPA and Fighter altitude blocks

A2.16.2. Target Briefing (9-Line/Details)

A2.16.3. Target Talk-Ons

A2.16.4. BDA Passing

A2.16.5. RPA Lost Link

A2.16.5.1. RPA Lost Link Mission and Altitudes

A2.16.5.2. Assistance Required

A2.16.5.3. Lost Communication Procedures

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 61

Attachment 3

CAS COORDINATION AND BRIEFING GUIDE (USE FOR FACE-TO-FACE OR

TELEPHONIC COORDINATION)

A3.1. Participants

A3.1.1. Units (Flying, Ground/Naval, Units Supported)

A3.1.2. Aircraft Types

A3.1.3. Call Signs/Mission Number/Ordnance/Playtime

A3.2. Weather

A3.2.1. Forecast / Local Observation

A3.2.2. Sunrise/Sunset/Moon Illumination/Lux data

A3.2.3. Weather Minimums

A3.3. Working / Training Area

A3.3.1. Airspace/Vulnerability Times

A3.3.2. Airspace Boundaries / Altitudes

A3.3.3. Terrain Features (Terrain Reference Point, Named Area of Interest, Target Area of

Interest, etc.)

A3.3.4. Ground Obstructions / Hazards

A3.3.5. Entry Points, Exit Points, and Routing

A3.3.6. CPs, IPs, Hold Points, Ingress/Egress Routes

A3.3.7. Approved Targets and Ordnance

A3.3.8. Airspace Restrictions (Noise Sensitive Areas, No-Fly Areas, etc.)

A3.3.9. Established Control Measures (ACAs, NFAs, etc.)

A3.3.10. Rotary-wing Area(s) of Operation

A3.3.11. Aircraft Lighting

A3.4. Scenario

A3.4.1. Mission and Training Objectives

A3.4.2. Ground Order of Battle

A3.4.2.1. Forward Edge of Battle Area / Forward Line of Own Troops / Fire Support

Coordination Line

A3.4.2.2. Unit Boundaries / Phase Lines

A3.4.2.3. Threats / Opposing Forces / Regeneration Points

A3.4.2.4. Target Priorities / Types

A3.4.2.5. Artillery Locations / Planned Fires

62 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

A3.4.2.6. Friendly Locations / Planned Movements / Planned Fires

A3.5. SPINS/Comm Plan

A3.5.1. ROE (ID Requirements, Employment Constraints, etc.)

A3.5.2. Controlling Agencies

A3.5.3. Enroute / Coordination / Strike Frequencies

A3.5.4. Base Numbers / Code Words

A3.5.5. Authentication Procedures

A3.5.6. HaveQuick and Secure Comm Procedures

A3.5.7. Tactical Data Links: Table, Crypto, Time, NTR, Fighter Channel, Mission Channel,

JU#, and Track Blocks.

A3.5.8. Map Datum

A3.5.9. ROVER Procedures

A3.6. CAS Briefing

A3.6.1. Check-In Briefing (in accordance with JP 3-09.3)

A3.6.2. Nine-Line or Call For Fire Briefing (in accordance with JP 3-09.3)

A3.6.3. Expected Type of Control (Type I / II / III)

A3.6.4. In Flight Report Briefing (in accordance with JP 3-09.3)

A3.6.5. Aircraft Deconfliction (Altitude / Lateral / Timing Separation)

A3.6.6. Ordnance / Weapons Data

A3.6.6.1. Type and Fuzing

A3.6.6.2. IAM Procedures

A3.6.6.3. Min Safe Distances (for personnel in accordance with paragraph 5.2.7 and

Attachment 6)

A3.6.7. Target Marking

A3.6.7.1. Tactics

A3.6.7.2. Type

A3.6.7.3. Comm Procedures and Brevity Terms

A3.6.7.4. Laser Safety Cone

A3.6.8. Friendly Marking

A3.6.8.1. Type (LCP / Panel / Mirror / Pyrotechnics / etc.)

