Wiley Journals Style Manual - Version 5.5
Next Release Update
Date: 01/12/2023
Style elements
Impact
Wiley Journals Style Manual
Next Release
Remarks
Preface
Enhancement
In the current WJSM, one of the sources of
review is given as CMS 16
th
Edition.
The updated WJSM has updated it to the 17
th
edition.
Dictionary
Addition
The updated WJSM has added Duden
dictionary for German terms
CE0 Tasks for
society-
copyedited titles
Enhancement
The updated WJSM has corrected one of the
CE0 tasks to be performed by service provider
CE0 Tasks
Enhancement
In the current WJSM, this is placed under CE0
tasks.
The updated WJSM has moved this under CE1
tasks.
Book review
Enhancement
The specification for the article type ‘Book
Review’ has been updated.
Book review
Addition
guidelines on Book Review.
Article history
Enhancement
updated.
Byline
Addition
have been provided.
Author affiliation
Addition
lengthy author affiliations. Example has been
provided for the same.
Correspondence
Addition
short address.
Present
addresses
Addition
‘Present addresses’.
Abstract
Enhancement
The current WJSM does not have provision to
use ‘Summary’ as heading for the abstract
content.
In the current WJSM, ‘editorials’ is listed under
article types that do not have ‘abstract’ in them.
content.
The updated WJSM has removed ‘editorials’
from the list.
Graphical
abstract
Addition
The updated WJSM
Title page
footnotes
Addition
In the current WJSM, the hierarchy misses
provision for ‘general statement’.
added as well.
Copyright line
Enhancement
specifications for the copyright line.
e-locator/non-e-
locator
Addition
of e-locator/non-e-locator.
Running head
Enhancement
specifications for the running head
Heading levels
Enhancement
specifications for the numbered heading types
Figure legends
Enhancement
The current WJSM provides 2 options on ‘end
period’.
of ‘end period’.
Abbreviation in
figure caption
Clarity
In the current WJSM, the usage of abbreviation
within a figure caption is not
explained with
clarity.
on the usage of abbreviation within a figure
caption.
Parts of figures
Addition
The current WJSM has provided two options on
the usage of labels.
the usage of labels.
Figure citations
Enhancement
In the current WJSM, the detailing on the order
of citations is limited.
to the order of citations.
Table
legend/caption
Enhancement
The current WJSM provides 2 options on ‘end
period’.
of ‘end period’.
Equations
Enhancement
The current WJSM mandates the numbering of
display equations
the numbering of display equations.
Abbreviation in
table
caption/legend
Clarity
In the current WJSM, the usage of abbreviation
with a table caption/legend is not provided
clearly.
caption/legend.
Enunciations
Addition
under ‘Definition’.
Scheme
Addition
Usage of ‘space’
Enhancement
In the current WJSM, detailing on the usage of
spaces is limited.
of spaces.
Numbers
Enhancement
The current WJSM has only one example for
representing stat or math functions.
Time and date
Clarity
The current WJSM has consistency at both
journal and article level for UK/US formatting of
time and date.
at journal or at article level.
SI Units
Enhancement
The current WJSM provides for the usage of L
(Litre
) with a variation in its casing (upper Vs
lower case).
Litre.
Scientific names
Addition
commas/parentheses.
Names of
authors
Addition
value to be added, optionally.
Back matter
Enhancement
updated.
Acknowledgeme
nts
Enhancement
In the current WJSM, the heading has both
singular and plural possibilities.
to its plural form.
further clarity.
CoI
Enhancement
The current WJSM has the heading as ‘Conflict of
Interest’.
Interest Statement’ and the statement itself
has been enhanced for clarity.
Author
Biography
has been moved to the last section as per the
References
Clarity
In the current WJSM, the ‘wordings’ were a bit
unclear.
for ease of understanding.
References
(AMA)
Addition
References
(Vancouver)
Addition
journal references.
References
(Chicago)
Addition
the type ‘Book with single author’.
References
(Harvard)
Addition
reference for book with a volume.
References
(Harvard)
Addition
journal references.
References
(Harvard)
Enhancement
The current WJSM’s example for the type
‘Conference proceedings and symposium’ has a
minor error.
Language editing
Enhancement
The current WJSM asks to refer to Collins English
Dictionary for British spellings.
associated guideline too.
Capitalization
Enhancement
The current WJSM has provisions to capitalize
‘specific terms and terminologies’ and also has
details on the capitalization of ‘common nouns’.
provisions (both under ‘Capitalize’ and ‘Do not
Capitalize’, respectively).
Quotation marks
Enhancement
In the current WJSM, it provides for periods and
commas to
appear ‘after’ closing quotations
(British style)
appear ‘before’ the closing quotations.
Examples have been provided as well.
Parentheses,
brackets and
braces
Enhancement
The current WJSM provides a ‘defined’ order of
placement for these elements in equations.
regard to the use of brackets in equations.
Italics
Clarity
content to avoid ambiguity.
Hyphenation
Clarity
In the current WJSM, the reference dictionary is
listed as ‘Webster’s Collegiate’.
appropriate.
Hyphenation
Clarity
example under the Hyphenate column.
Verbs
Clarity
The current WJSM has a section for ‘Verbs’.
1
Journals Style Manual
Version 5.5
Updated January 12, 2023
2
CONTENTS
PREFACE .................................................................................................... 6
1 Levels of Editing ..................................................................................... 7
1.1 Copyediting Level 0 (CE0)—Document Structuring, Styling, & XML Tagging 7
1.1.1 Definition ................................................................................ 7
1.1.2 Structuring and XML Tagging ..................................................... 7
1.1.3 CE0 Tasks ............................................................................... 7
1.1.4 CE0 Tasks to be Performed for Society-Copyedited CE0 Titles Only ... 8
1.2 Copyediting Level 1 (CE1)—Fundamental Language & Technical Editing ..... 9
1.2.1 Definition ................................................................................ 9
1.2.2 Structuring and XML Tagging ..................................................... 9
1.2.3 Technical Editing ...................................................................... 9
1.2.4 Copyediting ........................................................................... 10
1.3 Copyediting Level 2 (CE2)—Advanced Language Editing ........................ 13
1.3.1 Structuring and XML Tagging ................................................... 13
1.3.2 Technical Editing .................................................................... 13
1.3.3 Copyediting ........................................................................... 13
1.4 Copyediting Level 3 (CE3)—Complex Language & Discipline-Specific Editing
.......................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1 Structuring and XML Tagging ................................................... 15
1.4.2 Technical Editing .................................................................... 16
1.4.3 Copyediting ........................................................................... 16
1.5 Scientific Editing (SE)—Discipline-Specific Qualitative Editing by Subject
Matter Experts ...................................................................................... 17
1.5.1 Specifications ........................................................................ 17
2 Parts of a Manuscript/Article ................................................................... 18
2.1 Front Matter .................................................................................. 18
2.1.1 DOI ...................................................................................... 18
2.1.2 Article History ........................................................................ 18
2.1.3 Logos ................................................................................... 19
2.1.4 Article Type and Category ........................................................ 20
2.1.5 Article Title and Subtitle .......................................................... 22
2.1.6 Author Names/Byline .............................................................. 23
2.1.7 Author Affiliation .................................................................... 25
2.1.8 Correspondence ..................................................................... 27
3
2.1.9 Categories of Editors/Creators and Their Treatment ..................... 29
2.1.10 Present Address(es) .............................................................. 30
2.1.11 Funding Information ............................................................... 30
2.1.12 Abstract/Graphical Abstract .................................................... 31
2.1.13 Keywords ............................................................................ 32
2.1.14 Keyword Style in Articles Without Abstract ................................ 33
2.1.15 Key Points/Highlights ............................................................ 33
2.1.16 JEL and AMS Classifications .................................................... 35
2.1.17 Title Page Footnotes .............................................................. 36
2.1.18 Abbreviations ....................................................................... 36
2.1.19 Title Page Footnote for End-Author Style .................................. 37
2.1.20 Copyright Line ...................................................................... 38
2.1.21 Epigraphs ............................................................................ 39
2.2 Body Matter ................................................................................... 40
2.2.1 Running Head ........................................................................ 40
2.2.2 Heading Levels ...................................................................... 40
2.2.3 Figures ................................................................................. 46
2.2.4 Parts of Figures ...................................................................... 46
2.2.5 Tables .................................................................................. 49
2.2.6 Lists ..................................................................................... 53
2.2.7 Equations .............................................................................. 53
2.2.8 Enunciations .......................................................................... 56
2.2.9 Scheme and Structure............................................................. 57
2.2.10 Open Practices/Open Research Badges ..................................... 58
2.2.11 Boxes ................................................................................. 59
2.2.12 Handling of Dialogue or Q&A .................................................. 59
2.2.13 Abbreviations ....................................................................... 60
2.2.14 Scientific and Mathematical Content ........................................ 63
2.2.15 Math Markup ........................................................................ 76
2.3 Back Matter ................................................................................... 76
2.3.1 Nomenclature ........................................................................ 77
2.3.2 Author Contributions ............................................................... 77
2.3.3 Acknowledgments .................................................................. 78
2.3.4 Conflict of Interest Statement .................................................. 79
2.3.5 Data Availability Statement ...................................................... 79
4
2.3.6 Ethics Statement .................................................................... 80
2.3.7 ORCID ID .............................................................................. 80
2.3.8 Peer Review .......................................................................... 80
2.3.9 Endnotes .............................................................................. 82
2.3.10 Supporting Information ......................................................... 84
2.3.11 How to Cite ......................................................................... 84
2.3.12 Appendix ............................................................................. 85
2.3.13 Author Biography/Biosketch ................................................... 86
3 References .......................................................................................... 87
3.1 General Information ........................................................................ 87
3.2 Citation of References ..................................................................... 88
3.2.1 Name and Year ...................................................................... 88
3.2.2 Number ................................................................................ 89
3.2.3 Basic Rules of Citations (Name and Year) ................................... 90
3.3 Reference Lists ............................................................................... 91
3.3.1 Chemistry–Material Sciences Reference Style .............................. 91
3.3.2 American Mathematical Society (AMS) Reference Style ................. 93
3.3.3 American Medical Association (AMA) Reference Style ................... 95
3.3.4 American Psychological Association (APA) Reference Style ........... 101
3.3.5 Vancouver Reference Style ..................................................... 132
3.3.6 Math and Physical Sciences Reference Style ............................... 136
3.3.7 American Physical Society (APS) Reference Style ........................ 140
3.3.8 Chicago Reference Style ......................................................... 144
3.3.9 Harvard Reference Style ......................................................... 148
3.3.10 Modern Language Association (MLA) Reference Style .................. 153
3.3.11 Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities
(OSCOLA—Footnote Reference Style) ................................................. 159
4 Language Editing ................................................................................. 162
4.1 General Guidelines ......................................................................... 162
4.2 British and American Usage ............................................................. 162
4.3 Capitalization ................................................................................ 165
4.4 Punctuation .................................................................................. 168
4.4.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks .............................................. 168
4.4.2 Period ................................................................................. 168
4.4.3 Comma................................................................................ 169
5
4.4.4 Semicolon ............................................................................ 170
4.4.5 Colon .................................................................................. 171
4.4.6 Slash ................................................................................... 171
4.4.7 Quotation Marks .................................................................... 172
4.4.8 Parentheses, Brackets, and Braces ........................................... 172
4.5 Italics .......................................................................................... 173
4.6 Hyphenation ................................................................................. 173
4.6.1 Prefixes and Suffixes That Do Not Require Hyphens in Most Cases . 175
4.6.2 Prefixed Words That Require Hyphens in Most Cases ................... 176
4.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers ..................................................... 177
4.7.1 Misplaced Modifiers ................................................................ 177
4.7.2 Dangling Modifiers ................................................................. 177
4.8 Tense .......................................................................................... 177
4.9 Subject and Verb Agreement ........................................................... 178
4.9.1 Intervening Phrase ................................................................ 178
4.9.2 False Singulars ..................................................................... 178
4.9.3 False Plurals ......................................................................... 178
4.9.4 Collective Nouns ................................................................... 178
4.9.5 Compound Subject ................................................................ 179
4.9.6 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb Disagreement
.................................................................................................... 179
4.9.7 Subject and Predicate Nominative Differ in Number .................... 179
4.9.8 Indefinite Pronouns ............................................................... 179
4.10 Pronouns .................................................................................... 179
4.11 Relative Pronouns and Subordinate Conjunctions .............................. 180
4.11.1 Relative Pronouns ................................................................ 180
4.11.2 Subordinate Conjunctions ..................................................... 180
4.12 Parallel Construction ..................................................................... 181
4.13 Commonly Misused Words and Phrases ........................................... 182
4.14 Em Dash and En Dash .................................................................. 182
6
PREFACE
This manual offers complete guidelines related to content followed by all journals
published by Wiley. Much of the information in this style manual is applicable to all
journals, while some may be specific to specialized disciplines or fields of
publication.
It contains the following sections:
Section 1: Levels of editing
Section 2: Parts of a manuscript/article
Section 3: References
Section 4: Language editing
Section 1 defines the levels of copyediting in Wiley and copyediting tasks to be
performed under each level. Section 2 splits an article into three sections—front
matter, body, and back matter—detailing all the elements within these. Section 3
is devoted to references in Wiley journals, including all the journal reference styles
and their treatment in a list. Section 4 offers copyediting guidelines related to
language editing with a focus on general rules of grammar usage.
This knowledge has been gathered after reviewing and analyzing the best editorial
practices, all the existing guidelines to editing and layout in Wiley journals, and the
need to keep pace with rapid technical advancements in the publishing industry. We
would also like to acknowledge the most important of these sources to which this
manual owes a great deal: the APA Manual of Style, 7th edition; the AMA Manual of
Style, 11th edition; and The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition.
This comprehensive style manual aims to be the single point of reference for all
copyediting guidelines to eliminate the need to use multiple style sheets for
treatment of content. It is a living document and might change according to the
Wiley publishing requirements.
7
1 Levels of Editing
In Wiley, copyediting is divided into five categories: Level 0 (CE0), Level 1 (CE1),
Level 2 (CE2), Level 3 (CE3), and Scientific Editing. These are based on the quality
of the original manuscript or the expectation defined by the publication. The levels
are defined to indicate the copyediting requirement for each journal. However,
editorial discretion must be exercised in following instructions.
Based on the specific workflows associated, CE1–3 are subcategorized into three
categories based on who is doing the task, Wiley inhouse, typesetter/vendor, or a
freelance copyeditor, e.g., CE1W, CE1T, and CE1F (W: Wiley inhouse, T: typesetter,
and F: freelance). These subcategories are not fixed, and in the future, further
subcategories may be added depending on business requirements. CE3 only has a
single subcategory —Level 3F, i.e., CE3F.
The file structuring requirements are excluded in these definitions of copyediting, as
they are essentially the same for all levels of copyediting. Copyediting specifications
of bibliographic references are applicable to all levels of copyediting.
1.1 Copyediting Level 0 (CE0)—Document Structuring,
Styling, & XML Tagging
1.1.1 Definition
CE0 is applicable to all Wiley journals and is the default level required for all
journals accepted for publication. No content-related edits are done at the CE0
level.
1.1.2 Structuring and XML Tagging
Structuring and XML tagging of the manuscript according to the WileyML 3G
specifications has to be done by the typesetter, i.e., the Wiley production
team/vendor. Structuring is the process in which the typesetter identifies various
elements in the article and applies the electronic tagging (mark-up), including
metadata, DOI, authors, affiliations, headings, paragraphs, links, and so on,
according to the WileyML 3G specifications. The fully structured file serves as the
input for the copyeditor.
1.1.3 CE0 Tasks
• Check that the manuscript is complete and that all elements are in the
correct sequence.
• All manuscript elements must be styled and formatted correctly, which
includes the title page, headings, figures, tables, equations,
acknowledgments, conflict of interest, author contributions, lists, footnotes,
endnotes, references, author biographies, supporting information, how to
cite, appendix, graphical abstract, etc.
8
• Author names must be included as submitted.
• Family and given names must be correctly identified and put in the correct
sequence.
• Affiliation(s) are correctly assigned and styled (parts placed in the correct
order).
• Check and correct the data integrity of the file (e.g., raised text versus
superscript, special character coding, font calls, thin spaces, units,
nonbreaking hyphens, quotation marks/apostrophes, and single/double
quotation marks).
• Edit for mechanical aspects of journal style (e.g., ANOVA [should always be
in uppercase], Fig. 1/Figure 1/Fig. 1(a)/Fig. 1a, numbers in words or figures,
and list style).
• Identify and style units (SI units should be styled correctly [e.g., kg not kgs
or Kg/Kgs, “K” for Kelvin—not °K, mol as unit—not mole, etc.]) and negative
index/solidus notation (including fixed spaces).
• Crosscheck, style, and code the reference citations and references (including
abbreviated journal titles and so forth). Every citation in the text should have
a counterpart.
• Crosscheck, style, and code the figure and table citations and captions.
Format and code the tables to the journal style.
• Correct formatting for URLs and email addresses.
• Make sure journal-specific scientific notations (e.g., df, F, AUC, ppm, cfu, Pa,
Da, t
1/2
, Å, etc.) are followed.
1.1.4 CE0 Tasks to be Performed for Society-Copyedited CE0
Titles Only
Society Copyeditor
Service Provider
Check that the manuscript is complete
and that all elements are in the correct
sequence.
All manuscript elements must be
structured correctly, which includes the
title page, headings, figures, tables,
equations, acknowledgments, conflict of
interest, author contributions, lists,
footnotes, endnotes, references, author
biographies, supporting information,
how to cite, appendix, graphical
abstract, etc.
Author names must be included as
submitted.
Check and correct the data integrity of
the file (e.g., raised text versus
superscript, special character coding,
font calls, thin spaces, units,
nonbreaking and hyphens).
Family and given names must be
correctly identified and put in the
correct sequence.
Edit for mechanical aspects of journal
style (e.g., Fig. 1/Figure 1/Fig.
1(a)/Fig. 1a).
9
Affiliation(s) are correctly assigned and
styled (parts placed in the correct
order).
Check and correct the data integrity of
the file (e.g., quotation
marks/apostrophes, and single/double
quotation marks). (The service
provider should follow instructions
given in the JSLD if provided.)
Identify and style units (SI units should
be styled correctly [e.g., kg not kgs or
Kg/Kgs, “K” for Kelvin—not °K, mol as
unit—not mole, etc.]) and negative
index/solidus notation (including fixed
spaces).
Crosscheck and code the reference
citations and references. Every citation
in the text should have a counterpart.
Edit for mechanical aspects of journal
style (e.g., ANOVA [should always be in
uppercase], list style, numbers in words
or figures).
Crosscheck, style, and code the figure
and table citations and captions.
(However, no casing-related
changes should be performed by
the service provider.)
Style reference citations and references
(including abbreviated journal titles and
so forth).
Format and code the tables to the
journal style.
Make sure journal-specific scientific
notations (e.g., df, F, AUC, ppm, cfu,
Pa, Da, t
1/2
, Å, etc.) are followed.
Correct formatting for URLs and email
addresses.
Brackets put/placed in correct order.
1.2 Copyediting Level 1 (CE1)—Fundamental Language &
Technical Editing
1.2.1 Definition
Copyediting level 1 (CE1) includes both the technical editing and copyediting on the
below mentioned points, along with the structuring and XML tagging. The following
points are considered to constitute the base level of language and technical editing
and should be adhered to by all the Wiley journals.
1.2.2 Structuring and XML Tagging
Refer to Section 1.1.2.
1.2.3 Technical Editing
In addition to the CE0 tasks
• Format the author queries in accordance with Wiley style.
• Graphics sizing plus relabeling (if necessary).
• Check for representation of units (negative indices or solidus style).
• Brackets put/placed in correct order. Refer to Sec. 4.4.8
10
1.2.4 Copyediting
• Spelling errors: Plain spelling errors are to be corrected. Standard use of
UK/US spellings within the manuscript must be maintained.
• Non-English words and terms with diacritical marks and accents are verified
and should be italicized.
• Verify the appropriateness of all sections and heading levels.
• Check consistency in word usage, including spelling and casing.
• All copyeditors should use the following latest editions of dictionaries for
spellings and medical/scientific terms and terminologies for consistency of
usage in the manuscript:
o UK spelling: Concise Oxford English Dictionary (for words not found in
Oxford English Dictionary, refer to Collins Dictionary)
o US spelling: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
o Australian spelling: Macquarie Dictionary
o Medical terms: Stedman’s Medical Dictionary
o German terms: Duden Dictionary
• Check capitalization of basic terms (proper nouns, names of
institutes/organizations, sentence starting with capital letter, etc.).
• Check that style for statistical/scientific/medical terms and terminologies is
consistent in text, tables, and figures throughout the article.
• Format author queries in accordance with the Wiley style (use Wiley template
for author queries as first choice).
• Correct improper word inflection. Refer to the dictionary to correct some
verbs or plural forms of nouns.
• Ensure proper usage of definite and indefinite articles.
• Correct errors with singular/plural forms.
• Make sure subject–verb agreement is correct.
• Ensure proper usage of prepositions.
• Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses ("which" versus "that") must be
corrected. Please refer to Sec. 4.11.1 for more details.
• Check for correct use of abbreviations, expansion at first instance and
acronym usage second mention onward, and rules for casing (uppercase or
lowercase). This should be consistent in the manuscript.
• Check consistency of hyphens linked with recommended dictionaries (for
scientific terms and terminologies, follow rules related to prefixes and
suffixes), en-rules, and em-rules.
• Italicize genus and species names as per the recommended Wiley
copyediting guidelines.
11
• Ensure all rules of punctuation are applied and corrected, such as commas,
semicolons, colons, etc. (serial comma for US English, no serial comma for
UK English).
• Make sure treatment of numbers adheres to the recommended style.
• Check for mathematical operators, editing inline/displayed mathematical and
chemical formulas; treatment of numbers, spaces, and symbols.
• Use of abbreviations needs to be corrected (such as “USA” needs to be
changed to “the United States” when used as a noun; US when used as a
modifier, e.g., US Army). Check for author's usage and preference and
inform the author of the changes made.
• Check manipulation of spaces within equations and conditions (em space, en
space, thin space, etc.).
• Complete reference check; check that reference callouts in the text match
the actual number of authors and also correspond to the listed references.
• Identify and style mathematical symbols (summation, product, subset, much
less than, much greater than, partial differential, delta, etc.).
• Style variables and notions in equations (italics, boldface, roman, etc.).
• Perform linearization and display formats wherever required (convert inline
equations into display equations and vice versa).
• Check for mathematical content—formatting of variables, constants, vectors,
matrices; consistency; linear/nonlinear equations; mathematical operators,
etc.
• Scientific variables need to be italicized (e.g., v, a, m, etc.).
• SI units need to be verified and rectified if required.
12
Example 1:
Example 2:
13
1.3 Copyediting Level 2 (CE2)—Advanced Language
Editing
The CE2 level constitutes the standard copyediting level to edit scientific content
and language, based on the quality of the manuscript. This includes all copyediting
tasks of CE0 and CE1.
1.3.1 Structuring and XML Tagging
Refer to Section 1.1.2.
1.3.2 Technical Editing
Refer to Section 1.2.3.
1.3.3 Copyediting
1.3.3.1 Spelling
• Spellings of trade and nonproprietary drug and equipment names, medical
and nonmedical terms, and specialty-specific phrases; and non-English words
and terms with diacritical marks and accents are verified; PubMed may be
used to verify usage and spelling of specialty-specific terms and phrases;
eponyms are checked and used consistently; different spellings may be used
for noun/adjective word forms; the style for statistical terms and tests is
made consistent in text, tables, and figures throughout the article.
• All copyeditors should use the latest editions of dictionaries for spellings and
medical terms. Refer to Sec. 1.2.4 for details.
1.3.3.2 Capitalization
Capitalization of directions (North, South, East, West, and their derivatives are
capitalized when they indicate definite regions or are part of a proper name) and words
such as Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western when they refer to the people in a
region or to their political, social, or cultural activities.
1.3.3.3 Grammar
• Refer to Section 1.2.4.
• Correct conjunction errors.
• Correct inconsistencies in active/passive voice, first/third person,
present/past tense, and idiom/style. The author’s preference must be
retained unless inconsistent within the manuscript. Query the author before
making big changes.
14
1.3.3.4 Syntax
• Query or eliminate redundancies; shorten or break up run-on sentences, or
query the author to rewrite the sentence; query dangling modifiers.
• Remove unnecessary repetition of words (e.g., London instead of London
city, Asia instead of Asian continent).
• Correct fundamental errors in syntax.
• Rephrase text to achieve parallel structure.
• Reword difficult-to-understand sentences for clarity and readability; ask the
author for confirmation.
1.3.3.5 Usage
• Commonly misused terms are corrected; many gender-specific terms have a
neutral equivalent: mankind/humankind.
• Correct for ethical appropriateness and stereotypical language.
1.3.3.6 Scientific and Mathematical Content
• Check the usage of genus and species, and the classifications (order, family,
subfamily, genus, and species) for styling and formatting.
• Check and query for chemical elements and names if there is any ambiguity.
• Check usage of correct and precise terms for brevity, e.g., treatment of
protein/gene names.
• Refer to Sec. 2.2.14 for more details.
1.3.3.7 Manuscript Components
• Every citation in the text should have a counterpart; verify the appropriateness of
all section and head levels; do a close reading and editing of tables; check figure
legends against figures; make or recommend changes for sense, clarity, or
consistency, and query the author to verify the changes made.
• Query for all drug dosages; this can be done as a blanket query.
• Although it is not the responsibility of the copyeditor to check whether text,
tables, or illustrations require permission to reprint, if there are strong
indications that an element of the article could have been published
previously elsewhere but there is no indication that permission to reproduce
has been obtained, it is reasonable to add a query pointing out that the
author should have obtained permission to reproduce the material.
15
Example 1:
Example 2:
1.4 Copyediting Level 3 (CE3)—Complex Language &
Discipline-Specific Editing
CE3 requires extremely experienced copyeditors and subject-matter experts with a
good command over the language, who can produce results of a noticeably greater
breadth than is required for CE2 editing. Style sheets, or guides, for CE3 journals
are lengthy and complex. The CE3 specifications include CE1 and CE2 rules and
other additional editing rules mentioned below.
1.4.1 Structuring and XML Tagging
Refer to Section 1.1.2.
16
1.4.2 Technical Editing
• Refer to Section 1.2.3.
• In addition, the copyeditor is expected to apply high-level discipline-specific
rules for abbreviations and nomenclature.
1.4.3 Copyediting
1.4.3.1 Spelling
PubMed may be used to verify usage and spelling of specialty-specific terms and
phrases; eponyms should be checked and used consistently; different spellings may
be used for noun/adjective word forms; the style for statistical terms and tests
should be consistent in text, tables, and figures throughout the article. Other
sources, generally databases for international standards, are used for verification,
as specified in the style manual.
1.4.3.2 Grammar
• Refer to Sec. 1.3.3.3
1.4.3.3 Syntax
• Refer to Sec. 1.3.3.4
1.4.3.4 Usage
• Refer to Sec. 1.3.3.5
1.4.3.5 Scientific and Mathematical Content
• Refer to Section 1.3.3.6.
• Content editing: Verify facts in articles using outside sources (e.g.,
references, Internet searches, databases).
• Non-SI units need to be converted to SI units for consistency, or vice versa
in text (e.g., The width of the box is 1 m, and the length is 5 ft (not
accepted); Correct: The width of the box is 1 m, and the length is 16.4 m)
1.4.3.6 Manuscript Components
• Edit tables to save space (e.g., several heads can be combined into one in a
virgule construction to save space [Study/Y/%]).
• Clarify language as much as possible, whether or not an indisputable error
has occurred. The author is asked to verify all changes.
• Read the abstract content against the article content to ensure that the
abstract correctly reflects the article’s thesis, methods, and conclusion. The
copyeditor may also edit the article title on the basis of content and query.
• Revise poor writing that is a result of an author’s lack of familiarity with
English.
17
1.5 Scientific Editing (SE)—Discipline-Specific Qualitative
Editing by Subject Matter Experts
SE is done by subject-matter experts and addresses the meaningful content of the
publication, restoring the coherence of individual parts, eliminating gaps and
redundancies, fact-checking, deleting material, and ensuring that the emphasis
placed on various elements is appropriate to their significance. Currently, other
publishers refer to this editing by different names, i.e.,
substantial/developmental/comprehensive/technical editing. In Wiley, it is called
scientific editing.
1.5.1 Specifications
• The editor focuses only on the scientific content. The manuscript is
comprehensively reviewed.
• The editor is expected to apply high-level discipline-specific rules for
abbreviations and nomenclature (e.g., human gene nomenclature,
typographic distinctions between genes and corresponding proteins).
• Check whether the scientific argument reflects the central question or
objective.
• Check the structure, clarity, flow, and relative emphasis of the arguments.
• Check the description of the rationale, methods, and how the conclusions
were derived.
• Check and comment on the presentation of context and of any objectively
justifiable implications of the research.
• Check on the clarity and suitability of the figures, tables, and supplementary
information.
• Comment on any sections that lack detail or are unnecessarily long.
• Emphasize the effectiveness of the cover letter and other supporting
materials.
18
2 Parts of a Manuscript/Article
An article makes up the primary content of a journal that may be a research
paper/original article, commentary, book review, editorial or letter to the editor,
new report, announcement, and the like. Each article can be divided into three main
sections: front matter, body, and back matter. These contain various elements that
make up the manuscript supplied by the author or the editor.
2.1 Front Matter
This is the first section in the article and has content elements that include article
title, article category, author byline and their affiliation, and correspondence details.
The abstract that summarizes the article also makes up the front matter, as well as
the keywords of the manuscript.
2.1.1 DOI
The digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by the
International DOI Foundation to identify and provide a link to its location on the
Internet. This is assigned by the publisher when the article is published and made
available electronically. This directs readers to the content regardless of where the
content resides and sits embedded in the reference lists of electronic articles that
allow click-through access to each reference.
• Include the DOI for both print and electronic sources.
• The DOI must begin with the number 10 and contain a prefix and a suffix
separated by a slash. The prefix is a unique number of four or more digits
assigned to organizations, while the suffix is assigned by the publisher.
• The DOI is placed on the first page of the journal article.
• It appears in the form “DOI: xxx” at the top left of the first page.
• The alphanumeric string for the DOI must be exactly as published in the
article.
• It contains the publisher’s prefix. For example: 10.1002/
• It contains the journal code. For example: Advanced Materials: adma
2.1.2 Article History
Received and accepted dates are mandatory; revised date is optional (no “Published
on” date). Standardized text: “Received,” “Revised,” “Accepted.” No period at the
end of history dates.
Additional option: For journals and article categories that do not use/require
history dates, consider the following points:
• If history dates are provided in the metadata file, it would be part of the
article. If not provided in the metadata file, there is no need to consider
history dates.
19
• If the revised date is not provided, do not raise a query.
• Do not retain dates for Introduction articles.
• Do not add a period at the end of history dates.
• Standardized text: “Received,” “Revised,” “Accepted” (no “Published on”
date).
For example:
2.1.3 Logos
• The layout guideline allows logos to be placed at the top right of the first
page. When a journal does not precisely have a logo, it can be created by
cropping the corresponding web banner. If a journal does not have a web
banner or journal logo, it is fine for only the Wiley logo to be used.
• Wiley logos can be removed if societies do not want to display them on
society journals.
• Verso pages: The Wiley logo appears as the first logo, followed by the
journal/society logo.
• Recto pages: The journal/society logo appears first, followed by the Wiley
logo.
• Logos in b/w for POD. A journal may ask for a color logo in POD as a special
request.
• If a journal has a requirement to include more than two logos on the first
page, they would be placed as shown below:
20
2.1.4 Article Type and Category
An article type describes specific characteristics, such as length and content, of a
manuscript.
A category is assigned to each article type defined by the editors of a specific
journal. In some journals, there may also be a subcategory/subtitle. The article
types permissible for Wiley journals include:
Article type
Article category as visible on PDF/Wiley Online Library
(WOL)
Article
Article/Original Article/Full Paper/Research Paper/Research
Article/Refereed Paper/Original Arbeit/Original Paper/Main
Article/…
Rapid
Publication
Rapid Publication/Rapid Communication/…
Short
Communication
Short Communication/Short Report/Brief Note/Brief
Report/Research in Brief/…
Editorial
Editorial/Guest Editorial/Editorial Review/…
Book Review
Literature Review/Design Review/Review/…
Obituary
In Memoriam/Obituary/…
Letter
Letter to the Editor/Correspondence/Forum/…
Technical Note
Clinical Note/ Technical Note/Primer Note/…
Historical
Perspective
Historical Perspective/…
Case Study
Case Report/Case Study/Patient Report/Case Study/…
Introduction
Introduction/…
Commentary
Commentary/Opinion Article/Viewpoint/Personal View/Debate/…
Events
Calendar of Events/Event/…
Erratum
Erratum/…
Addendum
Addendum/Corrigendum/Correction/…
Announcement
Announcement/…
21
News
News/…
Abstract
Abstract/…
Author
Instructions
Instruction for Author/Note for Contributor/Note on the Submission
of Paper/…
Index
Index/Author Index/Keyword Index/Subject Index/Volume
Index/Bandregister/…
• The category name is ragged left, ALL CAPS, bold, and underlined.
• The category name is placed above the article title.
• The article type should match what is provided as metadata from the
Editorial Manager (or other manuscript submission system).
• The subcategory needs to be set in title case.
For example:
Article Category with Subtitle:
Lengthy Article Category:
Corrigendum:
Book Review:
Original Research:
22
• For detailed notes on Book Review Guidelines, please refer to the attachment
below.
Book Review
Guidelines.docx
2.1.5 Article Title and Subtitle
• Article titles are set in sentence case, but capitalize proper nouns.
• Lowercase the second part of a species name, such as lucius in Esox lucius,
or the part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or
von.
• Use bold, roman, no end period.
• Capitalize the first word after a colon or em dash unless it is a lowercase
abbreviation or follows any other specified usage.
• Spell out numerals if they appear in the beginning of a title.
• Avoid the use of abbreviations in a title unless they include the name of a
group that is best known by its acronym (e.g., CONSORT statement).
• Non-English words not found in the recommended dictionaries (US English:
Webster’s, UK English: Concise Oxford English Dictionary) are to be italicized.
For example:
ARTICLE TITLE
Sexual dysfunction and response to medications in multiple
sclerosis
Nutrient deficiencies do not contribute to yield loss after
waterlogging events in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Renaissance courtier expected to display sprezzatura, or
nonchalance, in the face of adversity
Competition is always better—An experimental study of
extortionary corruption
FOREIGN LANGUAGE TITLE
Intimidades: Un marco conceptual integrativo y multicultural en
terapia de pareja
23
ARTICLE SUBTITLE
2.1.6 Author Names/Byline
• Title case, name as given in manuscript, ranged left; do not use “and” or “&”
between last two authors.
• Initials are spaced out.
• Alternative name to be included if provided by the author.
o The alternative name should not be edited or queried in any way for
any reason.
o The alternative name will appear in separate sets of parentheses after
the author name in the byline (before pronouns, degrees, or job
titles). No comma between the alternative name and pronouns; if
degrees or job titles are present and there are no pronouns, there will
be a comma after the alternative name.
• Pronouns to be included if provided by the author:
o Those pronouns should be retained during copyediting and tagged
correctly during CE0.
o Parentheses should be included around the pronouns.
Authors may or may not include the parentheses when they
provide them.
This should be the only edit CEs make to the pronoun
information provided.
o The pronouns themselves should not be edited or queried in any way
for any reason
This includes changes to the internal punctuation (e.g.,
“they/them” and “they, them”), to capitalization (e.g.,
“She/Her” and “She/her” and “she/her”), and to the number of
pronouns listed (e.g., “he/him/his” and “he/him” as well as
“he/they” or “he/him/they/them”), as well as to spelling.
Even if there are inconsistencies in how the pronouns are
displayed for different authors within the same byline or if the
copyeditor thinks there may be a typo, there cannot be any
edits and there must not be a query. Pronouns must publish
exactly as provided by the author.
24
o Pronouns will appear in parentheses after the author name (and the
alternative name, if applicable) in the byline (before degrees or job
titles). If the alternative name is present, the alternative name and
pronouns will appear in separate sets of parentheses, with no comma
in between. If degrees or job titles are present, there will be a comma
after the pronouns.
• Degrees are to be included if present in the existing journal style. Degree
without periods; no comma between author name and degree; comma
separator needed between the alternative name and degree or between
pronouns and degree; more than one degree for the same author should be
separated with a comma.
For example:
• Job titles are to be included if present in the existing journal style. No comma
between author name and job title/degrees; comma separator needed
between the alternative name and job title, between pronouns and job title,
or between a degree and job title.
Example 1:
Example 2:
25
Example 3 (pronouns):
Example 4:
John Engler MPH, Postdoctoral Researcher
Ellen Kojima Research Assistant
Example 5 (Alternative names):
John Engler (Alternative Name) (he, him), MPH
Ellen Kojima (Alternative Name) (she, her), Research Assistant
John Engler (Alternative Name), MPH, Postdoctoral Researcher
• Use superscript numerals to indicate affiliations. If there is just one
affiliation, then no superscript numbers should be used.
• The superscript Arabic numbers should be closed up with the author
surname.
• Asterisks should not be used to denote corresponding authors, but name,
affiliation, and email should be provided in the Correspondence section.
• ORCID IDs, Twitter logos, Facebook links, and other handles will appear after
the author name.
2.1.7 Author Affiliation
• Placement: below author names.
• For lengthy affiliations (i.e., they exceed the first page), the Affiliations must
be placed after the Author Contributions section. In the absence of the
Author Contributions section, retain the placement of Author Affiliations in
place of the Author Contributions section.
26
• Affiliations should be linked to author names with superscripted Arabic
numerals.
• Affiliations should be in a sequential order.
• Roman, title case.
• Short address with Arabic numerals as links.
• Include country names for all affiliations.
• The name of the country is not abbreviated, except United States of America
(USA) and United Kingdom (UK). Use Germany, not FRG.
• List department, institution, city, state, and country.
• Traditionally, China is used to refer to Mainland China (People’s Republic of
China); in the case of Taiwan, ROC (Republic of China) should be retained.
Exercise caution in making any changes and check with the author if in
doubt.
• The department comes before the university. Department and university
names, where possible, are given in English.
• US state names should be spelled out in affiliations (e.g., Michigan) and
abbreviated in the corresponding address with postal abbreviations (e.g.,
MI). UK: no full stops, same as in text.
• Foreign language affiliations: For institutional names in a foreign language,
keep as submitted by the author; however, names of cities and countries in a
foreign language must be changed to English spellings. For example: “Italia”
to “Italy.”
27
For example:
1
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
2
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
3
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site, Berlin, Germany
4
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
Illustration:
2.1.8 Correspondence
• Short address, including the name of the author with email ID, would suffice.
If street names, post/ZIP codes, or PO boxes are provided, retain them, but
delete telephone and fax details.
• Include country names for all author correspondence, including USA and UK
in abbreviated forms.
• The order of the address details in the correspondence address should be as
used in the respective country (refer to Universal Postal Union website).
• Email: Always starts on a new line; standard text “Email” should be used
(without hyphen).
• Full stop at the end of the correspondence address, before email.
28
For example (full address):
For example (short address):
• Two corresponding authors with different addresses should be set as follows:
• Two corresponding authors with the same address should be set as follows:
29
2.1.9 Categories of Editors/Creators and Their Treatment
Types of creators are listed below:
Author
This creator is designated as an “author”
Checker
This creator is designated as a “checker”
Contact
This creator is designated as a contact person for the article and is
not an author
Illustrator
This creator is an illustrator
Investigator
This creator is a member of a collaborative group but not listed
individually as an author
Translator
This creator is designated as a “translator”
Types of editors are listed below:
Editor
This editor is designated as an “editor”
Editor-in-
Chief
This editor is designated as an “editor-in-chief”
Executive
Editor
This editor is designated as an “executive editor”
Guest
Editor
This editor is designated as a “guest editor”
Handling
Editor
This editor is designated as a “handling editor”
Special
Editor
This editor is designated as a “special editor” (deprecated)
Sponsoring
Editor
This editor is designated as a “sponsoring editor” (deprecated)
Subject
Editor
This editor is designated as a “subject editor”
The categories given above are handled as shown below (if provided):
Place on the first page, left column under “Correspondence”:
Correspondence
Sophie Restellini, Service de
30
Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie, Geneva
University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
Email: sophie.[email protected]
Present address
Alwin Miller, Cancer Research UK Centre,
Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
Handling Editor: Vincent Wong
2.1.10 Present Address(es)
• Present address(es) should be included if supplied and placed below
Correspondence in the same style as Correspondence.
For example:
[Note semicolons and and to separate addresses]
Present addresses
Vlad C. Sandulache, ENT Section, Operative Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of
Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,
USA; and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E.
DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Present addresses
Can Koyuncu, Reetoja Nag, Germán Corredor, Vidya Sankar Viswanathan, Zelin
Zhang, and Anant Madabhushi, Biomedical Engineering Department, Emory
University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
• Include country names for all countries.
2.1.11 Funding Information
Section heading should be Funding information.
• If funding information is supplied as a separate section, then the funding
agency and grant number(s) are to be tagged, and the complete section has
to be displayed below the Correspondence section on the title page with the
heading “Funding information” in sentence case:
31
• If funding information is supplied as a part of Acknowledgments, retain it in
the Acknowledgments section and display it on the title page, even if this
means it will appear twice.
• If the content is too long and cannot be displayed below the Correspondence
section on the title page, then place it as a title page footnote.
• If funding information is supplied as “None” or something similar to that,
then it need not be displayed for PDF or HTML.
• For articles where the author names are at the end of the article (e.g.,
Editorial, Letter, Correspondence, etc.), the funding information should be
displayed after the Conflict of Interest with the heading “FUNDING
INFORMATION” in ALL CAPS:
2.1.12 Abstract/Graphical Abstract
• The default heading should be “Abstract”. However, “Summary” can be
used as a heading as per the journal requirement.
• The following abstract styles are allowed: structured, unstructured, list.
• Unstructured abstracts: Only one paragraph is allowed.
• Structured abstracts: Subheadings in bold, followed by colon in title case
style.
• Reference, figure, and table citations are not allowed in the abstract.
• Abstract text in roman.
• Numbered abstracts are allowed.
• Abbreviations in the abstract text are allowed; define all abbreviations and
acronyms on first occurrence and use abbreviations thereafter.
• Numerals: Use numerals for numbers 10 and above throughout the
manuscript, except at the beginning of a sentence.
• Genus and species names should be defined at first use as in text.
• A copyright line is not allowed in the Abstract section.
• If an isotope is mentioned, spell out the name of the element when it is first
used and provide the isotope number on the line (e.g., carbon-12 [first
occurrence], then C-12).
32
• Nonresearch articles such as commentaries and errata do not have abstracts,
and brief reports/short communications/editorial may include/exclude
abstracts at the discretion of the journal editor.