A3.6.8.2. Comm Procedures and Brevity Term

A3.6.9. Attack Tactics

A3.6.9.1. Planned Deliveries

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 63

A3.6.9.2. Planned Timing Attack Spacing and Re-attacks

A3.6.9.3. Abort Criteria and Procedures

A3.6.9.4. Review “Troops in Contact” and “Danger Close” Calls (peacetime safety criteria

will not be compromised)

A3.7. Training Rules

A3.7.1. Knock-it-off / Terminate Criteria

A3.7.2. Live Ordnance Procedures

A3.8. Contingencies

A3.8.1. Alternate Missions / Targets

A3.8.2. Adverse Weather

A3.8.3. Emergencies

A3.8.3.1. Hung Ordnance/ Unintentional / Inadvertent Release

A3.8.3.2. Jettison Procedures / Areas

A3.8.3.3. Runaway Gun

A3.8.3.4. Radio Failure / No Contact

A3.8.3.5. Controlled Bailout Are

A3.8.3.6. Search and Rescue Procedures

A3.8.3.7. Medical Evacuation

A3.9. Debriefing

A3.9.1. Mission and Training Objectives

A3.9.2. Mission Execution and Tactics

A3.9.3. Lessons Learned

64 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Attachment 4

AIR-TO-GROUND JOINT LIVE FIRE EXERCISE PROCEDURES

A4.1. Joint Live Fire Exercise Operations. This attachment outlines procedures pertinent to the

execution of Joint Live Fire operations. For the purpose of this attachment, Joint Live Fire

Exercise is defined below. Apply these procedures in addition to the procedures outlined in

Chapter 5. (T-2) Joint Publication 3-09.3, Close Air Support, AFTTP 3-3.TACS, Theater Air

Control System, and AFTTP 3-2.6 provide further guidance.

A4.1.1. General.

A4.1.1.1. Joint Live Fire Exercise. Defined as CAS/JAAT or FAC(A) sorties flown in

support of ground or rotary wing maneuver units that involve aircraft dropping, firing,

and/or expending objects/projectiles. These exercises will involve members of more than

one service. (T-2)

A4.1.1.2. 2.4.3.4 This attachment does not apply to aircraft under the control of a

FAC(A)/JTAC supporting exercises involving ground or rotary wing aviation units firing

from fixed positions into an impact area with no other maneuver units involved.

A4.1.1.3. This attachment also does not apply to aircraft flying under the control of a

FAC(A)/ JTAC from the same or different service if there are no maneuver units involved.

A4.1.2. Mission Preparation.

A4.1.2.1. Detailed planning for Joint Live Fire Exercises will be accomplished by the

common higher headquarters of all the participating units. (T-2). The Air Force

representative (e.g., Aircrew, FAC(A)/JTAC/ALO) will ensure that this planning is

consistent with applicable Air Force instructions and conforms to current Joint/Air Force

doctrine. The senior aircrew/FAC(A)/JTAC/ALO will also be responsible for maintaining

a high state of situational awareness on the locations of all ground troop positions/

movements involved in the exercise. (T-2)

A4.1.2.2. Aircrew/FAC(A)/JTAC/ALOs will be prepared to shift to alternate targets or

abort ordnance delivery if troop location is uncertain or troop movement is within

minimum safe separation distance from targets. (T-2)

A4.1.2.3. All aircrew will receive a comprehensive briefing on the training area. This

briefing will include, but is not limited to the following:

A4.1.2.3.1. Expected target location. (T-2)

A4.1.2.3.2. Location and planned movement of troops and aircraft. (T-2)

A4.1.2.3.3. Approved alternate target locations. (T-2)

A4.1.2.3.4. Planned ground fire. (T-2)

A4.1.2.3.5. Airspace control measures (phase lines, restricted fire areas, etc.). (T-2)

A4.1.2.3.6. Abort procedures. (T-2)

A4.1.2.3.7. Emergency jettison procedures and areas. (T-2)

A4.1.2.3.8. Range restrictions. (T-2)

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 65

A4.1.2.3.9. Exercise operating procedures. (T-2)

A4.1.2.4. If assigned, units will use their Ground Liaison Officers (GLOs) in their mission

briefings to provide service training objectives and tactical situation information. Units

without GLOs will obtain tactical situation information from the participating service units’

JTAC/ALO. (T-2)

A4.1.2.5. Refer to Attachment 3, "CAS Coordination and Briefing Guide."