• Graphical abstract: Include a graphical abstract as per the journal style.
o For graphical abstracts appearing only on the Wiley Online Library
(WOL), the following sentence for author information should be
provided, along with the graphical abstract, at the end of the article on
a separate page (in the page proof) for author review:
2.1.13 Keywords
• Heading: KEYWORDS or Keywords in bold.
• Placement: below the Abstract in the abstract box.
• Include keywords if journal style, including the number of keywords allowed.
• Set in lowercase (except for proper nouns, etc.); alphabetical order;
separated by commas; no end period.
• Abbreviations are allowed.
• Inverted keywords are allowed. Set in lowercase (except for proper nouns,
etc.); alphabetical/non-alphabetical order; separated by semicolons; no end
period
For example:
KEYWORDS
adolescents; adults; Africa, South; education, graduate; education, nursing;
health literacy; information literacy
(as opposed to South Africa, graduate education, and nursing education)
• Letters to the Editor do not include keywords.
• Chemical formulas beginning with symbols (e.g., δ13C, δ1 5N) are listed at
the end of the keywords; formulas starting with letters (e.g., C3) should be
arranged alphabetically among the other keywords; formulas starting with
numerals (e.g., 13C) come at the beginning of the keywords.
33
2.1.14 Keyword Style in Articles Without Abstract
Correspondence
John A. Doe, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1
Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030.
Email: jdoe@baylor.edu
Funding information
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; CIHR,
Grant/Award Number: HOA-80072
KEYWORDS
breast cancer, cancer, caregivers, dyadic, oncology, qualitative, survivors
2.1.15 Key Points/Highlights
• Key points/Highlights are placed below the Abstract section. It can be placed
on the second page below the Keywords section if the Abstract section
completely covers the first page, as shown in the below example.
• The heading should be “Key points” or “Highlights” or as submitted by the
author or as per journal style and should be in sentence case.
34
For example:
35
2.1.16 JEL and AMS Classifications
For journals that use JEL or AMS codes, this is the style:
• Heading: JEL CLASSIFICATION or AMS CLASSIFICATION in ALL CAPS
and bold.
• Placement: below the Keywords in the abstract box.
36
• Comma as separator, no end period, and the order is to be followed as
submitted by the author or the standard journal style.
For example:
KEYWORDS
1820s, Corn Laws, free trade, Huskisson, Lord Liverpool, Navigation Act,
Reciprocity of Duties Act, silk trade
JEL CLASSIFICATION
B30, N73
OR
N73, B30
2.1.17 Title Page Footnotes
The hierarchy of the footnote elements on the title page is as follows:
Abbreviations
Equal contributions
Paper presentations
Deceased author
Any general statement
• Abbreviations:
- Not all the journals use abbreviations lists.
- The format: “Abbreviations: xx, xxxx; xx, xxxxx; xx, xxxx.”
- Set in alphabetical order.
• Placed on first page.
• Standardized format: no symbols for title page footnotes, except daggers (†)
for deceased authors.
For example:
Myrtle Coe and Simon Foe contributed equally to this study.
This study was first presented at the…
†
Died May 14, 2014.
The italicized values are considered for the spectroscopy analysis.
2.1.18 Abbreviations
• Set in alphabetical order, separated by a comma. Use semicolons to separate
several abbreviations, period at the end.
37
For example:
• Where the abstract is large and the list of abbreviations exceeds the first-
page limit, the list can continue on the next page.
2.1.19 Title Page Footnote for End-Author Style
For articles with author information listed at the end of the article (Editorial, Letter,
etc.), if there is a note tagged to the author(s) (e.g., co-author/deceased), then the
note will be added after the corresponding author address and NOT as a footnote.
For editorial, there are two options:
1. Author byline and affiliation toward the end of the editorial (default style)
2. Author byline and affiliation on the first page of the editorial (like main article
types). This is optional.
For example:
38
For guest editors, we follow the below treatment:
Guest Editor/s
Editor 1 Name
Editor 2 Name
1
Affiliation
2
Affiliation
2.1.20 Copyright Line
• The copyright line appears only on the first page in the article footer.
For example:
• Place above the footer rule if it is lengthy. When this is done, the journal URL
is moved to the bottom right of the footer.
For example:
• The complete journal title will appear in italics. When there are more than
two words, the journal title is abbreviated (use periods for abbreviated terms
if required by journal; e.g., Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardial. 2017; 1–6). For
the abbreviation of journal titles, please refer to
https://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/
.
E-locator workflow
Non-e-locator workflow
Full stop required after journal title (use periods for abbreviated terms if required
by journal; e.g., Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardial. 2017; 1–6)
39
• If a legal statement appears in the proofs, it should be placed above the
footer rule, below a dotted line. The copyright line has to be displayed below
the legal statement, i.e., above the solid rule (refer to the snapshot below).
Generally, the journal URL appears in center position. But the journal URL
should be flush right when there is a legal statement. This style is also
applicable when there is a lengthy copyright line. Please note that the journal
URL should be hyperlinked.
For example:
Note: The end period for the copyright line should be retained if provided.
2.1.21 Epigraphs
• An epigraph is a short quotation set at the beginning of the article.
Semicolon after year
Colon after volume number or supplement issue number
No spaces between year, volume, and e-
locator (vol. no. will be absent until EV
stage)
No spaces between year, volume, and
page range (vol. no. will be absent
until EV stage)
Full stop after e-locator
Full stop after page range
DOI appears in https://-URL format
DOI display is NOT required in the
second line
For example:
For example:
40
• Epigraphs are set in italics and are flush left.
• The signature is set in roman type underneath the quotation and is flush
right.
For example:
2.2 Body Matter
2.2.1 Running Head
• Author names: use only surnames, set in full caps.
• Single author: SURNAME.
• Two authors: SURNAME 1 and SURNAME 2 (“and” in lowercase).
• More than two authors: SURNAME 1
ET AL. (“ET AL.” in roman and small caps).
• Lowercase particles (e.g., van KARGA).
• Miscellaneous categories (Editorial, Letter to the Editor, Correspondence):
The article category should be used as running head in full caps.
• Short titles can be used if a journal prefers short titles (journal title or short
article title) to author surnames.
• The journal can opt for “no running head” if required.
For example:
2.2.2 Heading Levels
Heading
• Heading levels 1, 2, 3, and 4—unjustified style.
• Heading level 1: ALL CAPS and bold. Keep the casing of genes and protein
names as submitted by the author.
41
For example:
o REGULATION OF p53 GENE
o ROLE OF Arp2/3
o Heading level 2: bold and sentence case except proper nouns and
acronyms.
o Heading levels 3, 4, and 5: sentence case except proper nouns and
acronyms.
Numbered Heading
Please note that article types such as editorials and book reviews do not need to
have introductions.
Unnumbered heading
Heading
level
Description
Example
1
Numbered with Arabic numbers,
bold, all caps
1 | INTRODUCTION
2
Numbered, bold, sentence case
(except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
2.1 | Materials and
methods
3
Numbered, sentence case (except for
proper nouns and acronyms)
2.2.1 | Screening of
differentially expressed genes
4
Unnumbered, lightface, italics,
sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
Acceptance set
5
Unnumbered, lightface, italics,
sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms) with end
period, run-in
Properties. There is
considerable variability in
phenotype in patients with
missense mutations…
Heading
level
Description
Example
1
Bold, all caps
HEAD
2
Bold, sentence case (except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
Head head
head
3
Sentence case (except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
Head head
head
42
4
Italics, sentence case (except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
Head 4
5
Italics, sentence case (except for proper nouns and
acronyms) with end period, run-in
Head 5.
43
Roman heading
Alphanumeric heading
Heading
level
Description
Example
1
Bold, all caps
II | HEADING
2
Bold, sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
II.I | Heading
heading
3
Sentence case (except for proper nouns
and acronyms)
II.I.I | Heading
heading
4
Unnumbered, italics, sentence case (except
for proper nouns and acronyms)
Head 4
5
Unnumbered, italics, sentence case (except
for proper nouns and acronyms) with end
period, run-in
Head 5.
Heading level
Description
Example
1
Bold, all caps
A | HEADING
2
Bold, sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
A.1 | Heading
heading
3
Sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
A.1.1 | Heading heading
4
Unnumbered, italics, sentence case
(except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
Head
5
Unnumbered, italics, sentence case
(except for proper nouns and
acronyms) with end period, run-in
Head 5.
44
If a journal wants to adopt numbered headings till level 5, it can select any
of the styles given below:
Numbered headings for fourth- and fifth-level headings
Roman heading for fourth- and fifth-level headings
Alphanumeric heading for fourth- and fifth-level headings
Heading
level
Description
Example
1
Numbered with Arabic numbers,
bold, all caps
1 | INTRODUCTION
2
Numbered, bold, sentence case
(except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
2.1 | Materials and
methods
3
Numbered, sentence case (except for
proper nouns and acronyms)
2.2.1 | Screening of
differentially expressed genes
4
Numbered, lightface, italics,
sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
2.2.1.1 | Acceptance set
5
Numbered, lightface, italics,
sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms) with end
period, run-in
2.2.1.1.1 | Properties.
Heading
level
Description
Example
1
Bold, all caps
II | HEADING
2
Bold, sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
II.I | Heading
heading
3
Sentence case (except for proper nouns
and acronyms)
II.I.I | Heading
heading
4
Numbered, lightface, italics, sentence case
(except for proper nouns and acronyms)
II.I.I.I | Head 4
5
Numbered, lightface, italics, sentence case
(except for proper nouns and acronyms)
with end period, run-in
II.I.I.I.I | Head 5.
45
Heading level
Description
Example
1
Bold, all caps
A | HEADING
2
Bold, sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
A.1 | Heading
heading
3
Sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
A.1.1 | Heading heading
4
Numbered, lightface, italics, sentence
case (except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
A.1.1.1 | Head
5
Numbered, lightface, italics, sentence
case (except for proper nouns and
acronyms) with end period, run-in
A.1.1.1.1 | Head 5.
46
2.2.3 Figures
• All figures must be referred to in the main body of the text.
• Figures should be placed close to their first citations or close to the
paragraphs where they are cited.
2.2.3.1 Figure Legends
• Sentence case, roman, end period at the end.
For example:
FIGURE 1 Supplement of the product.
FIGURE 1 Prototype of the proposed model. The overall setup has been
illustrated.
• Label in ALL CAPS and bold (FIGURE 1) without period.
• Abbreviations need to be redefined.
• For abbreviations that are used inside an image, redefine them at the end of
the caption.
For example:
• The term “Source” should be in italics followed by a colon.
• For example:
• Raise a query if any symbol in the artwork is not defined in the figure
caption.
• Check the figure captions against the figures and against the text to ensure
consistency. Make sure, for example, if parts “x” and “y” are mentioned in
the captions or the text, parts “x” and “y” also appear in the figure.
2.2.4 Parts of Figures
Option 1
• Artwork: Use lowercase labels enclosed in parentheses. For example: (a), (b)
• Captions: Use lowercase labels enclosed in parentheses.
For example: (a) Histological section of…. (b) Comparison of…
• Match the figure parts given in the legend with the parts given in the
artwork.
Option 2
47
• Artwork: Use uppercase labels. For example: (A), (B)
• Captions: Use uppercase labels enclosed in parentheses.
For example: (A) Histological section of…. (B) Comparison of…
• Match the figure parts given in the legend with the parts given in the
artwork.
Option 3
• Follow what is given in the manuscript, but maintain consistency.
For example: If the author has used a, b, or A, B, use them as is but
standardize their consistency at the article level.
• Match the figure parts given in the legend with the parts given in the
artwork.
2.2.4.1 Figure Citations in Text
• All figures must be cited in the text by number.
• The citation should be spelled out.
For example:
Figure 1 shows …
• The order of the citations of figures in the text must be sequential, with the
onus resting on the author. If the citations are not in sequence, raise an
appropriate query at the “book-in stage.”
• Insert missing citations and query the author.
• Figure parts: Use uppercase/lowercase labels closed up with the number,
separated by a comma without a space after the comma.
For example:
Figure 1a,b or Figure 1A,B
Figure 1a–d or Figure 1A–D
• Refer to Section 2.2.3.1 for figure labels.
• Citations to figures from other sources should be lowercase and contracted
(e.g., fig. 3).
• Few examples of the use of figure citations in text are given below:
Figure 1 shows…
As shown in Figures 2 and 3a,b…
in the illustration (Figure 1a).
…which are leiomyosarcomas (Figures 1 and 2).
Illustration:
48
49
2.2.5 Tables
• Tables should be placed and cited in order of reference and in numerical
order.
• Tables should be placed close to their first citation on the top or bottom of
the page.
2.2.5.1 Table Legends/Captions
• Sentence case, roman, left aligned, end period at the end.
For example:
TABLE 1 Model parameters.
TABLE 1 Model parameters. The details of the parameters have been listed.
• Label in ALL CAPS and bold (TABLE 1); use Arabic numerals for table
numbers.
• Abbreviations need to be defined in table footnotes.
2.2.5.2 Table Body
• Column headings: bold, roman; bottom aligned.
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of all headings (column heads,
column spanners, subheads, and table spanners) and word entries. Also,
capitalize the first letter of each word of all proper nouns and the first word
following a colon or an em dash.
• First column left aligned, numerical columns follow alignment with
decimal/operator alignment, text columns left aligned.
• Numerical entries must be aligned by decimal (if applicable), digits and
operational (math), symbols (if applicable).
• A few examples of alignment of table components are given below. For more
details on layout and XML specifications, please refer to the attachment
below.
Table Alignment
Specifications
50
• Each cell entry should be in sentence case.
• Separate decimal entries in the same column are treated as given below:
• Shorter text, formulas, and equations can be set center aligned.
• Generally, longer text entries or combination text, numbers, equations, etc.
should be left aligned.
51
• In tables, the three-letter abbreviations for days of the week and months
may be used.
For example: Mon, Jan.
• An ellipsis (…), an en dash, or a hyphen may be used to indicate that no data
are available for a cell.
• List and sublist in a table
2.2.5.3 Table Footnotes
• Footnotes end with a period.
• All footnotes are placed above one another.
• Order of table footnotes:
o general notes
52
o abbreviations and their definitions
o linked table footnotes
o levels of probability
• The heading “Note” in italics is used for general statements. (This heading is
not required if there are only labelled and linked table footnotes.).
• Abbreviations: Use the heading “Abbreviation” if only one abbreviation
follows; use “Abbreviations” if there are more. Abbreviations need to be
redefined; list them in alphabetical order, use semicolons as separators, and
include a period at the end.
• Use superscript letters for linked table footnotes (a, b, c, …); asterisks are
used for levels of probability.
• The term “Source” should be in italics followed by a colon.
For example:
Note: xxxxx.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
Controls were matched to cases by age, sex, index date, and duration of
recorded history in the UK General Practice Research Database before the
index date.
***, **, and * denote statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10%
levels, respectively.
Source: Text.
2.2.5.4 Table Citations in Text
• All tables must be cited in the text by number.
• The order of the main citations of tables in the text must be sequential.
• Insert missing citations and query the author.
• Spell out in full (even in parentheses).
For example:
Table 1 shows…
As shown in Tables 2 and 3…
…text (Table 1).
…text (Tables 1 and 2).
• Citations to tables from other sources should be lowercase and contracted
(e.g., tab. 1).
53
2.2.6 Lists
2.2.6.1 Display Lists
• Numbered, alphabetical, roman, dash, and bulleted lists are allowed. Any
combination of the lists can be used as submitted by the author or as per the
journal style.
• There should be a line space above and below a list.
2.2.6.2 Run-in Lists
• In text, use uppercase or lowercase letters, lowercase Roman numerals, or
Arabic numbers within round parentheses.
For example:
(a) text, (b) text, and (c) text
OR
(A) text, (B) text, and (C) text
OR
(1) text, (2) text, and (3) text
OR
(i) text, (ii) text, and (iii) text
• Use semicolons to separate three or more elements that have internal
commas.
For example:
We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who scored fewer than 20
points; (b) moderate scorers, who scored between 20 and 50 points; and
(c) high scorers, who scored more than 50 points.
2.2.7 Equations
• The equation number should be set flush right in parentheses.
• Equation numbers should appear in sequence. Both Arabic and Roman
numerals for display equations are acceptable.
For example:
(1), (2), (3), etc.
(I), (II), (III), etc.
• Symbols representing variables and scalars should be italicized (e.g., a + b =
c).
• Arrays and vectors should be in boldface (e.g., a, b, c, d).
• Boldface uppercase letters are to be used to refer to matrices (e.g., A, B, C,
D, etc.).
54
• Differential “d” is set in italic type.
• The symbol for exponential is “e” (roman, not italic).
• Greek symbols as variables should be set in italics.
• Punctuation after a set-off equation is helpful. Display equations are often
preceded by punctuation. Equations set in display do not need punctuation to
set them off from the text; omit colons before them unless the text
preceding the equation could stand as a complete sentence. Commas
preceding a display equation are acceptable if they are grammatically
necessary.
• Equations are centered, and if the equation is longer than the available
width, the runover line should be broken before the operator symbol (e.g.,
+) and aligned to the operator symbol or equal sign in the preceding line.
• Display equations can be numbered or unnumbered based on the author
input. Author input should be followed in this regard.
• Equation citations are treated as given below.
For example:
Equation (1) shows…
Equations (2) and (3) suggest…
As shown in Equations (I) and (II) (not eq or Eq.)
in the illustration (Equation 1)
55
For example:
• Citations to equations from other sources should be lowercase and
contracted (e.g., eq. 5).
• Perform linearization and display formats wherever required.
Example 1:
Before linearization:
After linearization:
Example 2:
Before linearization:
After linearization:
56
2.2.8 Enunciations
• Should be set as given below, regardless of referencing or copyediting style
for the journal.
For example:
Enunciation
Title
Number (if
any)
Text
Theorem (and Assertion, Axiom, etc.)
Roman, bold
Roman, bold
Italics
Proof
Italics
Roman
Roman
Definition (and Assumption, Hypothesis,
Example, etc.)
Roman, bold
Roman, bold
Roman
Remark (and Answer, Case, Claim, etc.)
Italics
Roman
Roman
57
2.2.9 Scheme and Structure
Graphics that are not designated as figures are called schemes or structures. Please
note that an author's version need not to be changed if he/she has used the
category "Figure" to define schemes or structures.
2.2.9.1 Scheme
A scheme comprises a group of chemical reactions. These reactions are denoted by
arrows. A scheme should be defined by a legend (end period at the end of the
legend).
For example: … (as shown in Scheme 3)
SCHEME 3 Chemical reactions.
58
2.2.9.2 Structure
A structure does not have a legend. It can have one or more reactions, but the
reactions are not denoted by arrows.
For example:
2.2.10 Open Practices/Open Research Badges
• The badges should appear after the title on page one.
• Badges should sit on the same line as the article title and be of the same size
as the title text.
• Only the badge/badges a journal has acquired should be displayed.
For example:
59
2.2.11 Boxes
• Headings should be bold and in sentence case.
• For the treatment of lists in a box, see Display List (Section 2.2.6.1).
• Label: BOX 1
• Citation: Box 1
• Source is mandatory for boxes taken from other articles/journals.
For example:
2.2.12 Handling of Dialogue or Q&A
• Unnumbered, boldface, italics, sentence case with colon, run-in headings (if
present)
For example:
60
2.2.13 Abbreviations
• General Information: Define all abbreviations and acronyms on first
occurrence and use abbreviations thereafter.
• Academic degrees and honors: Academic degrees are abbreviated in bylines
and in the text. These abbreviations are used only with the full name of a
person.
For example: James Ray ART (accredited record technician); Xu Zhang DMSc
(doctor of medical science).
• Military services and titles: Military titles and abbreviations should be verified
with the author.
For example: MC, USA (Medical Corps, US Army); USAF, MC (Medical Corps, US Air
Force); GEN (General); LTG (Lieutenant General).
• Use the following standard Latin abbreviations only in parenthetical material;
in nonparenthetical material, use the English translation of the Latin terms
(in Roman); in both cases, include the correct punctuation that accompanies
the term:
cf.
compare
i.e.,
that is,
e.g.,
for example,
viz.,
namely,
, etc.,
and so forth
vs.
versus, against
• Abbreviations for eras are set in small caps with no punctuation.
61
Use the following abbreviations when complete local addresses are given.
• Do not abbreviate the non-English counterparts of the aforementioned
designators (e.g., rue, Strasse, Platz).
• When the plural form is used, do not abbreviate it (e.g., Broad and Vine
streets).
• When a street number is not given, do not abbreviate (e.g., National Hospital
for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WClN 3BG,
England).
• Do not abbreviate room, suite, department, or division.
• Do not use periods or commas with N, S, E, W, or their combinations
• US states, territories, and possessions; provinces; and countries:
o Names of US states, territories, provinces, and possessions should be
spelled out in full when they stand alone.
o Use postal codes as provided.
o Do not abbreviate a state name after a county name.
For example:
Air Force Base
AFB
Place
Pl
Army Post Office
APO
Post Office
PO
Avenue
Ave
Road
Rd
Boulevard
Blvd
Route
Rte
Building
Bldg
Rural Free Delivery
RFD
Circle
Cir
Rural Route
RR
Court
Ct
Saint
St or Ste
Drive
Dr
South
S
East
E
Southeast
SE
Fleet Post Office
FPO
Southwest
SW
Fort
Ft
Square
Sq
Highway
Hwy
Street
St
Lane
Ln
Terrace
Terr
Mount
Mt
West
W
North
N
Northwest
NW
Northeast
NE
Parkway
Pkwy
62
Chicago, IL
Chicago, IL 60601
Cook County, Illinois
• The abbreviation “US” may be used as a modifier (i.e., only when it directly
precedes the word it modifies) but should be expanded to “United States” in
all other contexts.