A4.1.3. Procedures.

A4.1.3.1. Aircrew/JTAC/ALO Criteria.

A4.1.3.1.1. Only CMR/BMC mission-ready aircrew/JTAC/ALOs will participate in

joint live fire operations. (No MQT Training.) (AFSOC CAS platform follow

command guidance.) (T-2)

A4.1.3.1.2. Aircrew will be qualified in the weapons delivery events to be flown in

accordance with AFI11-MDS Volume 1. (T-2)

A4.1.3.2. Minimum Altitudes.

A4.1.3.2.1. Minimum release and recovery altitudes will be in accordance with

paragraph 5.4.6. (T-2)

A4.1.3.2.2. Minimum altitude over troops will be 200 feet AGL, minimum aircrew

qualification, local directive minimums, or airspace coordination minimums,

whichever is higher. (T-2)

A4.1.3.3. Communications and Control Procedures.

A4.1.3.3.1. The senior JTAC/ALO will ensure continuous communications are

available between all parties involved in the joint live fire exercise. If two-way

communication between any parties is lost, all ordnance delivery activities will cease

until communications are re-established. (T-2)

A4.1.3.3.2. The JTAC/ALO will coordinate all fires with the appropriate maneuver

and fire support unit prior to commencement of an air strike. (T-2)

A4.1.3.3.3. The FAC(A)/JTAC/ALO will be positioned to ensure the correct target is

being attacked and watch for unplanned troop movements beyond planned control

measures. (T-2)

A4.1.3.3.4. If terrain, weather, or other factors restrict the FAC(A)/JTAC/ALOs ability

to observe and control the exercise, a safety observer will be required. (T-2)

A4.1.3.3.4.1. The safety observer will be a FAC(A)/JTAC/ALO with two-way

radio communication who is in a position to observe the target. The safety observer

maintains full abort authority and will ensure the correct target is attacked while

maintaining the safety of ground personnel and equipment. (T-2)

A4.1.3.3.4.2. If the safety observer is unable to observe the target, an independent

safety observer using a maneuver commander approved automated ground and air

forces tracking system (e.g., Solaris) with two-way communication to all players

fulfills this requirement.

66 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

A4.1.3.3.5. All air strikes will be controlled by a current and qualified FAC(A)/JTAC

who has positive radio communications with each aircraft. (T-2). The FAC(A)/JTAC

will exercise control in accordance with JP 3-09.3 and AFTTP (I) 3-2.6. (T-2)

A4.1.3.4. Troop and target identification is critical. All available means (map plot, aircraft

systems, target mark, target talk-on, etc.) will be utilized to positively identify the target

and its relation to friendly forces. (T-2)

A4.1.3.4.1. When within 5 km (3 NM) of friendly ground troops, the target will be

marked by a unique terrain feature, laser, or a conspicuous marking device (e.g., white

phosphorus rocket, artillery round, smoke grenade, IR pointer). (T-2)

A4.1.3.4.2. Each flight member will acknowledge target identification and direction

of attack prior to their initial live ordnance pass on the target. (T-2)

A4.1.3.4.3. Refer to paragraph 5.2.6.1 for additional guidance on CAS operations

with IAMs.

A4.1.3.4.4. (N/A for AFSOC) In order to ensure target/impact area recognition, all

pilots will accomplish a dry pass using simulated ordnance release parameters prior to

the actual expenditure of ordnance. This pass will be under the control of a

FAC(A)/JTAC. Exercise rehearsals conducted up to 48 hours in advance may count as

the initial pass provided all major participants and parameters remain the same. (T-2)

A4.1.3.4.5. If friendly maneuver forces are within 5 km (3 NM) of the target, the

elements closest to the target must be positively identified by the attacking aircraft prior

to weapons expenditure.

A4.1.3.5. Air Delivered Ordnance Minimum Safe Distance Criteria. Aircrew and JTACs

will ensure the position(s) of friendly forces are deconflicted from weapons footprints

before expending in accordance with paragraph 5.2.7. (T-2)

A4.1.3.5.1. TACP/JTACs operating at the MSDs listed in AFTTP 3-2.6 are required

to wear protective equipment (including eyewear) in accordance with paragraph

5.10.3.

A4.1.3.5.2. Ground Maneuver units and other personnel in the vicinity of the target

area will adhere to WDZ footprint distances in paragraph 5.2.7. (T-2)

A4.1.3.6. Weather Minimums. Weather minimums for Joint Live Fire Exercise operations

will be 2,500 feet ceiling, and 5 miles visibility for aircraft employing visual weapons

deliveries. For aircraft employing non-visual deliveries, weather minimums will be in

accordance with applicable AFMAN 11-2MDS series instructions. (T-2)

A4.1.3.7. USAF personnel may use lasers on foreign and other US service ranges in

accordance with AFMAN 13-212V1, paragraph 4.11.10.

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 67

Attachment 5

AIR-TO-AIR LIVE FIRE PROCEDURES

A5.1. Aerial Gunnery. The following rules apply to missions involved in live gun firings against

towed targets.

A5.1.1. General.

A5.1.1.1. The TRs in this instruction apply with the following additional restrictions:

A5.1.1.1.1. Implement procedures to ensure the range are clear of surface activity and

other aircraft before firing over an undercast.

A5.1.1.1.2. Cease fire if sighting any surface activity or other aircraft in the bullet

impact area.

A5.1.1.1.3. A Range Control Officer (RCO) must be present during firing. After join-

up with the tow aircraft, the engaging flight lead will become the RCO (if qualified).

(T-2) A Tow pilot may perform RCO duties (if qualified) when an RCO flight lead is

not present.

A5.1.1.2. The Flight Lead and Tow Pilot will:

A5.1.1.2.1. Ensure firing occurs within the range boundaries. (T-2)

A5.1.1.2.2. Ensure the range is clear of surface and other airborne traffic at all times

during firing. (T-2)

A5.1.1.2.3. Ensure TR compliance. (T-2)

A5.1.1.2.4. Assess fouls. (T-2)

A5.1.1.3. The Tow Pilot will:

A5.1.1.3.1. If chased, make a warning call before deploying the AGTS. (T-2)

A5.1.1.3.2. Fly the pre-briefed pattern. (T-2)

A5.1.1.3.3. Initiate radio calls to control the firing sequence. (T-2)

A5.1.1.3.4. Establish a turn before issuing a "CLEARED TO FIRE" call. (T-2)

A5.1.1.3.5. Record hits for each pass. (T-2)

A5.1.1.4. The Shooter will:

A5.1.1.4.1. Monitor the AGTS deployment and notify the tow if any malfunctions

occur. (T-2)

A5.1.1.4.2. Not fly directly below or astern the tow aircraft at any time. (T-2)

A5.1.1.4.3. Acknowledge all calls from the tow pilot. (T-2)

A5.1.1.4.4. Maintain safe separation from the target if the shooter air scores the target.

(T-2)

A5.1.1.4.5. Not make firing passes on a target that rolls in a turn, is flying high on the

tow, or flying in an erratic manner. (T-2)

68 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

A5.1.1.4.6. Maintain positive overtake and a minimum of 5 degrees angle-off to the

inside of the target's turn while engaged. (T-2)

A5.1.1.4.7. Prepare to avoid target debris that will result from a hit. (T-2)

A5.1.1.4.8. Immediately after firing, perform a reposition to get out of the target's

plane of motion (POM) and avoid a 5-degree cone aft of the target's POM. (T-2)

A5.1.1.4.9. Visually inspect all shooter aircraft with another aircraft to search for

damage at the conclusion of gunnery operations. (T-2)

A5.1.1.5. If the shooter requires a chase aircraft, the chase will maneuver as necessary to

observe the firing distance, effectiveness, and shooter position relative to the gun line of

fire. The chase will fly a position to avoid target debris and the shooter during post-fire

reposition maneuvers. (T-2)

A5.1.1.6. Fouls. Assess a foul to the aircrew for any of the following conditions:

A5.1.1.6.1. Firing without a clearance

A5.1.1.6.2. Firing from outside the turn of the target.