• Senior and Junior are abbreviated with or without periods, but should be
consistent when they are part of a name, with no commas (e.g., Sr or Sr.
and Jr or Jr.).
• The following social titles are always abbreviated when preceding a surname,
with or without the first name or initials: Dr, Mr, Messrs, Mrs, Mmes, Ms, and
Mss. These abbreviations can use periods as well but should maintain
consistency.
• In the text, do not abbreviate a business term if the company spells it out
(e.g., Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation).
The following abbreviations do not need to be defined; however, author’s
preference can be retained and must be consistent throughout the article.
Abbreviati
on
Expanded form
Abbreviati
on
Expanded form
CD
clusters of differentiation
(use with a number, e.g.,
CD4 cell)
DOS
disk operating system
CD
compact disc
EDTA
ethylene diamine tetra acetic
acid
CD-ROM
compact disc read-only
memory
F
French (add catheter; use only
with a number, e.g., 12F
catheter)
DDT
dichlorodiphenyltrichloro
ethane
(chlorophenothane)
HLA
human leukocyte antigen (say
HLA antigen)
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
ISBN
International Standard Book
Number
ISSN
International Standard
Serial Number
m-
meta- (use only in chemical
formulas or names)
Nd:YAG
neodymium:yttrium-
aluminum-garnet
o-
ortho- (use only in chemical
formulas)
OD
oculus dexter (right eye)
(use only with a number)
os
oculus sinister (left eye) (use
only with a number)
63
Abbreviati
on
Expanded form
Abbreviati
on
Expanded form
OU
oculus unit as (both
eyes) or oculus uterque
(each eye) (use only with
a number)
p-
para- (use only in chemical
formulas or names)
PaCO
2
partial pressure of
carbon dioxide, arterial
PaO
2
partial pressure of oxygen,
arterial
PCO
2
partial pressure of
carbon dioxide
pH
hydrogen ion concentration;
negative logarithm of hydrogen
ion activity
PO
2
partial pressure of
oxygen
RAM
random access memory
RNA
ribonucleic acid
ROM
read-only memory
SD
standard deviation
SE
standard error
SEM
standard error of the
mean
ssc
standard saline citrate
SSPE
sodium chloride, sodium
phosphate, EDTA (buffer)
TNM
tumor, node, metastasis
ul
uniformly labeled
UV
ultraviolet
UV-A/B/C
Ultraviolet A/B/C
VDRL
Venereal Disease Research
Laboratory (add test)
2.2.14 Scientific and Mathematical Content
• In general, lines, variables, unknown quantities, and constants (e.g., x, y, z,
A, B, C) are set in italics.
• Units of measurement (e.g., kg, mL, s, m), symbols, and numbers are set in
roman. No repetition of units except for percent (%) when defined in range
(10–12 kg, 3 and 5 mL, not 2–3%, 2 and 3%)
• Use a nonbreaking space between numerals and units.
• Use a thin space before and after the following mathematical symbols: <, >,
±, =, +, -, ÷, ×, and ~. Note that copyeditors should use ordinary spaces;
the compositor will set this.
• There should be no spaces preceding numbers or symbols used as
superscripts and subscripts, or before or after parentheses, brackets, and
braces.
For example:
64
Carbon-13 (
13
C) is an isotope of carbon with a nucleus of six protons and
seven neutrons. [no space between the opening parenthesis and 13, no
space between 13 and C]
Using multivariable analysis, Kizy et al.
2
found no improvement in BCSS for
high-risk ILC with adjuvant chemotherapy. [no space between et al. and 2]
• Use italics for chemical prefixes (N-, cis-, trans-, p-, etc.), for restriction
enzymes, and for lowercase letters used in alphabetic enumerations of items
or topics (the parentheses are set roman): (a), (b), (c), etc.
• Abbreviate the following: h, hour; min, minute; s, second; ms,
millisecond; ns, nanosecond.
• Probability: lowercase italic p. “t” for t-test; “n” for small sample; “N” for
large sample
• %, percentage (use the word percentage when a number is not given)
• Volume: Liter → L (always). For example: 5 L, 6 mL, 10 dL, and 33 µL
• Temperature: 3–4°C (degrees Celsius, no space before °C)
• Measures of currency: $55.60
2.2.14.1 Numbers
Use numerals to express:
• numbers 10 and above (e.g., 12-cm wide)
• numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement (e.g., a 5-mg
dose)
• numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions (e.g., multiplied
by 5; 9 out of 10 dentists; and n = 7)
• numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale,
exact sums of money, and numerals as numerals (e.g., 1 h 34 min)
• numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series (e.g., row 5)
Use words to express:
• numbers zero to nine
• any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading
• common fractions (e.g., one fifth of the class)
• universally accepted usage (e.g., the Twelve Apostles)
Use a combination of numerals and words to express back-to-back modifiers:
• 2 two-way interactions
• ten 7-point scales
Ordinal Numbers
65
Second-order factor
The fourth graders
The first item of the 75th trial
The first and third groups
Spell out ordinal that appears before a numeral
Comma in Numbers
Use a comma as a separator in numbers of ≥5 decimal places. The standard/default
is “comma as a thousand separator,” but a journal can choose a thin space if
required.
This rule does not apply for titles in German. In UK and US English, a period is used
to indicate the decimal place. In German, a comma is used. While the UK and US
use a comma to separate groups of thousands, in German, a period is used.
For example:
10.000 (GER) but 10,000 (UK, US)
A comma should never be used in the place of a decimal point for US and UK
content.
Decimal Fractions
• Use a zero before the decimal point with numbers that are less than 1 when
the statistic can exceed 1.
0.23 cm
Cohen’s d = 0.70
0.48 s
• As per the requirement, use or remove a zero before a decimal fraction when
the statistic cannot be greater than 1 (e.g., correlations, proportions, and
levels of statistical significance: p, beta, alpha), but the consistency should
be maintained within the journal style.
r(24) = –.43 or –0.43
p = 0.028 or .028
Usage of Solidus/Indices
Solidus or indices in units will be used as per the author’s preference.
For example:
m/s
2
or m s
-2
66
kg/m/s
2
or kg m
-1
s
-2
Manufacturer Information (Equipment, Devices, and Reagents)
It is no longer required to include the location of the manufacturer because whoever
desires more specific details can easily find them online.
Plurals of Numbers
• To form the plurals of numbers, whether expressed as figures or as words,
add s or es alone, without an apostrophe.
For example:
fours and sixes; 1950s; 10s and 20s
Time and Date
For US English (at article-/journal-level consistencies):
Date: April 18, 1992
Time: 8:30 p.m., 12:30 a.m.
For UK English (at article-/journal-level consistencies):
Date: 18 April 1992
Time: 8:30
PM, 12:30 AM
Note: A copyeditor can query the author about the format of the time and date (US or UK) if
there is an ambiguity.
2.2.14.2 Scientific Abbreviations
• Do not repeat abbreviated units of measurement when expressing multiple
amounts: 16–30 kHz.
• Write out abbreviations for units that are not accompanied by numeric values
(e.g., measured in centimeters, several kilograms).
• Units of time. To prevent misreading, do not abbreviate the following units
of time, even when they are accompanied by numeric values: day, week,
month, year.
• Routes of administration: You may abbreviate a route of administration
when it is paired with a number-and-unit combination. icv = intracerebral
ventricular, im = intramuscular, ip = intraperitoneal, iv = intravenous, sc =
subcutaneous, and so on.
For example:
anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (90 mg/kg ip)
2.2.14.3 SI Units
• Base quantities and dimensions used in the SI
67
Quantity symbols are always written in an italic font, and symbols for
dimensions in sans-serif roman capitals.
• SI base units
The symbols for quantities are generally single letters of the Latin or
Greek alphabets.
• SI derived units
68
Derived units are products of powers of base units. Coherent derived units
are products of powers of base units that include no numerical factor
other than 1.
69
• Units with special names and symbols
70
The special names and symbols are simply a compact form for the
expression of combinations of base units that are used frequently.
• SI coherent derived compound units with special names and symbols
• SI prefixes
71
• Units accepted for use with the SI units
Volume: Liter → L (always). For example: 5 L and 6 mL
• Other non-SI units
72
2.2.14.4 Standard Notations in Mathematics
2.2.14.5 Scientific Names
In text, the species names (Latin) of plants and animals are italicized. Every
binomial contains a genus name (capitalized) and a species name (lowercased).
When the common term is followed by the genus and species names, these names
can either be set off by commas or put in parentheses. These names should not be
misinterpreted with orders and phyla (not italicized).
For example:
- Many species names, such as Rosa caroliniana and Styrax californica, reflect the
locale of the first specimens described.
- The pike, Esox lucius, is valued for food and sports.
- Certain lizard taxa, such as Basiliscus and Crotaphytus, are bipedal specialists.
2.2.14.6 Use of Genus Names
After the first use, the genus name may be abbreviated to a single capital letter. If
two or more species of the same genus are listed together, the abbreviation may be
doubled (to indicate the plural) before the first species, though repeating the
73
abbreviation with each species is more common. But if species of different genera
beginning with the same letter are discussed in the same context, abbreviations
may not be appropriate.
For example:
One method estimates the maximum speed obtained by Callisaurus draconoides in
the field. We found that durations of both C. draconoides and Uma scoparia do not
change after the third stride.
2.2.14.7 Names of Author/s
The authority who proposed a specific epithet is sometimes added, abbreviated (as
provided in the manuscript), and not italicized; also, a year is sometimes given,
though this is not required. A capital L. stands for Linnaeus; Mill. stands for Miller.
For example:
Diaemus youngi cypselinus Thomas, 1928
Euchistenes hartii (Thomas)
Linaria spuria (L.) Mill.
2.2.14.8 Species and Varieties
Abbreviations “sp.” and “var.,” when used without a following element, indicate that
the species or variety is unknown or unspecified. The plural “spp.” is used to refer
to a group of species. The abbreviations are not italicized.
For example:
Rhododendron spp.
Rosa rugosa var.
Viola sp.
2.2.14.9 Higher Divisions
Phylum, class, order, and family are capitalized but not italicized.
For example:
Chordata (phylum)
Chondrichthyes (class)
Monotremata (order)
Ruminantia (suborder)
Hominidae (family)
Felinae (subfamily)
74
2.2.14.10 Chemical Terms
Names of chemical elements and compounds are lowercased when written out.
Symbols, however, are capitalized and set without periods; the number of atoms in
a molecule appears as a subscript.
For example:
ozone; O
3
sodium chloride; NaCl
sulfuric acid; H
2
SO
4
2.2.14.11 Mass Number
In formal chemical literature, the mass number appears as a superscript to the left
of the symbol. In work intended for a general audience, however, it may follow the
symbol, after a hyphen, in full size.
For example:
14
C (formal style); C-14 or carbon-14 (informal style)
2.2.14.12 Medical Terms
Names of diseases, syndromes, diagnostic procedures, and anatomical parts are
lowercased, except for proper names forming part of the term. Acronyms and
initials are capitalized.
For example:
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS
Alzheimer disease
computed tomography or CT
The possessive forms Alzheimer’s, Down’s, and Hodgkin’s, though less common in
medical literature, may be preferred in a general context.
2.2.14.13 Terms for Radiation
Terms for electromagnetic radiations may be spelled as follows:
β-ray (noun or adjective) or beta ray (in nonscientific contexts, noun or adjective)
γ-ray (noun or adjective) or gamma ray (in nonscientific contexts, noun or
adjective)
x-ray (noun, verb, or adjective)
cosmic ray (noun); cosmic-ray (adjective)
75
ultraviolet ray (noun); ultraviolet-ray (adjective)
Note that the verb to x-ray, though acceptable in a general context, is not normally
used in scholarly medical literature, where writers would more likely speak of
obtaining an x-ray image, or a radiograph, of something, or of subjecting
something to x-ray analysis.
2.2.14.14 Drug Names
• Drug names are lowercased.
• Brand names are capitalized and mostly included in parentheses after the
first occurrence of the generic name (e.g., interferon beta-1a (Avonex)).
2.2.14.15 Geographic Coordinates
Abbreviations lat and long, usually without periods, may be used when part of a
coordinate. They can sometimes be dropped, as the compass point identifies the
coordinate.
For example:
lat 42°15′09″ N, long 89°17′45″ W
lat 45°16′17″ S, long 116°40′18″ E
The chart showed shoal water at 19°29′59″ N, 107°45′36″ W.
Note that primes (′) and double primes (″), not quotation marks, are used.
2.2.14.16 Cultivars and Their Treatments
The cultivar names are written enclosed in single quotes in roman followed with
initial casing.
For example:
Single quotes are not required when cultivar names are written alone (without
species name).
For example:
76
2.2.15 Math Markup
2.2.15.1 Standard Markup
Standard math markup includes the following points (copyediting level 0 or higher):
• Correct handling of numbers and units
• Correct use of characters for Greek and Roman letters
• Correct use of characters for symbols, numbers, and letters (e.g., x ×, l 1,
and O 0)
• Correct setting of numbers, signs, punctuation, units, and recognizable
functions to upright
• Retention of any special formatting (bold, italic bold, upright characters
within the italic default, different fonts, e.g., sans serif) set by the author
• Correct splitting up of an equation that spreads over more than one line
• Correct equation alignment over a line break
2.2.15.2 Extended Markup
Extended math markup includes the following points (copyediting level 1 or higher):
• Same as Section 2.2.14.1
• Correct setting of variables to italic
• Ensuring the consistency of formatting in displayed equations, inline
mathematics, and symbols in the text
• Correct styling and sizing of signs, operands, fences (e.g., primes, right and
left angle brackets, integral signs)
2.2.15.3 Intensive Math Markup
Intensive math markup specifically includes the following points (copyediting level 2
or higher):
• Same as Sections 2.2.14.1 and 2.2.14.2
• Correct styling of single-letter functions (e.g., differential d, exponential e)
• Correct styling of the complex number i or j
• Correct styling of all single-character label subscripts (nonvariables)
• Correct styling of particle names, e.g., e (electron mass)
• Correct identification and styling of vectors, matrices, tensors, and other
characters with dimension
2.3 Back Matter
The order of the back matter should be as given here. Please note that the
Reference section (which is explained separately in Section 3) should be placed
77
before the Supporting information section or before the How to Cite section if the
Supporting information section is not present.
2.3.1 Nomenclature
Nomenclature is defined as a system of names and terms used in a particular field
of study or community.
For example:
2.3.2 Author Contributions
• Retain if given by the author.
• Treatment of author names: Title case, names in full; initials are spaced out.
For example:
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Study concept and design: Emily L. Baldwin and Jacob D. Zahler. Analysis and
interpretation of data: Jacob D. Zahler. Drafting of the manuscript: Alexis
MacAllister. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content:
Emily L. Baldwin and Jacob D. Zahler. Statistical analysis: Jacob D. Zahler.
Obtained funding: William R. Gibbons. Study supervision: Emily L. Baldwin and
Jacob D. Zahler.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Yoon K. Loke developed the original idea and the protocol, abstracted and analyzed
data, wrote the manuscript, and is the guarantor. Deirdre Price and Sheena Derry
contributed to the development of the protocol and prepared the manuscript.
CRediT Statement
Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) comprises individual author contributions,
which help reduce conflicts among authorships and enable collaborations.
CRediT statements should be provided during the submission process.
78
There are two ways of displaying the Author Contributions statement using CRediT:
With “degree of contribution”:
Pierro Asara: Review and editing (equal). Kerys Jones: Conceptualization (lead);
writing—original draft (lead); formal analysis (lead); writing—review and editing
(equal). Elisha Roberto: Software (lead); writing—review and editing (equal).
Hebei Wang: Methodology (lead); writing—review and editing (equal). Jinnie Wu:
Conceptualization (supporting); writing—original draft (supporting); writing—review
and editing (equal).
Without “degree of contribution”:
Pierro Asara: Review and editing. Kerys Jones: Conceptualization; writing—
original draft; formal analysis; writing—review and editing. Elisha Roberto:
Software; writing—review and editing. Hebei Wang: Methodology; writing—review
and editing. Jinnie Wu: Conceptualization; writing—original draft; writing—review
and editing.
2.3.3 Acknowledgments
• The ACKNOWLEDGMENTS head should be all caps and bold roman.
• Whether there is only one author or more, the heading should be plural
(ACKNOWLEDGMENTS).
• Should be presented as a separate section. Please note that not all articles
will have acknowledgments.
• If articles want to include the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section even if there is
nothing to report, the following statement can be used under the section:
‘The authors have nothing to report.’
• For articles using US spelling, it should be “ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.”
• For articles using UK spelling, it should be “ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.”
For example:
79
2.3.4 Conflict of Interest Statement
• This section should be placed after the Acknowledgments section.
• Should be set in all caps and bold.
• Section heading must be CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT.
For example:
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. (if no conflicts for an article with
multiple authors)
OR
The author declares no conflicts of interest. (if no conflicts for an article with a
single author)
2.3.5 Data Availability Statement
A data availability statement (also sometimes known as a “data accessibility
statement”) tells the reader where the data associated with a paper are available,
and under what conditions the data can be accessed. They also include links (where
applicable) to the data set.
“DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT” is the standard heading to be used across all
Wiley titles. Please check that the data availability statement in the manuscript is
correct.
For example:
80
2.3.6 Ethics Statement
2.3.7 ORCID ID
The ORCID ID logo will appear in the PDF with a hyperlink to the ORCID ID in the
author byline (check for the ORCID ID in the metadata; updated 23 Feb 2017).
Copyeditors are not responsible for inserting the ORCID logo. The treatment is the
same for Twitter and other handles.
2.3.8 Peer Review
Peer review (PR) shows the complete peer review process from initial review to final
decision. This means that alongside the published article, readers can see a full
peer review history, including reviewer reports, editor decision letters, and the
authors’ responses.
81
Wiley has launched a PR initiative in collaboration with Clarivate Analytics’ Publons
and ScholarOne. Under PR, if authors have chosen peer review and their article is
accepted, the peer reviewers’ reports, authors’ responses, and editors’ decisions
will also be published. Authors may have the option to participate or not when they
submit their article to the journal; some journals may have mandatory
participation. Reviewers may have the option with every review to disclose their
names alongside their reports or to remain anonymous; some journals may require
reviewers to be named or anonymous. The peer review history is openly available
on a page hosted by Publons via a URL incorporated into the published article, both
the HTML and PDF version. Each component has a DOI, ensuring each element is
fully citable. For those reviewers who choose to sign their reviews, the DOIs for
their reviews can also be added to their ORCiD records. Please note that the
“[article DOI]” in “https://publons.com/publon/[article DOI]
” should be replaced by
the corresponding article’s DOI, not the entire Publons URL.
“PEER REVIEW” is the standard heading to be used across all Wiley titles and is
placed in the back matter.
82
For example:
2.3.9 Endnotes
• The existing journal style will be applied for body footnotes (whether bottom-
of-the-page footnotes or endnotes should be used).
• Endnotes:
- “ENDNOTE” (or “ENDNOTES” if there are more) is the standard heading text to
be used for endnotes. Do not use “NOTE” as the default heading text.
- Placement: before References.
83
For example:
• Both endnotes and bottom-of-the-page footnotes are cited by sequential
superscript Arabic numerals, following any punctuation mark except a dash
(note: if superscript numbered reference citation style is followed, then the
footnotes would be cited with symbols to avoid ambiguity). A footnote
number that appears with a dash—like this
2
—always precedes the dash.
84
2.3.10 Supporting Information
• Supporting information should be placed at the end of the article after the
References.
• Caption not required as general style, instead insert this standard text:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting
Information section at the end of this article.
• Text citations for supporting information: Figure S1, Table S1, Data S1, etc.
• Text citations for multiple supporting information files:
For example:
Supporting Information S1: Section 6 OR Supporting Information S1: Sections 1–
6 OR Supporting Information S1: Sections 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S1:
Sections 1, 3, and 6
Supporting Information S2: Figure 6 OR Supporting Information S2: Figures 1–6
OR Supporting Information S2: Figures 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S2:
Figures 1, 3, and 6
Supporting Information S3: Table 6 OR Supporting Information S3: Tables 1–6
OR Supporting Information S3: Tables 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S3:
Tables 1, 3, and 6
Supporting Information S4: Data 6 OR Supporting Information S4: Data 1–6 OR
Supporting Information S4: Data 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S4: Data 1,
3, and 6
Note: The caption for supporting information is displayed based on the journal’s
requirement.
2.3.11 How to Cite
• The “How to Cite” section must be included in all journals for the main article
types: Original article (and similar article types); Review article (and similar
article types); Short communication; Commentary.
• This section would be automatically generated/manually developed by the
typesetters. However, it is not mandatory in the PDF.
• Place it after the Supporting Information section.
• The “How to Cite” section should be styled as per the journal reference style.
• If the supplement is numbered, and there is an issue number, use the
following format:
85
• If the supplement is numbered, and there is no issue number, use the
following format:
• Illustration:
Articles without an e-locator:
For example:
How to cite this article: Tritschler M, Retschnig G, Yañez O, Williams GR,
Neumann P. Host sharing by the honey bee parasites Lotmaria passim and Nosema
ceranae. Ecology and Ecology. 2017;2:1–9.
Articles with an e-locator: The DOI appears in https://-URL format after the
page range (in blue with underlining).
For example:
How to cite this article: López JM, Fortuny G, Puigjaner D, Herrero J, Marimon F,
Garcia–Bennett J. Effects of walking in deep venous thrombosis: A new integrated
solid and fluid mechanics model. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. 2016;32:e2819.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.2819
2.3.12 Appendix
• Placement: after References and “How to Cite”.
• Heading in ALL CAPS: APPENDIX or APPENDIX 1 or APPENDIX A1.