A5.1.1.6.3. Firing within 1,000 feet of the target.

A5.1.1.6.4. Flying within 800 feet of the target.

A5.1.2. AGTS/BANNER Basic Patterns. The following section defines various setups

available for aerial gunnery training. The pattern selected and the tactics employed should

meet the training requirements for the individual unit. Ideally, shooters will engage the aerial

target as a two-ship element if two aircraft are available.

A5.1.2.1. Combat Pattern (Figure A5.1 & Figure A5.2):

A5.1.2.1.1. The tow will maintain 300 to 450 KIAS for AGTS and 200-250 KIAS for

BANNER. The shooters will perform a two-ship front quarter tactical intercept using

AFTTP 3-1 tactics. Prior to the merge, the RCO will call "Arm Hot" and the shooter(s)

will arm hot. The altitude separation requirements in paragraph 4.2.10 apply. (T-2)

A5.1.2.1.2. Clearance for the tow ship to maneuver occurs after one of the following

is met.

A5.1.2.1.2.1. The tow ship has visual contact with one shooter aft of the tow’s 3/9

line.

A5.1.2.1.2.2. The attacking flight leader directs the tow ship to maneuver with a

“Merge, Merge” call.

A5.1.2.1.2.3. As briefed by the attacking flight lead.

A5.1.2.1.3. The tow pilot will issue "Cleared to Fire" after establishing the turn. (T-

A5.1.2.1.4. Shooter tactics should include simulated missile employment culminating

in a gun attack on the target, using proper radio terminology and attack procedures.

Continue attacks until finishing the engagement, time expires, reaching bingo fuel,

WINCHESTER, or approaching minimums. At this time, initiate a “KIO, Arm Safe”

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 69

call acknowledged by all players. The tow may not roll out of the turn until all players

acknowledge the KIO.

A5.1.2.1.5. Each shooter will ensure that the other attacker is clear of the target before

shooting. (T-2) If able, the old attacker should reposition high after firing to avoid

conflict with the target and the new shooter's attack.

A5.1.2.2. Butterfly Pattern (Figure A5.3 & Figure A5.4):

A5.1.2.2.1. Begin the setup with the shooter and the tow flying in a co-altitude, line

abreast, tactical formation. After the shooter(s) and the tow are ready, the flight lead

calls "check away," and the aircraft turn 45 degrees away from each other. For the

BANNER, the tow will maintain 200-250 KIAS and check 30 degrees away; the

shooters will check away 45 degrees and accelerate. (T-2)

A5.1.2.2.2. During the turn away, the RCO will call "Arm Hot" and the shooter(s) will

arm hot. At the briefed range, the flight lead will call, "Turn in, Fights On." The tow

will turn into the shooters and reference 90 degrees off of the original heading. The

shooter(s) will maneuver to the merge with 2000 feet of horizontal and vertical

separation from the tow until tally both the tow and the target. (T-2)

A5.1.2.2.3. After the shooter(s) pass the tow's 3/9 position and the tow begins turning,

the tow pilot will call, "Cleared to Fire." (T-2)

A5.1.2.2.4. The tow will maintain a continuous turn into one of the shooters. If there

are two shooters, the first shooter will maneuver to a high-angle tracking shot on the

AGTS/BANNER and then reposition high and outside of the target flight path. The

second shooter will maneuver to a lower aspect gun attack after the first shooter has

repositioned clear of the fight. After the second shooter has attempted a gun attack,

initiate a "KIO" or continue with sequential attacks. (T-2)

A5.1.2.3. Perch Pattern (Figure A5.5):

A5.1.2.3.1. Begin the setup with the shooter 6000 feet behind the tow with a radar lock

on the AGTS/BANNER (4000 feet radar range) and 10 to 30 degrees of aspect. The

wingman will be in spread formation with the flight lead. (T-2)

A5.1.2.3.2. When all aircraft are ready, the RCO will call “Arm Hot” and shooters will

arm hot. The AGTS tow should make a "30 seconds" call indicating that the tow is

accelerating to final towing airspeed and a "10 seconds" call will be made indicating

that the tow is starting the turn. The tow will make a "Cleared to fire" call when

established in the turn. (T-2)

A5.1.2.3.3. Once the setup begins, the fighters will perform sequential attacks against

the AGTS/BANNER. (T-2)

A5.2. Live Missile Firing. This section applies to live missile-firing exercises. Pre-deployment

and deployment briefings will cover specific procedures, requirements, and restrictions. (T-2)

A5.2.1. Terms Explained.