For example:
86
2.3.13 Author Biography/Biosketch
• An author biography should be set after any appendix or, if there is no
appendix, after the References.
• The heading AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY for one biography and AUTHOR
BIOGRAPHIES for more than one should be set in bold and all caps.
• Authors’ photographs should be included if opted for by a journal.
• Author names in bold and roman (not in small caps or all caps). Spell out
first name and surname, and use initials for middle names.
For example: Jay W. Smith
• A few titles use the terminology “BIOSKETCH” instead of “BIOGRAPHY.”
This section can be styled similar to Biography:
87
3 References
3.1 General Information
Eleven reference styles and four citation styles are available for Wiley journals. A
journal has the option to choose any of these recommended styles of references
and citations. A journal can also go with “As in Manuscript” as its choice of
reference and citation styles. The reference and citation styles are not
interdependent on each other. For the abbreviation of journal titles, please refer to
https://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/
(wherever
required).
Please note that in addition to OSCOLA footnote reference style, other footnote
reference styles for titles/journals under the humanities and social sciences (HSS)
are allowed. These styles mainly follow as “submitted by author”; however, if the
footnote references are required to be styled as per any of the aforementioned
reference styles, except AMA and OSCOLA, then it should be first confirmed with
the author/editorial office.
For example:
References can be clubbed in the numbered citation style format if there is a
requirement from the journal.
For example:
1. Hu P, Reuben DB. Effects of managed care on the length of time that elderly
patients spend with physicians during ambulatory visits: National Ambulatory
88
Medical Care Survey. Med Care. 2002;40(7):606-613. doi:10.1097/00005650-
200207000-00007; Geller AC, Venna S, Prout M, et al. Should the skin cancer
examination be taught in medical school? Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(9):1201-1203.
doi:10.1001/archderm.138.9.1201; Chau NG, Haddad RI. Antiangiogenic agents in
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: tired of going solo. Cancer. Published
online September 20, 2016. doi:10.1002/cncr.30352
2. Johnson CL, Dohrmann SM, Kerckove VD, et al. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey: National Youth Fitness Survey estimation procedures, 2012.
Vital Health Stat 2. 2014;(168):1-25; Chau NG, Haddad RI. Antiangiogenic agents
in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: tired of going solo. Cancer. Published
online September 20, 2016. doi:10.1002/cncr.30352
3.2 Citation of References
3.2.1 Name and Year
• One author: Gabriel (2000) and (Gabriel, 2000).
• Two authors: (Mathes & Severa, 2004) and Mathes and Severa (2004).
• Three or more authors: Waterman et al. (1993) and (Waterman et al.,
1993).
• Authors with same surname: Among studies, we review M. A. Light and Dark
(2008) and I. Light (2006).
• To avoid ambiguity, if two papers have first-listed authors with the same last
name in the reference list, list as many names as needed to differentiate the
papers, followed by “et al.” in citations.
For example: Fannon, Chan, Ramirez, Johnson, and Grimsdottir (2019) … and
Fannon, Chan, Montego, Daniels, and Miller (2019)… can be cited as (Fannon,
Chan, Ramirez, et al., 2019) or Fannon, Chan, Ramirez et al. (2019), and
(Fannon, Chan, Montego, et al., 2019) or Fannon, Chan, Montego et al. (2019),
respectively.
• Anonymous author: on free care (“Study Finds,” 2007); (Anonymous, 1998).
• Several studies within the same parentheses should be listed alphabetically
by first author’s surname: (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998).
• Secondary sources: Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
• Citing parts of a source: (Shimamura, 1989, Chap. 3).
• Personal communications: T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18,
2001).
• Sample reference list entry to an appealed case: Durflinger v. Artiles, 563 F.
Supp. 322 (D. Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727 F.2d 888 (10th Cir. 1984).
o Text citation: Durflinger v. Artiles (1981/1984).
• If the author names and the year of publication are identical, then letters
a,b, ... can be used to differentiate the citations referred to in the text.
For example:
89
(Baheti, 2001a, 2001b)
• If references with the same authors, published in the same year are
identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references
in the series order, not alphabetically by the title.
Place lowercase letters-a, b, c, and so forth-immediately after the year, within
the parentheses.
For example:
Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control…
Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of…
• Organization whose name is then abbreviated:
o First occurrence—(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009) or “The
American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) noted…”
o Next occurrence—APA (2009) or (APA, 2009)
• Sample reference to an unreported decision: Gilliard v. Oswald, No. 76-2109
(2d Cir. Mar. 16, 1977).
• Sample reference to a case appealed to a state supreme court: Compton v.
Commonwealth, 239 Va. 312, 389 S.E.2d 460 (1990).
• Sample reference to a case appealed to a state court of appeals: Texas v.
Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992).
• Sample references to cases decided by the US Supreme Court: Brown v.
Board of Educ, 347 US 483 (1954).
• Sample reference for federal testimony: RU486: The Import Ban (1990).
• Sample reference for a full federal hearing: Urban America’s Need (1992).
• Form for executive order: Executive Order No. 11,609 (1994).
• Patents: US Patent No. 123,445 (1988).
3.2.2 Number
For numbered citations, Arabic numbers are used. The reference numbers are given
in brackets or in superscript (need to be consistent throughout the article).
For brackets:
• Single citation: [1]
• Multiple citations: [2–6, 10]. Numbers should be in numerical and
sequential order.
• With author’s name in the text: John [11] explained...
For superscripts:
• Single citation: Number
1
• Multiple citations (numbers should be in numerical and sequential order):
- Use en dashes to join the first and last numbers of a closed series: Number
2–6
90
- Use commas without a space to separate other parts of multiple citations:
Number
2–6,8
- Place superscript numerals outside periods and commas, inside colons and
semicolons: Number.
2,3
| Number,
2,3
| Number
2,3
: | Number
2,3
;
For superscripts in brackets:
• Single citation: Number
[1]
• Multiple citations (numbers should be in numerical and sequential order):
o Use en dash to join the first and last number of a closed series in brackets:
Number
[2–6]
o Use comma without a space to separate other parts of multiple citations
enclosed in brackets: Number
[2–6,8]
Place superscript numerals in brackets outside periods and commas, inside colons
and semicolons: Number.
[2,3]
| Number,
[2,3]
| Number
[2,3]
: | Number
[2,3]
;
3.2.3 Basic Rules of Citations (Name and Year)
Type of
citation
First citation
in text
Subsequent
citations in
text
Parenthetical
format, first
citation in
text
Parenthetical
format,
subsequent
citations in
text
One work by
one author
Walker (2007)
Walker (2007)
(Walker, 2007)
(Walker, 2007)
One work by
two authors
Walker and
Allen (2004)
Walker and
Allen (2004)
(Walker &
Allen, 2004)
(Walker &
Allen, 2004)
One work by
three or more
authors
Bradley et al.
(1999)
Bradley et al.
(1999)
(Bradley et al.,
1999)
(Bradley et al.,
1999)
Groups (readily
identified
through
abbreviation)
as authors
National
Institute of
Mental Health
(NIMH, 2003)
NIMH (2003)
(National
Institute of
Mental Health
[NIMH], 2003)
(NIMH, 2003)
Groups (no
abbreviation)
as authors
University of
Pittsburgh
(2005)
University of
Pittsburgh
(2005)
(University of
Pittsburgh,
2005)
(University of
Pittsburgh,
2005)
• Indirect citations (those in parentheses) should be listed alphabetically.
• Use “and” for direct citations (those not in parentheses) and “&” for indirect
citations.
91
3.3 Reference Lists
3.3.1 Chemistry–Material Sciences Reference Style
Reference list should be numbered.
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal (no
article title)
J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C.
Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks,
K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L.
Burn, A. B. Holmes, Nature 1990,
347, 539.
- If each issue of a journal
begins on page 1, the issue
number must also be included
in brackets directly after the
volume number, e.g., 125(3).
In other cases, the issue
numbers should not be
included (and should be
deleted if they are present)
- Place names given in
brackets after the journal title
should be deleted: e.g.,
Nature (London) should be
Nature
- Journal title is abbreviated
(more than one word). If the
journal title abbreviation is
unknown, check CASSI:
http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp
Book
R. McWeeny, Coulson’s Valence,
3rd ed., Oxford University Press,
Oxford 1979.
The edition is not given if only
one edition has been
published. For towns in the
USA, query the author to
specify the state (except for
very well-known cities such as
New York); use the two-letter
postal abbreviation for the
state. If the city is not well
known, add the country, e.g.,
‘Dordrecht, The Netherlands’,
or ‘Weinheim, Germany’. Only
one location should be given.
Book published
in a series
L. B. Schein, Electrophotography
and Development Physics, 2nd
ed., Springer Series in
Electrophysics, Vol. 14, Springer,
Berlin 1992.
Series editors are not listed
92
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Multi-authored
(edited) book
Handbook of Heterogeneous
Catalysis (Eds: G. Ertl, H.
Knözinger, J. Weitkamp), Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim, Germany 1997.
Note that if there is only one
editor “Eds:” is changed to
“Ed:”
Chapter in a
multi-authored
(edited) book
A. Smart, in The Chemistry of
Metal CVD (Eds: T. Kodas, M.
Hampden-Smith), VCH,
Weinheim, Germany 1994, Ch.5.
The chapter number (e.g., Ch.
5) is optional. The chapter
title should be deleted if
provided. A page number can
be given instead of a chapter
number (e.g., p. 312). The
first and last pages may also
be given (e.g., pp. 312–345).
Proceedings
volume
Abbrev. Proc. Title (Eds: A. B.
Editor1, C. D. Editor2), Publisher,
Location Year.
Paper in a
proceedings
volume
A. B. Author1, C. D. Author2, E.
F. Author3, G. H. Author4, in
Abbrev. Proc. Title (Eds: I. J.
Editor1, K. L. Editor2), Publisher,
Location Year of publication,
page no.
Page no. is optional.
Papers
presented at
conferences
(unpublished
proceedings)
A. B. Author1, presented at
Abbrev. Conf. Title, Location of
conference, Month and year of
conference.
Thesis
A. B. Author, Degree Thesis,
University (Location) Year.
Note that the degree
(Diploma, M.Sc., Ph.D., etc.)
should be specified. The
location need only be given if
it is not obvious from the
name of the university.
Patent
A. B. Author1, A. B. Author2
(Company), Country Patent
number, Year.
If a patent is consigned to a
company, the company name
may be included in
parentheses after the names
of the authors, but it is
optional. Rather than a
country, the patent may be a
world patent or a European
(Eur.) patent.
93
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Website
Advanced Materials homepage,
http://www.advmat.de (accessed:
July 2007).
Unpublished
work
A. B. Author1, C. D. Author2, E.
F. Author3, unpublished.
If a reference is described as
“submitted,” this should be
changed to “unpublished.”
Accepted for
publication
A. B. Author1, C. D. Author2, E.
F. Author3, Abbrev. Journal Title,
Year. https://doi.org/[DOI]
If a reference is described as
“accepted,” query the author
for a journal title, year, and
DOI.
Personal
communication
A. B. Author1, personal
communication (Year).
The year is optional
3.3.2 American Mathematical Society (AMS) Reference Style
Reference list should be alphabetically arranged.
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal
J.-S. Li, Singular unitary
representations of classical groups,
Invent. Math. 97 (1989), 237–255.
MR1001840 (90h:22021).
Journal (three
authors)
M. Harris, S. S. Kudla, and W. J.
Sweet, Theta dichotomy for unitary
groups, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 9
(1996), 941–1004. MR1327161
(96m:11041).
Journal (more
than 3
authors)
G. Burosch, J. Dassow, W. Harnau,
and D. Lau, On subalgebras of an
algebra of predicates, Elektron.
Informationsverarb. Kybernet. 21
(1985), no. 1–2, 9–22. MR
87c:03044.
J.-S. Li, A. Paul, E.-C. Tan, and C.-
B. Zhu, The explicit duality
correspondence of (Sp(p, q),
O(2n)), J. Funct. Anal. 200 (2003),
no. 1, 71–100. MR1974089
(2004c:22018).
The issue number, if present,
should be preceded by “no.”;
however, the issue number is
normally omitted except when
omission would result in an
ambiguous reference.
94
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book
L. H. Loomis, An introduction to
abstract harmonic analysis, D. Van
Nostrand Company, London, 1953.
MR0054173 (14,883c).
A. M. Arthurs, Complementary
variational principles, 2nd ed.,
Clarendon, Oxford, 1980.
W. Scharlau, Quadratic and
Hermitian forms, Grundlehren der
Mathematischen Wissenschaften
[Fundamental Principles of
Mathematical Sciences], vol. 270,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.
MR770063 (86k:11022).
Book with
authors as
editors
R. W. Cottle, F. Giannessi, and J.
L. Lions (eds.), Variational
inequalities and complementarity
problems, Proc. Internat. School
(Erice, 1978), Wiley, New York,
1980.
Thesis
S. Povall, Ultra-parallel complex
hyperbolic triangle groups, Ph.D.
thesis, University of Liverpool,
2019.
Proceedings
and
conference
W. Jaco and P. B. Shalen, A new
decomposition theorem for
irreducible sufficiently-large 3-
manifolds, Algebraic and geometric
topology (Proc. Sympos. Pure
Math., Stanford Univ., Stanford,
Calif., 1976), Proc. Sympos. Pure
Math., XXXII, Amer. Math. Soc.,
Providence, R.I., 1978, pp. 71–84.
MR520524.
W. M. Goldman, Mapping class
group dynamics on surface group
representations, Problems on
mapping class groups and related
topics, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math.,
vol. 74, Amer. Math. Soc.,
Providence, RI, 2006, pp. 189–214,
DOI 10.1090/pspum/074/2264541.
MR2264541.
95
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book in series
L. V. Ahlfors and L. Sario, Riemann
surfaces, Princeton Mathematical
Series, No. 26, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ, 1960.
MR0114911.
URL
A. Hatcher, Basic notes on 3-
manifolds.
http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatc
her/ 3M/3Mfds.pdf, 2007.
3.3.3 American Medical Association (AMA) Reference Style
• Reference list should be numbered.
• Retain the issue number if provided in the reference list; do not query the
author for missing issue numbers in a reference list.
• Journals mandating the use of issue numbers in AMA reference style can
specify the same in Journals Service Level Document (JSLD).
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with 1-6
authors
Hu P, Reuben DB. Effects of
managed care on the length of
time that elderly patients spend
with physicians during ambulatory
visits: National Ambulatory Medical
Care Survey. Med Care.
2002;40(7):606-613.
doi:10.1097/00005650-
200207000-00007
If the DOI is supplied for a
journal reference (regardless of
the number of authors), it
should be retained.
Journal article
with more than
6 authors
Geller AC, Venna S, Prout M, et al.
Should the skin cancer
examination be taught in medical
school? Arch Dermatol.
2002;138(9):1201-1203.
doi:10.1001/archderm.138.9.1201
The names of only three
authors (plus “et al.”) are
included if the article has more
than six authors.
Journal article
published
online ahead of
print
Chau NG, Haddad RI.
Antiangiogenic agents in head and
neck squamous cell carcinoma:
tired of going solo. Cancer.
Published online September 20,
2016. doi:10.1002/cncr.30352
96
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with
discontinuous
pagination
Talhouk A, McConechy MK, Leung
S, et al. A clinically applicable
molecular-based classification for
endometrial cancers. Br J Cancer.
2015;113(2):299-310, 315.
doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.190
Journal article
without a
volume
number
Johnson CL, Dohrmann SM,
Kerckove VD, et al. National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey:
National Youth Fitness Survey
estimation procedures, 2012. Vital
Health Stat 2. 2014;(168):1-25.
Journal article
preprint
Bloss CS, Wineinger NE, Peters M,
et al. A prospective randomized
trial examining health care
utilization in individuals using
multiple smartphone-enabled
biosensors. bioRxiv. Preprint
posted online October 28, 2015.
doi:10.1101/029983
Part of an issue
Newman KM, Jean-Claude J, Li H,
Ramey WG, Tilson MD. Cytokines
that activate proteolysis are
increased in abdominal aortic
aneurysms. Circulation.
1994;90(pt 2):224-227.
Special or
theme issue
Winker MA, Flanagin A, eds.
Emerging and reemerging global
microbial threats. JAMA.
1996;275(theme issue):163-256.
Journal article
in a
supplement
Dean HD, Myles RL, Spears-Jones
C, Bishop-Cline A, Fenton KA. A
strategic approach to public health
workforce development and
capacity building. Am J Prev Med.
2014;47(5)(suppl 3):S288-S296.
If there is an issue number, it
precedes the supplement
number in its own set of
parentheses (as shown).
97
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Abstract of a
complete
article taken
from another
publication
Falco NA, Upton J. Infantile digital
fibromas. JAMA.
1996;275(19):1462b. Abstract
republished in: J Hand Surg Am.
1995;20(6):1014-1020.
doi:10.1016/S0363-
5023(05)80152-2
Journal article
with no named
author or a
group name
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). Licensure of a
meningococcal conjugate vaccine
(Menveo) and guidance for use—
Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices (ACIP),
2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep. 2010;59(9):273.
Discussants
Allo MD. In discussion of:
McKindley DS, Fabian TC, Boucher
BA, Croce MA, Proctor KG.
Antibiotic pharmacokmetics
following fluid resuscitation from
traumatic shock. Arch Surg.
1995;130(12):1321-1329.
doi:10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430
120075012
Correction
Nelson HD, Nevitt MC, Scott JC,
Stone KL, Cummings SR; for the
Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Research Group. Smoking, alcohol,
and neuromuscular and physical
function of older women [published
correction appears in JAMA.
1996;275:446]. JAMA.
1994;272:1825-1831.
Retractions
Liou GI, Wang M, Matragoon S.
Precocious IRBP gene expression
during mouse development. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
1994;35(3):1083-1088. Retracted
in: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
1994;35(8):3127.
98
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Entire book
Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of
the Liver and Biliary System. 9th
ed. Blackwell Scientific
Publications; 1993.
The location of the publisher is
no longer included in book
references.
Book chapter
Luketich JD, Ginsberg RJ.
Diagnosis and staging of lung
cancer. In: Johnson BE, Johnson
DH, eds. Lung Cancer. 2nd ed.
Wiley-Liss Inc; 1995:161-173.
Note the page range for the
chapter.
Book with an
editor/ translator
Plato. The Laws. Taylor EA, trans-
ed. JM Dent & Sons Ltd;
1934:104-105.
Plato is the author; Taylor is
the translator-editor.
Book with a
volume
number
Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J,
Athens JW, Lukens JN, eds.
Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology.
Vol 2. 9th ed. Lea & Febiger; 1993.
Book with an
edition number
Schlant RC, Alexander KW, eds.
Hurst’s The Heart: Arteries and
Veins. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Book
Co; 1994.
Newspaper
article, no
online
information
Gianelli DM. AMA launching ethics
institute for research, outreach
projects. American Medical News.
November 4, 1996:1, 75.
Newspaper
article, online
information
provided
Rosenwald MS. History’s deadliest
pandemics, from ancient Rome to
modern America. Washington Post.
February 22, 2021. Accessed
February 23, 2021.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/
graphics/2020/local/retropolis/coro
navirus-deadliest-
pandemics/?itid=hp-top-table-
main
Government
bulletins
US Bureau of the Census.
Statistical Abstract of the United
States: 1993.
113th ed. US Bureau
of the Census; 1993.
99
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Serial
publications
Miller JE, Korenman S. Poverty,
Nutritional Status, Growth and
Cognitive Development of Children
in the United States. Princeton
University Office of Population
Research; 1993. Working paper
93-5.
Thesis/dissertati
on
Knoll EG. Mental Evolution and the
Science of Language: Darwin,
Miiller, and Romanes on the
Development of the Human Mind.
Dissertation. University of Chicago;
1987.
Conference/mee
ting,
unpublished
Donegan J. Anesthesia for patients
with ischemic cerebrovascular
disease. Paper presented at:
American Society of
Anesthesiologists; October 17-21,
1981; New Orleans, LA.
Conference/me
eting,
published
Slama K, ed. Tobacco and Health:
Proceedings of the Ninth World
Conference on Tobacco and
Health, Paris, France, 10-14
October 1994. Plenum Press;
1995.
Once conference/meeting
presentations are published,
the reference should follow the
format of the publication (e.g.,
a book or a journal article).
Special
collection
Hunter J. An account of the
dissection of morbid bodies: a
monograph or lecture. 1757;No.
32:30-32. Located at: Library of
the Royal College of Surgeons,
London, England.
Package insert
Lamasil. Package insert. Sandoz
Pharmaceuticals Corp; 1993.
Patent
Furukawa Y, Kishimoto S,
Nishikawa K, inventors; Takeda
Chemical Industries Ltd, assignee.
Hypotensive imidazole derivatives.
US patent 4,340,598. July 20,
1982.
100
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Audiotape/videot
apes
The Right to Die … The Choice Is
Yours. Videotape. Society for the
Right to Die; 1987.
Television or
radio broadcast
How to register for the coronavirus
vaccine in your state. Transcript.
Weekend Edition Saturday.
National Public Radio. February 20,
2021. Accessed February 22,
2021.
https://www.npr.org/2021/02/20/
969703383/how-to-register-for-
the-coronavirus-vaccine-in-your-
state
Software
Epi Info. Version 6. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention;
1994.
Software does not have to be
cited in the References section.
Software
manual
Dean AG, Dean JA, Coulombier D,
et al. Epi Info, Version 6: A Word-
Processing, Database, and
Statistics Program for Public Health
on IBM-Compatible
Microcomputers. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention;
1994.
Software manuals are
formatted just as other books
are.
CD-ROMs
The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd
ed. CD-ROM. Oxford University
Press; 1992.
Database
RefSeq: NCBI Reference Sequence
Database. National Center for
Biotechnology Information.
Accessed February 22, 2021.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refs
eq/
Website
Common questions about the
COVID-19 outbreak. American
Cancer Society. February 16,
2021. Accessed February 22,
2021.
https://www.cancer.org/latest-
news/common-questions-about-
the-new-coronavirus-
outbreak.html
101
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Tweet
@theAGU. At what wind speeds
will a plastic bottle start flying in a
storm? @pallavr6 says knowing
this will help determine which
regions of the world are the most
susceptible to this type of plastic
infiltration into environments
surrounding landfills. February 22,
2021. Accessed February 22,
2021.
https://twitter.com/theAGU?ref_sr
c=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5
Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor
Journal article,
in press
Klassen TP, Watters LK, Feldman
ME, Sutcliffe T, Rowe PC. The
efficacy of nebulized budesonide in
dexamethasone-treated
outpatients with croup. Pediatrics.
Forthcoming 1996.
The current AMA style guide
does not recommend this for
journal articles, but Wiley style
does allow this. Note the use of
“Forthcoming” rather than “In
press.”
3.3.4 American Psychological Association (APA) Reference
Style
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article,
1 to 20
authors, no
DOI
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G.,
Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019).
Emotions in storybooks: A
comparison of storybooks that
represent ethnic and racial groups
in the United States.
Psychology of
Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–
217.
Journal article,
1 to 20
authors, with
DOI
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G.,
Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019).
Emotions in storybooks: A
comparison of storybooks that
represent ethnic and racial groups
in the United States.
Psychology of
Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–
217.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000
185
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
102
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with DOI, more
than 20
authors
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker,
E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E.,
Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R.,
Min, D., Zhu, Y.,
Li, W., Sinsky, E.,
Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger,
E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier,
D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., … Kim,
H. (2019). The subseasonal
experiment (SubX): A multimodel
subseasonal prediction
experiment. Bulletin of the
American Meteorological
Society, 100(10), 2043–2061.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200
410001676305
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
Journal article
without DOI
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008).
The geographic expansion of
Mexican immigration in the United
States and its implications for local
law enforcement. Law
Enforcement Executive Forum
Journal, 8(1), 73–82.
103
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with/without
DOI, title
translated into
English, print
version
Guimard, P., & Florin, A. (2007).
Les evaluations des enseignants
en grande section de matemelle
sont-elles predictives des
difficultes de lecture au cours
preparatoire? [Are teacher ratings
in kindergarten predictive of
reading difficulties in first grade?].
Approche Neuropsychologique des
Apprentissages chez I’Enfant, 19,
5–17.
Bussières, E.-L., St-Germain, A.,
Dubé, M., & Richard, M.-C.
(2017). Efficacité et efficience des
programmes de transition à la vie
adulte: Une revue systématique
[Effectiveness and efficiency of
adult transition programs: A
systematic review]. Canadian
Psychology/Psychologie
canadienne, 58, 354–365.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cap00001
04
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
Journal article
with DOI,
advance online
publication
Von Ledebur, S. C. (2007).
Optimizing knowledge transfer by
new employees in companies.
Knowledge Management Research
& Practice. Advance online
publication.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.
kmrp.8500141
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
Journal article
with article
number
Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T.,
Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs,
N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R.
(2018). Teaching medicine with
the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS
ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.po
ne.0193972
104
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with missing
information
Missing volume number
Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate
change: New discipline practices
promote college access. The
Journal of College Admission,
(231), 44–47.
https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsrepr
ints/NACAC/nacac_jca_spring2016
/#/46
Missing issue number
Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., &
Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older
and young adults start searching
for information? Impact of age,
domain knowledge and problem
complexity on the different steps
of information searching.
Computers in Human Behavior,
72, 67–78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.201
7.02.038
Missing page or article number
Butler, J. (2017). Where access
meets multimodality: The case of
ASL music videos. Kairos: A
Journal of Rhetoric, Technology,
and Pedagogy, 21(1).
http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/top
oi/butler/index.html
If the journal does not use
volume, issue, and/or article or
page numbers, omit the
missing element(s) from the
reference.
If the volume, issue, and/or
article or page numbers have
simply not yet been assigned,
use the format for an advance
online publication or an in-
press article
Journal article,
retracted
Joly, J. F., Stapel, D. A., &
Lindenberg, S. M. (2008). Silence
and table manners: When
environments activate norms.
Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 34(8), 1047–1056.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672
08318401 (Retraction published
2012, Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 38[10], 1378)
105
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
retraction
de la Fuente, R., Bernad, A.,
Garcia-Castro, J., Martin, M. C., &
Cigudosa, J. C. (2010). Retraction:
Spontaneous human adult stem
cell transformation. Cancer
Research, 70(16), 6682.
https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-
5472.CAN-10-2451
In-press article
posted in a
preprint
archive
Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric
spatial representation in action
and perception. Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research.
http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSR
AP.F07.pdf
Magazine
article
Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don't
‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus
writers. Guess who’s winning.
Newsweek, 153(24), 27.
Online
magazine
article
Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B.
(2019, September 6). New middle
chapter in the story of human
evolution. Science, 365(6457),
981–982.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.a
ay3550
Schulman, M. (2019, September
9). Superfans: A love story. The
New Yorker.
https://www.newyorker.com/mag
azine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-
love-story
Newsletter
article, no
author
Six sites meet for comprehensive
anti-gang initiative conference.
(2006, November/December).
OJJDP News @ a Glance.
http://www.nqrs.gov/html/ojjdp/n
ews_at_glance/216684/topstory.h
tml
106
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Newspaper
article
Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North
Korea vows to restart shuttered
nuclear reactor that can make
bomb-grade plutonium. The
Washington Post, A1, A4.
If you used a print version of
the newspaper article (as in
the Harlan example), provide
the page or pages of
the article
after the newspaper title. Do
not include the abbreviations
“p.” or “pp.” before the
page(s).
Online
newspaper
article
Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can
we get better at forgetting? The
New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/0
3/22/health/memory-forgetting-
psychology.html
Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8).
Cancer death rate in U.S. sees
largest one-year drop ever.
Chicago Tribune.
If the newspaper article is from
an academic research
database, provide the title of
the newspaper and any
volume, issue, and/or page
numbers that are available for
the article. Do not include
database information in the
reference. If the article does
not have volume, issue, or
page numbers available, the
reference in this case ends
with the title of the newspaper
(as in the Stobbe example).
If the article is from a news
website (e.g., CNN, HuffPost)—
one that does not have an
associated daily or weekly
newspaper—use the format for
a webpage on a news website
instead.
Special issue
or section in a
journal
Haney, C., & Wiener, R. L. (Eds.).
(2004). Capital punishment in the
United States [Special issue].
Psychology, Public Policy, and
Law, 10(4).
Monographs as
part of journal
issue
Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J.,
Sime, W. E., & Mayes, B. T.
(1991). The
nomological validity of
the Type A personality among
employed adults [Monograph].
Journal of Applied Psychology,
76(1), 143–168.
http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-
9010.76.1.143
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
107
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Editorial
without
signature
Editorial: “What is a disaster” and
why does this question matter?
[Editorial]. (2006). Journal of
Contingencies and Crisis
Management, 14(1), 1–2.
Online-only
supplemental
material in a
periodical
Freeberg, T. M. (2019). From
simple rules of individual
proximity, complex and
coordinated collective movement
[Supplemental material]. Journal
of Comparative Psychology,
133(2), 141–142.
https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000
181
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
Abstract as
original source
Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L.,
Fanselow, M. S., & Butcher, L. L.
(1991). MAP-2 expression in
cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of
rodent cortex and hippocampus is
altered by Pavlovian conditioning
[Abstract]. Society for
Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 480.
Abstract as
secondary
source
Hare, L. R., & O'Neill, K. (2000).
Effectiveness and efficiency in
small academic peer groups: A
case study (Accession No.
200010185) [Abstract from
Sociological Abstracts]. Small
Group Research, 31(1), 24–53.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10464964
0003100102
108
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book by author
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The
psychology of prejudice: From
attitudes to social action (2nd
ed.). American Psychological
Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-
000
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave:
The biology of humans at our best
and worst. Penguin Books.
Svendsen, S., & Løber, L. (2020).
The big picture/Academic writing:
The one-hour guide (3rd digital
ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag.
https://thebigpicture-
academicwriting.digi.hansreitzel.d
k/
Book by editor
Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M.
(Eds.). (2010). Early childhood
education: Values and practices in
Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag.
https://earlychildhoodeducation.di
gi.hansreitzel.dk/
Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020).
Nanotechnology based approaches
for tuberculosis treatment.
Academic Press.
Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P.,
Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., &
Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019).
Microaggression theory: Influence
and implications. Wiley.
https://doi.org/10.1002/97811194
66642
109
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book
republished by
editor
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R.
(2013). Conditioned emotional
reactions: The case of Little Albert
(D. Webb, Ed.). CreateSpace
Independent Publishing Platform.
http://a.co/06Se6Na (Original
work published 1920).
Book published
by author
American Psychiatric Association.
(2000). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (4th
ed., text rev.).
American Psychiatric Association.
(2013). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (5th
ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.book
s.9780890425596
110
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book chapter
Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T.
(2019). Culinary arts: Talent and
their development. In R. F.
Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, &
F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The
psychology of high performance:
Developing human potential into
domain-specific talent (pp. 345–
359). American Psychological
Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-
016
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in
the study of persuasion. In M. B.
Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant
(Eds.), Media effects: Advances in
theory and research (4th ed., pp.
115–129). Routledge.
Thestrup, K. (2010). To transform,
to communicate, to play—The
experimenting community in
action. In E. Hygum & P. M.
Pedersen (Eds.), Early childhood
education: Values and practices in
Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag.
https://earlychildhoodeducation.di
gi.hansreitzel.dk/?id=192
Religious work
The Bhagavad Gita (E. Easwaran,
Trans.; 2nd ed.). (2007). The Blue
Mountain Center of Meditation.
King James Bible. (2017). King
James Bible Online.
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.
org/ (Original work published
1769)
Entry in an
online
dictionary
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.).
Semantics. In Merriam-
Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved
January 4, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/semantics
111
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Entry in a print
dictionary
Merriam-Webster. (2003). Litmus
test. In Merriam-Webster’s
collegiate dictionary (11th ed., p.
727).
Wikipedia entry
Oil painting. (2019, December 8).
In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.p
hp?title=Oil_painting&oldid=9298
02398
When citing Wikipedia, cite an
archived version of a Wikipedia
page so that readers can
retrieve the version you used.
Access the archived version on
Wikipedia by selecting “View
history” and then the time and
date of the version you used.
If a wiki does not provide
permanent links to archived
versions of the page, include
the URL for the entry and a
retrieval date.
Reference work
with no byline
Yankee doodle. (2017). In G.
Plimpton (Ed.), The history of
sports mascots (3rd ed., Vol. 2,
pp. 111–114). Knopf.
Frankie the fixer. (2017). In Louis
Albano: A life (2nd ed., Vol. 6).
http://www.louisalbano.net
Electronic
version of print
book
Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer
addiction? A study of computer
dependency. Taylor & Francis.
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.u
k/html/index.asp
Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-
traumatic stress disorder
sourcebook: A guide to healing,
recovery, and growth. McGraw-
Hill.
https://doi.org/10.1036/00713937
22
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
Electronic-only
book
O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the
crisis in Western values.
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/sh
owitem.asp?itemlD=135
112
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Electronic
version of
republished
book
Freud, S. (1953). The method of
interpreting dreams: An analysis
of a specimen dream. In J.
Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The
standard edition of the complete
psychological works of Sigmund
Freud (Vol. 4, pp. 96–121).
http://books.google.com/books
(Original work published 1900)
Several
volumes in a
multivolume
work
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959–1963).
Psychology: A study of science
(Vols. 1–6). McGraw-Hill.
Electronic
version of book
chapter in a
volume in a
series
Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R.
S. (1923). Bibliography on job
analysis. In L. Outhwaite (Series
Ed.), Personnel Research Series:
Vol. 1. Job analysis and the
curriculum (pp. 140–146).
https://doi.org/10.1037/10762-
000
DOI format should be changed
to URL format.
Non-English
reference
book, title
translated into
English
Real Academia Española. (2001).
Diccionario de la lengua española
[Dictionary of the Spanish
language] (22nd ed.).
Foucault, M. (1993). Surveiller et
punir: Naissance de la prison
[Discipline and punish: The birth
of the prison]. Schoenhof's Foreign
Books.
Technical and
research
reports
Terry, M.A., & Lopez, F. M.
(2010). Racism and poverty in the
Bay Area (Research Report No.
10.4). Embarcadero Institute.
http://www.bayarearesearch.org
113
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Corporate
author,
government
report
National Cancer Institute. (2019).
Taking time: Support for people
with cancer (NIH Publication No.
18-2059). U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services,
National Institutes of Health.
https://www.cancer.gov/publicatio
ns/patient-
education/takingtime.pdf
The specific agency responsible
for the report appears as the
author. The names of parent
agencies not present in the
group author name appear in
the source element as the
publisher. This creates concise
in-text citations and complete
reference list entries
Corporate
author, task
force report
American Psychological
Association, Task Force on the
Sexualization of Girls. (2007).
Report of the APA Task Force on
the Sexualization of Girls.
http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexual
ization.html
Authored
report,
published by
organization
Baral, P., Larsen, M., & Archer, M.
(2019). Does money grow on
trees? Restoration financing in
Southeast Asia. Atlantic Council.
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in
-depth-research-
reports/report/does-money-grow-
on-trees-restoring-financing-in-
southeast-asia/
Stuster, J., Adolf, J., Byrne, V., &
Greene, M. (2018). Human
exploration of Mars: Preliminary
lists of crew tasks (Report No.
NASA/CR-2018-220043). National
Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nas
a/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190001401
.pdf
114
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Fact sheet
Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry. (n.d.). Asbestos
in your environment: What you
can do to limit exposure [Fact
sheet]. U.S. Department of Health
& Human Services.
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/docs/li
mitingenvironmentalexposures_fac
tsheet-508.pdf
American Association of Colleges
of Nursing. (2017). Nursing
shortage fact sheet [Fact sheet].
http://www.aacnnursing.org/Porta
ls/42/News/Factsheets/Nursing-
Shortage-Factsheet-2017.pdf
ISO/OSHA
standards
International Organization for
Standardization. (2018).
Occupational health and safety
management systems—
Requirements with guidance for
use (ISO Standard No.
45001:2018).
https://www.iso.org/standard/637
87.html
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration. (1970).
Occupational safety and health
standards: Occupational health
and environmental control:
Occupational noise exposure
(OSHA Standard No. 1910.95).
United States Department of
Labor.
https://www.osha.gov/laws-
regs/regulations/standardnumber/
1910/1910.95
115
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Press release
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration. (2019, November
15). FDA approves first contact
lens indicated to slow the
progression of nearsightedness in
children [Press release].
https://www.fda.gov/news-
events/press-announcements/fda-
approves-first-contact-lens-
indicated-slow-progression-
nearsightedness-children
White paper,
group author
Department for Business
Innovation & Skills. (2016).
Success as a knowledge economy:
Teaching excellent, social mobility
and student choice [White paper].
Crown.
https://www.gov.uk/government/
uploads/system/uploads/attachme
nt_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-
success-as-a-knowledge-
economy.pdf
White paper,
individual
author
Furst, M., & DeMillo, R. A. (2006).
Creating symphonic-thinking
computer science graduates for an
increasingly competitive global
environment [White paper].
Georgia Tech College of
Computing.
https://cis.temple.edu/~giorgio/th
reads_whitepaper.pdf
Report from
institutional
archive
McDaniel, J. E., & Miskel, C. G.
(2002). The effect of groups and
individuals on national
decisionmaking: Influence and
domination in the reading
policymaking environment (CIERA
Report 3-025). University of
Michigan, Center for Improvement
of Early Reading Achievement.
http://www.ciera.org/library/repor
ts/inquiry-3/3-025/3-025.pdf
116
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Webpage on a
news website
Bologna, C. (2019, October 31).
Why some people with anxiety
love watching horror movies.
HuffPost.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/a
nxiety-love-watching-horror-
movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57
b59e
Webpage on a
website with a
government
agency group
author
National Institute of Mental
Health. (2018, July). Anxiety
disorders. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services,
National Institutes of Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/
topics/anxiety-
disorders/index.shtml
For a page on a government
website without individual
authors, use the specific
agency responsible for the
webpage as the author.
The names of parent agencies
not present in the author
element appear in the source
element (in the example, U.S.
Department of Health and
Human Services, National
Institutes of Health). This
creates concise in-text
citations and complete
reference list entries.
Webpage on a
website with
an
organizational
group author
World Health Organization. (2018,
May 24). The top 10 causes of
death. https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-
10-causes-of-death
Because the author of the
webpage and the site name
are the same, omit the site
name from the source element
to avoid repetition.
Webpage on a
website with
an individual
author
Giovanetti, F. (2019, November
16). Why we are so obsessed with
personality types. Medium.
https://medium.com/the-
business-of-wellness/why-we-are-
so-obsessed-with-personality-
types-577450f9aee9
Webpage on a
website with a
retrieval date
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S.
and world population clock. U.S.
Department of Commerce.
Retrieved January 9, 2020, from
https://www.census.gov/popclock/
117
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Cochrane
review
Lane, D. A., & Lip, G. Y. H.
(2013). Treatment of hypertension
in peripheral arterial disease.
Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
.CD003075.pub3
Different versions of Cochrane
reviews include different
information, which means the
reference might vary too.
Follow the principle of citing
what you see.
Full-text versions of Cochrane
reviews do not include volume
numbers, issue numbers, or
article numbers. The full-text
version displays when you visit
the DOI of the article.
However, the article PDFs
show the year as the volume
number, an issue number, and
an article number.
It is fine to omit the volume,
issue, and article number from
the Cochrane review reference
if the information is missing
from your version of the
article, but if you do see this
information, include it just as
you would for any journal
article
118
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Clinical
practice
guideline with
a group author
Healthcare Infection Control
Practices Advisory Committee.
(2009). Catheter-associated
urinary tract infections (CAUTI).
U.S. Department of Health &
Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncont
rol/guidelines/cauti/index.html
National Institute for Health and
Care Excellence. (2019).
Hypertension in adults: Diagnosis
and management (NICE Guideline
NG136).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance
/ng136
World Health Organization.
(2017). Guideline: Protecting,
promoting and supporting
breastfeeding in facilities providing
maternity and newborn services.
Guideline Central.
https://www.guidelinecentral.com/
share/summary/5acc36cc939f5#s
ection-society
Clinical
practice
guideline by
individual
authors at a
government
agency,
published as
part of a series
Grohskopf, L. A., Sokolow, L. Z.,
Broder, K. R., Walter, E. B., Fry,
A. M., & Jernigan, D. B. (2018).
Prevention and control of seasonal
influenza with vaccines:
Recommendations of the Advisory
Committee on Immunization
Practices—United States, 2018–19
influenza season (Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 67,
No. 3). U.S. Department of Health
& Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volu
mes/67/rr/pdfs/rr6703a1-H.pdf
119
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Issue brief
Centre for Community Child
Health. (2018). Place-based
collective impact: An Australian
response to childhood vulnerability
(Policy Brief No. 30). Murdoch
Children’s Research Institute/The
Royal Children’s Hospital.
https://doi.org/10.25374/MCRI.64
44395
Symposium
Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B.
B., Contributor, C. C., &
Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month).
Title of contribution. In E. E.
Chairperson (Chair), Title of
symposium. Symposium
conducted at the meeting of
Organization Name, Location.
Paper
presentation or
poster session
Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J.,
Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., &
Márquez-Greene, N. (2019,
August 8–11). Gun violence: An
event on the power of community
[Conference presentation]. APA
2019 Convention, Chicago, IL,
United States.
https://convention.apa.org/2019-
video
Symposium
contribution
Adams, T., Anderson, B. A.,
Spampinato, J., & Ardolino, T.
(1985, November). Something
from the soul. In S. Ferguson
(Chair), Thoughts on musicology.
Symposium conducted at the
meeting of the Connecticut Music
Appreciation Society, Hartford, CT.
120
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Conference
paper abstract
retrieved
online
Cacioppo, S. (2019, April 25–28).
Evolutionary theory of social
connections: Past, present, and
future [Conference presentation
abstract]. Ninety-ninth annual
convention of the Western
Psychological Association,
Pasadena, CA, United States.
https://westernpsych.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/04/WPA-
Program-2019-Final-2.pdf
Proceedings
published
regularly online
Duckworth, A. L., Quirk, A.,
Gallop, R., Hoyle, R. H., Kelly, D.
R., & Matthews, M. D. (2019).
Cognitive and noncognitive
predictors of success. Proceedings
of the National Academy of
Sciences, United States, 116(47),
23499–23504.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191
0510116
Proceedings
published in
book form
Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.).
(2016). Lecture notes in computer
science: Vol. 9562. Theory of
cryptography. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
662-49096-9
Proceedings
published as a
book chapter
Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., &
Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability
estimation by an adapted genetic
algorithm in web insurance. In R.
Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, &
P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture notes
in computer science: Vol. 11353.
Learning and intelligent
optimization (pp. 225–240).
Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
030-05348-2_21
121
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Published
doctoral
dissertation or
master's thesis
Author, A. A. (2003). Title of
doctoral dissertation or master’s
thesis (Doctoral dissertation or
master’s thesis). Retrieved from
Name of database. (Accession or
Order No.)
Unpublished
dissertation or
thesis
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional
leadership perceptions and
practices of elementary school
leaders [Unpublished doctoral
dissertation]. University of
Virginia.