A5.2.1.1. Range Safety Officer. The Range Safety Officer is the individual responsible

for monitoring all parameters of operations safety during live-fire missions. The Range

Safety Officer normally operates out of Range Control.

70 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

A5.2.1.2. Safety Chase. An aircrew member qualified to brief and control live missile

firing missions. Acts as mission commander for firings.

A5.2.1.3. ABM/WD. A GCI or AWACS controller who provides mission support

assistance as dictated by the profile.

A5.2.2. General. The TRs of this instruction apply with the following additional restrictions

and requirements:

A5.2.2.1. Dash-34 Checklist items. (ground checks)

A5.2.2.2. Pre-range checks.

A5.2.2.3. Telemetry procedures.

A5.2.2.4. Range procedures.

A5.2.2.5. Firing procedures.

A5.2.2.6. Launch procedures and parameters.

A5.2.2.7. Debris areas and FOD potential.

A5.2.2.8. Emergency procedures.

A5.2.2.9. Conduct all missile firings in appropriate Air-to-Air ranges under positive radar

control. The safety chase will fly a chase formation position with the firing aircraft

(shooter(s)). (T-2) Safety chase qualified aircrew may act as safety chase for missiles fired

from their own aircraft.

A5.2.2.10. Implement procedures to ensure the range is clear of surface activity and other

aircraft before firing over an undercast.

A5.2.3. Arming and De-arming. Follow locally established arming and de-arming

procedures for live missile firing missions.

A5.2.4. Firing Procedures.

A5.2.4.1. All members of the flight will clear the range area visually and check for surface

activity while in the firing pattern (weather permitting). (T-2)

A5.2.4.2. Members of the flight not engaged in firing will fly a position as directed by the

safety chase or GCI or AWACS director. Conduct the flight to preclude any aircraft from

entering an area forward of the shooter's 3/9 line within the missile footprint when the

Master Arm switch is in an armed position. Immediately safe the aircraft weapons systems

anytime another aircraft moves forward of the shooter's 3/9 line within the missile

footprint. (T-2)

A5.2.4.3. Conduct firings to ensure launch, impact, and missile fallout all occur within the

range safety footprint.

A5.2.4.4. After firing a missile, the flight will maneuver as necessary to clear possible

debris. (T-2)

A5.2.4.5. Drone Deconfliction. All mission aircraft own deconfliction responsibility on

the drone at all times. Maintain 2,000 feet slant range from all drones during presentation.

Shooters will change positions when cleared by the safety chase. (T-2)

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 71

A5.2.4.6. The safety chase will advise the ABM/WD upon completion of armament safety

checks and on clearing the range (if required). (T-2)

A5.2.4.7. Even if observing a normal missile launch, visually inspect all shooter aircraft

with another aircraft to search for damage.

A5.2.5. Communications. Exercise strict radio discipline to alleviate the risk of confusing

transmissions. Normally only the ABM/WD, safety chase, shooter, or range safety officer will

make transmissions. This is not to preclude anyone having knowledge of a dangerous situation

from transmitting a KIO, cease fire or other appropriate warnings. Establish voice

communications between the firing flight and range control facility before firing. Shooters

must acknowledge all radio calls. Along with the radio calls prescribed elsewhere in this

instruction, use the following transmissions for Air-to-Air Weapons System Evaluation

Program (Air-Air WSEP) missions:

A5.2.5.1. “CLEARED TO PAIR”: Call transmitted by the safety chase to GCI or AWACS

director to indicate that the tactical lead has been given to the shooter. (T-2)

A5.2.5.2. "COMMIT": Call transmitted by the range safety officer, through GCI or

AWACS director, to the shooter to intercept the target. This call allows the safety chase

to issue clearance to arm after establishing formation criteria. (T-2)

A5.2.5.3. "ARM HOT": Call transmitted by the safety chase allowing the shooters to arm

weapons systems. Shooters will not place the Master Arm switch to ARM until cleared.