Doctoral
dissertation/Ma
ster's thesis,
published in a
commercial
database
Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors
influencing customer satisfaction
at a fast food hamburger chain:
The relationship betwe
en customer
satisfaction and customer loyalty
(Publication No. 10169573)
[Master’s thesis, Wilmington
University]. ProQuest Dissertations
& Theses Global.
Doctoral
dissertation/Ma
ster's thesis,
published in a
institutional
database
Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016).
The interaction of state and trait
worry on response monitoring in
those with worry and obsessive-
compulsive symptoms [Doctoral
dissertation, University of
Arizona]. UA Campus Repository.
https://repository.arizona.edu/han
dle/10150/620615
Doctoral
dissertation/Ma
ster's thesis,
published on
the web
Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE
Crossing: Construction,
community, and learning in a
networked virtual world for kids
[Doctoral dissertation,
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology]. http://www-
static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis/
122
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Doctoral
dissertation,
abstracted in
DAI
Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three
studies of human information
processing: Texture amplification,
motion representation, and figure-
ground segregation. Dissertation
Abstracts International: Section B.
Sciences and Engineering, 65(10),
5428.
Doctoral
thesis, from a
university
outside the
United States
Carlbom, P. (2000). Carbody and
passengers in rail vehicle
dynamics [Doctoral thesis, Royal
Institute of Technology,
Stockholm, Sweden].
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:
nbn:se:kth:diva-3029
Review of a
book
Grimes, W. (2006, December 13).
Beyond Mandalay, the road to
isolation and xenophobia [Review
of the book The river of lost
footsteps: Histories of Burma, by
T. Myint-U]. The New York Times,
E8, E10.
Review of a
video
Axelman, A., & Shapiro, J. L.
(2007). Does the solution warrant
the problem? [Review of the DVD
Brief therapy with adolescents,
produced by the American
Psychological Association, 2007].
PsycCRITIQUES, 52(51).
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0009036
Review of a
video game, no
author
[Review of the video game
BioShock, produced by 2K Games,
2007]. (n.d.).
http://www.whattheyplay.com/pro
ducts/bioshock-for-xbox-
360/?fm=3&ob=1 &t=0#166
123
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Peer
commentary
on an article
Wolf, K. S. (2005). The future for
deaf individuals is not that bleak
[Peer commentary on the paper
“Decrease of Deaf potential in a
mainstreamed environment” by K.
S. Wolf].
http://www.personalityresearch.or
g/papers/hall.html#wolf
Motion picture
Fleming, V. (Director). (1939).
Gone with the wind [Film].
Selznick International Pictures;
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Video
American Psychological
Association. (Producer). (2000).
Responding therapeutically to
patient expressions of sexual
attraction [DVD]. Available from
http://www.apa.org/videos/
Podcast
Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G.
(Hosts). (2016–present). Code
switch [Audio podcast]. National
Public Radio.
https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510
312/codeswitch
Seales, A. (Host). (2018–present).
Small doses with Amanda Seales
[Audio podcast]. Starburns Audio.
Single podcast
episode
Webster, M., & Abumrad, J.
(Hosts). (2020, September 11).
Bringing gamma back, again
[Audio podcast episode]. In
Radiolab. WNYC Studios.
https://www.wnycstudios.org/pod
casts/radiolab/articles/bringing-
gamma-back
124
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Podcast
transcript
Cornish, A. (Host). (2017, May
17). This simple puzzle test sealed
the fate of immigrants at Ellis
Island [Audio podcast transcript].
In All things considered. NPR.
http://www.npr.org/templates/tra
nscript/transcript.php?storyId=52
8813842
Television
series
Serling, R. (Executive Producer).
(1959–1964). The twilight zone
[TV series]. Cayuga Productions;
CBS Productions.
Single episode
from a
television
series
Favreau, J. (Writer), & Filoni, D.
(Director). (2019, November 12).
Chapter 1 (Season 1, Episode 1)
[TV series episode]. In J. Favreau,
D. Filoni, K. Kennedy, & C. Wilson
(Executive Producers), The
Mandalorian. Lucasfilm; Golem
Creations.
Online course
or massive
open online
course (MOOC)
Jackson, M. O., Leyton-Brown, K.,
& Shoham, Y. (n.d.). Game theory
[MOOC]. Coursera.
https://www.coursera.org/learn/g
ame-theory-1
Lecture from
an online
course or
MOOC
Tangen, J. (2016). Episode 2: I
heard a tapping somewhat louder
than before [MOOC lecture]. In E.
MacKenzie, J. Tangen, & M.
Thompson, The science of
everyday thinking. edX.
https://www.edx.org/course/the-
science-of-everyday-thinking
PowerPoint
slides available
online
Jones, J. (2016, March 23).
Guided reading: Making the most
of it [PowerPoint slides].
SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/helloje
njones/guided-reading-making-
the-most-of-it
125
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
PowerPoint
slides from a
classroom
website
Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018).
Citing open source images and
formatting references for
presentations [PowerPoint slides].
Canvas@FNU.
https://fnu.onelogin.com/login
TED Talk from
the TED
website
Cuddy, A. (2012, June). Your body
language may shape who you are
[Video]. TED Conferences.
https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_c
uddy_your_body_language_shape
s_who_you_are
TED Talk from
YouTube
TED. (2019, November 13). The
danger of AI is weirder than you
think | Janelle Shane [Video].
YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OhCzX0iLnOc
YouTube video
Harvard University. (2019, August
28). Soft robotic gripper for
jellyfish [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=guRoWTYfxMs
Facebook page
Community of Multiculturalism.
(n.d.). Home [Facebook page].
Facebook. Retrieved October 14,
2020, from
https://www.facebook.com/comm
unityofmulticulturalism/
126
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Facebook post
News From Science. (2019, June
21). Are you a fan of astronomy?
Enjoy reading about what
scientists have discovered in our
solar system—and beyond? This
[Image attached] [Status update].
Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/Scienc
eNOW/photos/a.117532185107/1
0156268057260108/?type=3&the
ater
Provide the first 20 words of
the post as the title. Count a
URL or other link, a hashtag,
or an emoji as one word each,
and include them in the
reference if they fall within the
first 20 words. Do not italicize
emojis.
If a post includes images,
videos, thumbnail links to
outside sources, or content
from another post (such as
when sharing a link), indicate
that in square brackets.
Describe the post type (e.g.,
“[Status update],” “[Video]”)
in square brackets after any
description of attached
content.
Instagram/TikT
ok/Twitter post
Philadelphia Museum of Art
[@philamuseum]. (2019,
December 3). “It’s always
wonderful to walk in and see my
work in a collection where it’s
loved, and where people are
[Photograph]. Instagram.
https://www.instagram.com/p/B5
oDnnNhOt4/
Washington Post
[@washingtonpost]. (2019,
December 3). News is all around
us #frozen #newsroom
#newspaper [Video]. TikTok.
https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu
APA Databases
[@APA_Databases]. (2020,
September 2). We have curated a
collection of journal articles from
APA PsycArticles on #COVID19.
View: https://bit.ly/2QrWj76 for
recent coverage [Image attached]
[Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/APA_Database
s/status/1301175576703664128
Same rules as for Facebook
post.
127
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Instagram/TikT
ok/Twitter
profile
National Geographic [@natgeo].
(n.d.). IGTV [Instagram profile].
Instagram. Retrieved December 8,
2019, from
https://www.instagram.com/natge
o/channel/
Witherspoon, R.
[@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco
mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok.
Retrieved January 12, 2020, from
https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86
APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.).
Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter.
Retrieved January 15, 2020, from
https://twitter.com/APA_Style
Unlike other social media
profile pages, the TikTok page
does not have a “Home” or
other tabs. For the title in the
reference, use the first 20
words of the description (in the
example, “vsco mom”).
Map retrieved
online
Lewis County Geographic
Information Services
(Cartographer). (2002).
Population density, 2000 US
Census [Demographic map].
http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/public
works/maps/Demographics/census
-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Data set
O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content
analysis of undergraduate
psychology textbooks (ICPSR
21600; Version V1) [Data set].
ICPSR.
https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR369
66.v1
Measurement
instrument
Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., &
Heatherington, L. (2002). E-
SOFTA: System for observing
family therapy alliances [Software
and training videos]. Unpublished
instrument. http://www.softa-
soatif.com/
Software
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
(Version 2) [Computer software].
Biostat.
Apparatus
Eyelink II [Apparatus and
software]. (2004). SR Research.
128
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Unpublished
manuscript
with a
university cited
Barkley, S., Chen, M., &
McDonald, P. (2018). The effects
of sodium on children’s health
[Unpublished manuscript].
Department of Biology, University
of Cincinnati.
Manuscript in
progress or
submitted for
publication
Ting, J. Y., Florsheim, P., & Huang,
W. (2008). Mental health help-
seeking in ethnic minority
populations: A theoretical
perspective. Manuscript submitted
for publication.
Unpublished
raw data from
study with title
Striffler, J. (year). German
influence on European culture
[Unpublished raw data].
Unpublished
raw data from
study, untitled
work
Bordi, R., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993).
[Unpublished raw data on auditory
response latencies in rat auditory
cortex]. Ithaca College.
Informally
published or
self-archived
work
Mitchell, S. D. (2000). The import
of uncertainty. http://philsci-
archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000162
/
Informally
published or
self-archived
work, from
ERIC
Jacobs, G. M., Teh, J., & Spencer,
L. (2019). A proposal for
facilitating more cooperation in
competitive sports (ED573929).
ERIC.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/E
D573929.pdf
Letter from a
repository
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4).
[Letter to Robert M. Ogden].
Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB
Series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877),
Tarrytown, NY, United States.
Letter from a
private
collection
Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August
15). [Letter to William Rickel (W.
Rickel, Trans.)]. Copy in
possession of Hendrika Vande
Kemp.
129
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Collection of
letters from an
archive
Allport, G. W. (1930–1967).
Correspondence. Gordon W.
Allport Papers (HUG 4118.10),
Harvard University Archives,
Cambridge, MA, United States.
Unpublished
papers,
lectures from
an archive or
personal
collection
Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a
lecture on reminiscences of Wundt
and Leipzig. Anna Berliner
Memoirs (Box M50), Archives of
the History of American
Psychology, University of Akron,
Akron, OH, United States.
Archival/histori
cal source for
which the
author and/or
date is known
or is
reasonably
certain but not
stated on the
document
Allport, A. (presumed). (ca. 1937).
Marion Taylor today—by the
biographer [Unpublished
manuscript]. Marion Taylor
Papers, Schlesinger Library,
Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA,
United States.
Archival source
with corporate
author
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene
Personnel in School Programs.
(1949, November 5–6). Meeting of
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene
Personnel in School Programs.
David Shakow Papers (M1360),
Archives of the History of
American Psychology, University
of Akron, Akron, OH, United
States.
Interview
recorded and
available in an
archive
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene
Personnel in School Programs.
(1949, November 5–6). Meeting of
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene
Personnel in School Programs.
David Shakow Papers (M1360),
Archives of the History of
American Psychology, University
of Akron, Akron, OH, United
States.
130
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Transcription
of a recorded
interview, no
recording
available
Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral
history with Dr. Colley F.
Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B.
Caudill. Mississippi Oral History
Program (Vol. 289), University of
Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg,
MS, United States.
Newspaper
article,
historical, in an
archive or
personal
collection
Psychoanalysis institute to open.
(1948, September 18). [Clipping
from an unidentified Dayton, OH,
United States, newspaper]. Copy
in possession of author.
Historical
publication of
limited
circulation
Sci-Art Publishers. (1935). Sci-Art
publications [Brochure]. Roback
Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2,
Folder “Miscellaneous
Psychological Materials”), Harvard
University Archives, Cambridge,
MA, United States.
Photographs
[Photographs of Robert M.
Yerkes]. (ca. 1917–1954). Robert
Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137,
Folder 2292), Manuscripts and
Archives, Yale.
Message
posted to a
newsgroup,
online forum,
or discussion
group
Rampersad, T. (2005, June 8). Re:
Traditional knowledge and
traditional cultural expressions
[Online forum comment].
http://www.wipo.int/roller/comme
nts/ipisforum/Weblog/theme_eight
_how_can_cultural#comments
Message
posted to an
electronic
mailing list
Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re:
Disputed estimates of IQ
[Electronic mailing list message].
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/gro
up/ForensicNetwork/message/670
131
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Blog post
Ouellette, J. (2019, November
15). Physicists capture first
footage of quantum knots
unraveling in superfluid. Ars
Technica.
https://arstechnica.com/science/2
019/11/study-you-can-tie-a-
quantum-knot-in-a-superfluid-but-
it-will-soon-untie-itself/
Video blog post
Norton, R. (2006, November 4).
How to train a cat to operate a
light switch [Video].
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=Vja83KLQXZs
Sample
reference list
entry to an
appealed case
Durflinger v. Artiles, 563 F. Supp.
322 (D. Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727
F.2d 888 (10th Cir. 1984).
Sample
reference to a
statute
Mental Health Systems Act, 42
U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).
Sample
reference to a
statute in a
state code
Mental Care and Treatment Act, 4
Kan. Stat. Ann. §§ 59-2901-2941
(1983 & Supp. 1992).
Sample
reference to a
statute in a
federal code
Americans With Disabilities Act of
1990, 42 U.S.C.A. § 12101 et seq.
(West 1993).
Sample
reference for
federal
testimony
RU486: The import ban and its
effect on medical research:
Hearings before the Subcommittee
on Regulation, Business
Opportunities, and Energy, of the
House Committee on Small
Business, 101st Cong. 35 (1990)
(testimony of Ronald Chesemore).
132
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Sample
reference for a
full federal
hearing
Urban America’s need for social
services to strengthen families:
Hearing before the Subcommittee
on Human Resources of the
Committee on Ways and Means,
House of Representatives, 102d
Cong. 1 (1992).
Sample
reference to
unenacted
federal bills
Equitable Health Care for Severe
Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, H.R.
1563, 103d Cong. (1993).
Executive
order
Exec. Order No. 13648, 78 Fed.
Reg. 129 (July 5, 2013).
If the order has been codified in
the United States Code (U.S.C.),
you can add the following
elements at the end of the
reference:
Exec. Order No. 11,609, 3 C.F.R.
586 (1971–1975), reprinted as
amended in
3 U.S.C. § 301 app. at
404–407 (2006).
Patents
Ghatak, S. (2020). Immunization
testing system (U.S. Patent No.
10,788,482). U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
https://rb.gy/ik0fb0
3.3.5 Vancouver Reference Style
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions /Remarks
Journal article
Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL.
Solid-organ transplantation in
HIV-infected patients. N Engl J
Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284–7.
Optional: If a journal carries
continuous pagination
throughout a volume (as
many medical journals do),
omit the month and issue
number.
Journal article
with DOI (and
with page
numbers)
O’Mahony S, Rose SL, Chilvers AJ,
Ballinger JR, Solanki CK, Barber
RW, et al. Finding an optimal
method for imaging lymphatic
vessels of the upper limb. Eur J
Nucl Med Mol Imaging.
2004;31(4):555–63.
133
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-
003-1399-3
Journal article
published
electronically
ahead of the
print version, no
DOI
Yu WM, Hawley TS, Hawley RG,
Qu CK. Immortalization of yolk
sac-derived precursor cells. Blood.
2002 Nov 15;100(10):3828–31.
Epub 2002 Jul 5.
Journal article
by DOI (before
issue
publication
with no page
numbers)
O'Mahony S, Rose SL, Chilvers AJ,
Ballinger JR, Solanki CK, Barber
RW, et al. Finding an optimal
method for imaging lymphatic
vessels of the upper limb. Eur J
Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-
003-1399-3
Article in
electronic
journal by DOI
(no paginated
version)
Slifka MK, Whitton JL. Clinical
implications of dysregulated
cytokine production. Dig J Mol
Med. 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s801090
000086
Journal article
in a
supplement
Frumin AM, Nussbaum J, Esposito
M. Functional asplenia:
demonstration of splenic activity
by bone marrow scan. Blood.
1979;59(Suppl 1):26–32.
Journal article
on the Internet
Abood S. Quality improvement
initiative in nursing homes: the
ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J
Nurs [Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited
2002 Aug 12];102(6):[about 1
p.]. Available from:
https://journals.lww.com/ajnonlin
e/Fulltext/2
002/06000/Quality_Improvement
_Initiative_in_Nursing_Homes.31.
aspx (Subscription required)
Book chapter
Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent
JM. Chromosome alterations in
human solid tumors. In:
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors.
The genetic basis of human
cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill;
2002. p. 93–113.
Online: First
chapter in a
series (without
Saito Y, Hyuga H. Rate equation
approaches to amplification of
enantiomeric excess and chiral
134
a volume
designation
but with a
DOI)
symmetry breaking. Top Curr
Chem. 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1007/128_200
6_108
Book,
authored
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS,
Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical
microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis:
Mosby; 2002.
Online
database
Open database:
Who's Certified [Internet].
Evanston (IL): The American
Board of Medical Specialists.
c2000 [cited 2001 Mar 8].
Available from:
https://www.abms.org/verify-
certification/
Closed database:
Jablonski S. Online Multiple
Congenital Anomaly/Mental
Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US);
c1999 [updated 2001 Nov 20;
cited 2002 Aug 12]. Available
from:
//www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//2006
1212/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_ti
tle.html
Blog
Holt M. The Health Care Blog
[Internet]. San Francisco:
Matthew Holt. 2003 Oct [cited
2009 Feb 13]. Available from:
http://thehealthcareblog.com/blo
g/category/matthew-holt/
Blog post
Campbell A. Diabetes and alcohol:
do the two mix? (Part 2). 2008
Jan 28 [cited 2009 Feb 13]. In:
Diabetes Self-Management Blog
[Internet]. New York: Diabetes
Self-Management [2006 Aug 14].
2 p. Available from:
https://www.diabetesselfmanage
ment.com/blog/Amy_Campbell/Di
abetes_and_Alcohol_Do_the_Two
_Mix_Part_2
University site
Doe J. Title of preprint.
http://www.uni-
135
heidelberg.de/mydata.html
(1999). Accessed 25 Dec 1999.
FTP site
Doe J. Trivial HTTP, RFC2169.
ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-
notes/rfc2169.txt (1999).
Accessed 12 Nov 1999.
Organization
site
ISSN International Centre: The
ISSN register.
http://www.issn.org (2006).
Accessed 20 Feb 2007.
136
3.3.6 Math and Physical Sciences Reference Style
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
Hamburger, C.:
Quasimonotonicity, regularity
and duality for nonlinear systems
of partial differential equations.
Ann. Mat. Pura. Appl. 169, 321–
354 (1995)
Regarding truncation of author
names, this would be as
submitted by the author/as in
manuscript
Inclusion of
issue number
(optional)
Campbell, S.L., Gear, C.W.: The
index of general nonlinear DAES.
Numer. Math. 72(2), 173–196
(1995)
Journal article
with DOI (and
with page
numbers)
Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.:
Clinical implications of
dysregulated cytokine
production. J. Mol. Med. 78, 74–
80 (2000).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109
0000086
Journal article
with DOI (and
with article
citation ID)
Hendi, S.H., Momeni, D.: Black-
hole solutions in F(R) gravity
with conformal anomaly. Eur.
Phys. J. C 71, 1823 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10
052-011-1823-y
Journal article
by DOI (before
issue
publication
with page
numbers)
Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.:
Clinical implications of
dysregulated cytokine
production. J. Mol. Med. (2000).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109
0000086
Article in
electronic
journal by DOI
(no paginated
version)
Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.:
Clinical implications of
dysregulated cytokine
production. Dig. J. Mol. Med.
(2000).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s80109
0000086
Journal issue
with issue
editor
Smith, J. (ed.): Rodent genes.
Mod. Genomics J. 14(6), 126–
233 (1998)
137
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal issue
with no issue
editor
Rodent genes: Mod. Genomics J.
14(6):126–233 (1998)
Book chapter
Broy, M.: Software engineering –
from auxiliary to key
technologies. In: Broy, M.,
Denert, E. (eds.) Software
Pioneers, pp. 10–13. Springer,
New York (2002)
Book, authored
Geddes, K.O., Czapor, S.R.,
Labahn, G.: Algorithms for
Computer Algebra. Kluwer,
Boston (1992)
Book, edited
Seymour, R.S. (ed.): Conductive
Polymers. Plenum, New York
(1981)
Chapter in a
book in a
series without
volume titles
MacKay, D.M.: Visual stability
and voluntary eye movements.
In: Jung, R., MacKay, D.M.
(eds.) Handbook of Sensory
Physiology, vol. 3, pp. 307–331.
Springer, Heidelberg (1973)
Chapter in a
book in a
series with
volume titles
Smith, S.E.: Neuromuscular
blocking drugs in man. In:
Zaimis, E. (ed.) Neuromuscular
Junction. Handbook of
Experimental Pharmacology, vol.
42, pp. 593–660. Springer,
Heidelberg (1976)
OnlineFirst
chapter in a
series (without
a volume
designation but
with a DOI)
Saito, Y., Hyuga, H. Rate
equation approaches to
amplification of enantiomeric
excess and chiral symmetry
breaking. Top. Curr. Chem.
(2007).
https://doi.org/10.1007/128_20
06_108
138
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Proceedings as
a book (in a
series and
subseries)
Zowghi, D., et al.: A framework
for reasoning about
requirements in evolution. In:
Foo N., Goebel R. (eds.) Topics
in Artificial Intelligence, 4th
Pacific Rim Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, Cairns,
August 1996. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science. Lecture Notes
in Artificial Intelligence, vol.
1114, pp. 157–168. Springer,
Heidelberg (1996)
Proceedings
with an editor
(without a
publisher)
Aaron, M.: The future of
genomics. In: Williams, H. (ed.)