(T-2)

A5.2.5.4. "BANDIT, BANDIT": Call transmitted by the range safety officer, through GCI,

to transfer range safety responsibility to the safety chase. The safety chase will clear

shooters to fire when appropriate. (T-2)

A5.2.5.5. "HOSTILE, CLEARED TO FIRE": Call transmitted by the safety chase to the

individual shooters after meeting all safety conditions and accomplishing all mandatory

radio calls. This is the only transmission that allows shooters to fire their weapons.

Clearance to fire is clearance to arm. (T-2)

A5.2.5.6. "ARM SAFE": Call transmitted by the safety chase or range control facility.

This call cancels clearance to fire. Shooters will safe their weapon system but may continue

to maneuver to launch parameters. (T-2)

A5.2.5.7. "CEASE FIRE": Call transmitted by the safety chase or range control facility.

This call cancels clearance to fire. Shooter may remain armed and continue to maneuver

to launch parameters. (T-2)

A5.2.5.8. "FOX": Call transmitted by the shooter at weapons launch. (T-2)

A5.2.5.9. “FOX, FOX”: Call transmitted by the safety chase to confirm missile launch.

(T-2)

A5.2.5.10. "KNOCK IT OFF, ARM SAFE": Call transmitted by the safety chase to

terminate the engagement and safe the weapons systems following missile flyout. The

shooter will acknowledge this call, terminate the engagement and safe the weapons

systems. (T-2)

A5.2.6. Abnormal Procedures.

72 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

A5.2.6.1. If required, missiles will be "safe jettisoned" in the range area according to

locally established procedures. (T-2)

A5.2.6.2. Conduct jettison procedures to ensure both launch and missile fallout occurs

within the range boundary.

A5.2.6.3. Hung ordnance and misfire procedures will be according to locally established

procedures. (T-2)

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 73

Figure A5.1. Typical AGTS/BANNER Combat Pattern.

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Figure A5.2. Typical AGTS/BANNER Combat Pattern (Continued).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 75

Figure A5.3. Typical AGTS/BANNER Butterfly Pattern.

76 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Figure A5.4. Typical AGTS/BANNER Butterfly Pattern (Continued).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 77

Figure A5.5. Typical AGTS/BANNER Perch Pattern.

78 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Attachment 6

EXAMPLE IMC/VMC WAR CALLS

A6.1. Examples are not intended to be all-inclusive.

A6.1.1. Flightlead, Mission Commander or Airboss makes War Call based on Red and/or Blue

Air PIREPs.

A6.1.2. Takes effect at start of Vul Time or “FIGHTS ON” call.

Figure A6.1. “Blue 1, War Call is Unlimited Clear of Clouds”

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 79

Figure A6.2. “Blue 1, War Call is High War 13,000 foot floor” If a high war is called

without stating a floor due to uneven/sloping decks, all players are to execute in accordance

with VFR cloud clearances.

80 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Figure A6.3. High clouds “Blue 1, Low War 28,000 foot ceiling”

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 81

Figure A6.4. Clouds in western half of airspace “Blue 1, IMC Rules/Unlimited clear of

clouds 28,000 foot floor and 13,000 foot ceiling in affected areas UNLIMITED clear of

clouds in east.”

82 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Figure A6.5. “Blue 1, IMC Rules/Unlimited clear of clouds 22,000 foot floor IMC Fight

floor 12,000.”

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 83

Figure A6.6. “Blue 1, IMC Rules/Limited Clear of clouds Ceiling 32,000, Floor 18000 feet

IMC Fight floor 12,000’.”

84 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

Figure A6.7. “Blue 1, Split War 28000 foot floor. 21000 foot ceiling”

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 85

Figure A6.8. “Blue 1, Split War/Reduced Low 23,000 foot Floor. 13,000 ceiling. Conan 1-

4 and Flanker 1-4 Low.”