Proceedings of the Genomic
Researchers, Boston (1999)
Proceedings
without an
editor (without
a publisher)
Chung, S.-T., Morris, R.L.:
Isolation and characterization of
plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid
from Streptomyces fradiae. In:
Abstracts of the 3rd International
Symposium on the Genetics of
Industrial Microorganisms,
University of Wisconsin, Madison,
4–9 June 1978
Paper
presented at a
conference
Chung, S.-T., Morris, R.L.:
Isolation and characterization of
plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid
from Streptomyces fradiae.
Paper presented at the 3rd
international symposium on the
genetics of industrial
microorganisms, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June
1978
Patent
Norman, L.O.: Lightning rods.
US Patent 4,379,752, 9 Sept
1998
Name and date of patent are
optional
Dissertation,
Ph.D. thesis
Trent, J.W.: Experimental acute
renal failure. Dissertation,
University of California (1975)
139
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Institutional
author (book)
International Anatomical
Nomenclature Committee:
Nomina anatomica. Excerpta
Medica, Amsterdam (1966)
Non-English,
Latin alphabet
publication
cited in an
English
publication.
Wolf, G.H., Lehman, P.-F.: Atlas
der Anatomie, vol. 4/3, 4th edn.
Fischer, Berlin (1976)
Use the language of the
primary document, not that of
the reference for "vol" etc.!
Non-Latin
alphabet
publication
cited in an
English
publication.
Marikhin, V.Y., Myasnikova, L.P.:
Nadmolekulyarnaya struktura
polimerov (The supramolecular
structure of polymers). Khimiya,
Leningrad (1977)
Optional are the title of the
publication in the original
language (and alphabet) and
an English translation, which
are placed in parentheses
when they are present.
In press
Holmes, R., et al.: References.
In: Jones, T.C. (ed.) Science
style manual. Sprint, London
(2007, in press)
Online
document
Cartwright, J.: Big stars have
weather too. IOP Publishing
PhysicsWeb.
http://physicsweb.org/articles/n
ews/11/6/16/1 (2007). Accessed
26 June 2007
Online
database
Healthwise Knowledgebase. US
Pharmacopeia, Rockville.
http://www.healthwise.org
(1998). Accessed 21 Sept 1998
Supplementary
material/privat
e homepage
Doe, J.: Title of supplementary
material.
http://www.privatehomepage.co
m (2000). Accessed 22 Feb 2000
University site
Doe, J.: Title of preprint.
http://www.uni-
heidelberg.de/mydata.html
(1999). Accessed 25 Dec 1999
140
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
FTP site
Doe, J.: Trivial HTTP, RFC2169.
ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-
notes/rfc2169.txt (1999).
Accessed 12 Nov 1999
Organization
site
ISSN International Centre: The
ISSN register.
http://www.issn.org (2006).
Accessed 20 Feb 2007
3.3.7 American Physical Society (APS) Reference Style
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
S. Preuss, A. Demchuk Jr., M.
Stuke, Appl. Phys. A 61, 33
(1995).
Inclusion of
issue number
(optional)
D. S. Saunders, Sci. Am.
234(2), 114 (1976).
Journal article
with DOI (and
with page
numbers)
M. K. Slifka, J. L. Whitton. J. Mol.
Med. 78, 74–80 (2000).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109
0000086
Journal article
by DOI (before
issue
publication with
page numbers)
M. K. Slifka, J. L. Whitton,
Clinical implications of
dysregulated cytokine
production. J. Mol. Med. (2000).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109
0000086
Article in
electronic
journal by DOI
(no paginated
version)
M. K. Slifka, J. L. Whitton,
Clinical implications of
dysregulated cytokine
production. Dig. J. Mol. Med.
(2000).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s80109
0000086
Journal issue
with issue
editor
J. Smith (ed.), Rodent genes.
Mod. Genomics J. 14(6) (1998).
141
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal issue
with no issue
editor
Rodent genes, Mod. Genomics J.
14(6) (1998).
Book chapter
D. M. Abrams, in Conductive
Polymers, ed. by R. S. Seymour,
A. Smith (Springer, Berlin
Heidelberg New York, 1973), p.
307.
Book, authored
H. Ibach, H. Lüth, Solid-State
Physics, 2nd ed. (Springer, New
York, 1996).
Book, edited
R. S. Seymour (ed.), Conductive
Polymers (Plenum, New York,
1981).
Chapter in a
book in a series
without volume
titles
D. M. MacKay, in Handbook of
Sensory Physiology, vol. 3, ed.
by R. Jung, D.M. MacKay
(Springer, Heidelberg, 1973), p.
307.
Chapter in a
book in a series
with volume
titles
S. E. Smith, in Neuromuscular
Junction, ed. by E. Zaimis.
Handbook of Experimental
Pharmacology, vol. 42 (Springer,
Heidelberg, 1976), p. 593.
OnlineFirst
chapter in a
series (without
a volume
designation but
with a DOI)
Y. Saito, H. Hyuga, Rate
equation approaches to
amplification of enantiomeric
excess and chiral symmetry
breaking. Top. Curr. Chem.
(2007).
https://doi.org/10.1007/128_20
06_108
142
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Proceedings as
a book (in a
series and
subseries)
D. Zowghi et al., in PRICAI '96:
Topics in Artificial Intelligence,
ed. by N. Foo, R. Goebel. 4th
Pacific Rim Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, Cairns,
August 1996. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science. Lecture notes
in artificial intelligence, vol. 1114
(Springer, Heidelberg, 1996), p.
157.
Proceedings
with an editor
(without a
publisher)
M. Aaron, in Proceedings of the
Genomic Researchers, edited by
H. Williams (unpublished).
Proceedings
without an
editor (without
a publisher)
S. T. Chung, R. L. Morris, in
Abstracts of the 3rd International
Symposium on the Genetics of
Industrial Microorganisms,
University of Wisconsin,
Madison, 4–9 June 1978.
Paper presented
at a conference
S. T. Chung, R. L. Morris,
Isolation and characterization of
plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid
from Streptomyces fradiae.
Paper presented at the 3rd
international symposium on the
genetics of industrial
microorganisms, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June
1978.
Patent
L. O. Norman, U.S. Patent
4,379,752, 9 Sept 1998.
Name and date of patent are
optional
Dissertation,
Ph.D. thesis
J. W. Trent, Dissertation,
University of California, 1975.
Institutional
author (book)
International Anatomical
Nomenclature Committee,
Nomina anatomica. (Excerpta
Medica, Amsterdam, 1966).
143
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Non-English,
Latin alphabet
publication cited
in an English
publication.
G. H. Wolf, P. F. Lehman (eds.),
Atlas der Anatomie, vol. 4/3, 4th
ed. (Fischer, Berlin, 1976).
Use the language of the
primary document, not that of
the reference for "vol" etc.!
Non-Latin
alphabet
publication cited
in an English
publication.
V. Y. Marikhin, L. P. Myasnikova,
Nadmolekulyarnaya struktura
polimerov (The supramolecular
structure of polymers). (Khimiya,
Leningrad, 1977).
Optional are the title of the
publication in the original
language and an English
translation, which are placed in
parentheses when they are
present.
In press
R. Holmes et al., in Science style
manual, edited by T.C. Jones
(Sprint, London, in press).
Regarding truncation of author
names, this would be as
submitted by the author/as in
manuscript
Online
document
J. Cartwright, Big stars have
weather too. (IOP Publishing
PhysicsWeb, 2007),
http://physicsweb.org/articles/n
ews/11/6/16/1. Accessed 26
June 2007.
Online database
Healthwise Knowledgebase (US
Pharmacopeia, Rockville, 1998),
http://www.healthwise.org.
Accessed 21 Sept 1998.
Supplementary
material/private
homepage
J. Doe, Title of supplementary
material (2000),
http://www.privatehomepage.co
m. Accessed 22 Feb 2000.
University site
J. Doe, Title of preprint (1999),
http://www.uni-
heidelberg.de/mydata.html.
Accessed 25 Dec 1999.
FTP site
J. Doe, Trivial HTTP, RFC2169
(1999), ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-
notes/rfc2169.txt. Accessed 12
Nov 1999.
Organization
site
ISSN International Centre: The
ISSN register (2006),
http://www.issn.org. Accessed
20 Feb 2007.
144
3.3.8 Chicago Reference Style
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book with single
author
Pollan, Michael. 2006. The
Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin.
Keith, Edward O. 2001. Survey
of Marine Mammals. Dubuque,
Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing
Company.
It’s OK to either use first names
or initials in Chicago references
but it should just be consistent
throughout the reference list.
Book with two
authors
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken
Burns. 2007. The War: An
Intimate History, 1941–1945.
New York: Knopf.
Purkis, Samuel, and Victor
Klemas. 2011. Remote Sensing
and Global Environmental
Change. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Book with three
authors
Heatherton, Joyce, James
Fitzgilroy, and Jackson Hsu.
2007. Meteors and Mudslides: A
Trip through. New York: Knopf.
Book with editor
as author
Woodward, David, ed. 1987. Art
and Cartography: Six Historical
Essays. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Book with three
or more authors
or editors
Goodman, James A., Samuel J.
Purkis, and Stuart R. Phinn, eds.
2013. Coral Reef Remote
Sensing: A Guide for Mapping,
Monitoring and Management.
Dordrecht: Springer.
Book with author
and
editor/translator
Soloviev, Alexander, and Roger
Lukas. 2006. The Near-Surface
Layer of the Ocean: Structure,
Dynamics and Applications.
Edited by Lawrence A. Mysak
and Kevin Hamilton. Dordrecht:
Springer.
145
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Forthcoming
book
Bloemraad, Irene. Forthcoming.
Land Grant Colleges Today. New
York: Macmillan Co.
Faraday, Carry. Forthcoming.
“Protean Photography.” In Seven
Trips beyond the Asteroid Belt,
edited by James Oring. Cape
Canaveral, FL: Launch Press.
Chapter in an
edited book
Messing, Charles G., John K.
Reed, Sandra D. Brooke, and
Steve W. Ross. 2008. "Deep-
Water Coral Reefs of the United
States." In Coral Reefs of the
USA
, edited by Bernhard M. Riegl
and Richard E. Dodge, 767–92.
Dordrecht: Springer.
Journal article
Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung
Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017.
“Expanding College Access in
Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on
Graduate Quality and Income
Inequality.” Journal of Human
Capital 11(1, Spring): 1–34.
https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
LaSalle, Peter. 2017.
“Conundrum: A Story about
Reading.” New England Review
38(1): 95–109. Project MUSE.
Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The
Market in Plato’s Republic.”
Classical Philology 104: 439–58.
Journal articles often list many
authors, especially in the
sciences. If there are four or
more authors, list up to ten in
the reference list; in the text,
list only the first, followed by et
al. (“and others”). For more
than ten authors (not shown
here), list the first seven in the
reference list, followed by et al.
Journal: Online
format with DOI
Campbell, Alexandra M., Jay
Fleisher, Christopher
Sinigalliano, James R. White, and
Jose V. Lopez. 2015. "Dynamics
of Marine Bacterial Community
Diversity of the Coastal Waters
of the Reefs, Inlets, and
Wastewater Outfalls of Southeast
Florida." Microbiology Open 4(2):
1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.2
45.
DOI is preferred over URL.
Always use DOI if given instead
of URL.
146
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal: Online
format without
DOI
Spieler, Richard E. 1971. “A
Carp-Goldfish Hybrid with No
Caudal Fin.” Transactions of the
Kansas Academy of Science
74(3/4): 342–43.
http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_fa
carticles/215/.
Article in press:
If publication
year is known
Swallow, Sundar K., and Mary J.
Mazzotta. 2004. “Assessing
Public Priorities for Experiment
Station Research: Contingent
Value and Public Preferences for
Agricultural Research.” American
Journal of Agricultural Economics
86: in press.
Article in press:
If publication
year is not
known
Swallow, Sundar K., and Mary J.
Mazzotta. Forthcoming.
“Assessing Public Priorities for
Experiment Station Research:
Contingent Value and Public
Preferences for Agricultural
Research.” American Journal of
Agricultural Economics: in press.
Article in a
popular
magazine
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert
Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing
Challenge in Health Care Vote.”
New York Times, February 28,
2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/0
2/28/us/politics/28health.html.
Online article
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan
J. Watts. 2009. “Origins of
Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of
Sociology 115: 405–50.
https://doi.org/10.1086/599247.
147
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Paper delivered
at a meeting and
not published
Adelman, Rachel. “‘Such Stuff as
Dreams Are Made On’: God’s
Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic
Tradition.” Paper presented at
the annual meeting for the
Society of Biblical Literature,
New Orleans, LA, November 21–
24, 2009.
Paper delivered
at a meeting and
published
Ku, Bhatt, and Helen Bake.
2000. “Re-reading the ‘167
event’: The Politics of Numbers
and the Making of Hong Kong
‘Others’
.” Twelfth Annual Meeting
on Socioeconomics, 54. London.
July 7–10.
Proceedings
Chiswick, Bake R. 1977. “A
Longitudinal Analysis of the
Occupational Mobility of
Immigrants.” In Proceedings of
the 30th Annual Winter
Meetings, Industrial Relations
Research Association, ed.
Barbara D. Dennis, 20–7
Madison, WI: IRRA.
Newspaper/mag
azine
Royko, Mike. 1992. “Next Time,
Dan, Take Aim at Arnold.”
Chicago Tribune, September 23,
1992.
Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy,
Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox,
April 11, 2017.
http://www.vox.com/culture/201
7/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.
Streaming video
Kurzgesagt - In a Nutshell. 2013.
“The Gulf Stream & Climate
Change.” Streaming video.
https://youtu.be/UuGrBhK2c7U.
Anonymous
works -
unknown
authorship
Circadian hormone basis for
seasonal conditions in the gulf
killifish, Fundulus grandis. 1978.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Ltd.
148
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Anonymous
works - known
authorship
[Meier, Albert, Albert J. Fivizzani,
Richard E. Spieler, and Nelson
Horseman]. 1978. Circadian
hormone basis for seasonal
conditions in the gulf killifish,
Fundulus grandis. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science Ltd.
Use if authorship is not listed,
but author is known or guessed
through another method.
Capstone,
thesis, or
dissertation
Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “King
Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.”
PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Pruzinsky, Nina. 2018.
“Identification and
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of
Tuna (Family: Scombridae;
Tribe: Thunnini) Early Life
Stages in the Oceanic Gulf of
Mexico.” MS thesis, Nova
Southeastern University.
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_
stuetd/472/.
These are cited similarly to a
book.
3.3.9 Harvard Reference Style
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with one author
Selman, P. (2016) The global
decline of intercountry adoption:
what lies ahead? Social Policy
and Society, 11(3), 381–397.
Journal article
with 3 authors
Barros, B., Read, T. & Verdejo,
M.F. (2008) Virtual collaborative
experimentation: an approach
combining remote and local labs.
IEEE Transactions on Education,
51(2), 242–250. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2007
.908071
149
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with 4 or more
authors
Holding, M.Y., Saulino, M.F.,
Overton, E.A., Kornbluth, I.D. &
Freedman, M.K. (2008)
Interventions in chronic pain
management. 1. Update on
important definitions in pain
management. Archives of
Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, 89 (3,
Supplement 1), S38–S40.
Journal article,
non-English title
Bussières, E.-L., St-Germain, A.,
Dubé, M. & Richard, M.-C.
(2017) Efficacité et efficience des
programmes de transition à la
vie adulte: Une revue
systématique [Effectiveness and
efficiency of adult transition
programs: A systematic review].
Canadian Psychology/Psychologie
canadienne, 58(4), 354–365.
Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000
104
The English translation in
brackets and DOI info are
optional.
Reference with
no author
Department of Health. (2009)
Living well with dementia: a
national dementia strategy.
Available from:
www.gov.uk/government/publica
tions/living-well-with-dementiaa-
national-dementia-strategy
[Accessed 4th June 2015].
Pre-print journal
articles
Silas, P., Yates, J.R. & Haynes,
P.D. (2008) Density-functional
investigation of the
rhombohedral to simple cubic
phase transition of arsenic. To be
published in Physical Review B.
Arxiv. [Preprint] Available from:
http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692
[Accessed 23rd July 2010].
150
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book with one
author
Adair, J. (1988) Effective time
management: how to save time
and spend it wisely. London: Pan
Books.
Book with a
volume
Adair, J. (1988) Effective time
management: how to save time
and spend it wisely, vol. 1.
London: Pan Books.
Book with three
authors
Simons, N.E., Menzies, B. &
Matthews, M. (2001) A short
course in soil and rock slope
engineering, 4 vols. London:
Thomas Telford Publishing.
Multiple volumes are treated as
shown here
Book with seven
or more authors
Davis, M., Charles, S., Curry,
M.J., Shanti, H., Prasad, M.,
Hewings, A. et al. (2003)
Challenging spatial norms.
London: Routledge.
Regarding truncation of author
names, this would be as
submitted by the author/as in
manuscript
Book with non-
English title
Foucault, M. (1971) L'archéologie
du savoir [The archaeology of
knowledge]. Paris:
NRF/Gallimard.
The English translation in
brackets is optional.
Book with
edition
Barnes, R. (1995) Successful
study for degrees, 2nd edition,
London: Routledge.
Book with an
editor
Danaher, P. (Ed.) (1998) Beyond
the Ferris wheel. Rockhampton:
CQU Press.
Book: chapter in
an edited book
Partridge, H. & Hallam, G. (2007)
Evidence-based practice and
information literacy. In: Lipu, S.,
Williamson, K. & Lloyd, A. (Eds.)
Exploring methods in information
literacy research. Wagga Wagga,
Australia: Centre for Information
Studies, pp. 149–170.
Books with an
anonymous or
unknown author
The University Encyclopedia
(1985) London: Roydon.
151
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book online
Simons, N.E., Menzies, B. &
Matthews, M. (2001) A Short
Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. London: Thomas
Telford Publishing. Available
from:
http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=9
3941 [Accessed 18th June 2015].
Conference
proceedings and
symposium
Wittke, M. (2006) Design,
construction, supervision and
long-
term behaviour of tunnels in
swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem,
A., Charlier, R., Thimus, J.-
F. and
Tshibangu, J.-P. (Eds.) Eurock
2006: Multiphysics coupling and
long term behaviour in rock
mechanics: Proceedings of the
International Symposium of the
International Society for Rock
Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 9 -12
May 2006, Liège, Belgium.
London, Taylor & Francis. pp.
211 -216.
Report
Leatherwood, S. (2001) Whales,
dolphins, and porpoises of the
western North Atlantic. U.S.
Dept. of Commerce. Report
number: 63.
Map
British Geological Survey. (1998)
South London. 270, 1:50,000.
London: British
Geological Survey.
Web
page/website
European Space Agency. (2015)
Rosetta: rendezvous with a
comet. Available at:
http://rosetta.esa.int [Accessed
15th June 2015].
Email: personal
Harrison, R. (2014) Email sent to
Mimi Weiss Johnson, 10th June.
152
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Personal
communication
Law, James. Engineering
consultant. (Personal
communication, 26th April
2014).
Lecture/present
ation
Wagner, G. (2006) Structural
and functional studies of protein
interactions in gene expression.
[Lecture] Imperial College
London, 12th December.
Government
publications
Department for Education and
Employment (DfEE). (2001)
Skills for life: the national
strategy for improving adult
literacy and numeracy skills.
Nottingham: DfEE Publications.
Newspaper
articles
Cumming, F. (1999) Tax-free
savings push. Sunday Mail, 4
April, p. 1.
Religious texts
Good News Bible (2010) New
York: HarperCollins.
Video recording
Rules of the game (1991) I’ll fly
away, television program, New
York Broadcasting Company.
Systematic
reviews
Osborn, D.A. & Sinn, J.H. (2006)
Soy formula for prevention of
allergy and food intolerance in
infants. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, no. 4, art.
no.: CD003741, viewed 19 May
2009.
Acts of
parliament
Corporation Act 2001
(Commonwealth of Australia) s.
3, viewed 19 May 2009,
<http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Co
mLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation
l.nsf/32EF06709485AA287>
Cases
Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC
246.
153
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Patent
Smith, P.S. (2002) A pump for
use in windmill assembly,
application no. 2008230011, 17
October, viewed 15 May 2009,
<http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.a
u/ols>
3.3.10 Modern Language Association (MLA) Reference Style
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book with single
author
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of
Reading in an Age of Distraction.
Oxford UP, 2011.
Book with two
authors
Dorris, Michael, and Louise
Erdrich. The Crown of Columbus.
HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.
Book with three
or more authors
or editors
Charon, Rita, et al. The Principles
and Practice of Narrative
Medicine. Oxford UP, 2017.
Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, et al.,
editors. Agent of Change: Print
Culture Studies after Elizabeth L.
Eisenstein. U of Massachusetts P
/ Library of Congress, Center for
the Book, 2007.
Book with editor
as author
Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan
Gubar, editors. The Female
Imagination and the Modernist
Aesthetic. Gordon and Breach
Science Publishers, 1986.
Book with editor
who is not the
author
Milton, John. The Riverside
Milton. Edited by Roy Flannagan,
Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
Book with
anonymous/unk
nown author
Lazarillo de Tormes. Medina del
Campo, 1554.
Book in a
language other
than English
Erpenbeck, Jenny. Gehen, ging,
gegangen [Go, Went, Gone].
Penguin Verlag, 2015.
154
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Book with an
organization as
the author and
publisher
The Adirondack Park in the
Twenty-First Century. New York
State, Commission on the
Adirondacks in the Twenty-First
Century, 1990.
Book with an
organization as
the author but a
different
publisher
United Nations. Consequences of
Rapid Population Growth in
Developing Countries. Taylor and
Francis, 1991.
Book with a
translator
Chartier, Roger. The Order of
Books: Readers, Authors, and
Libraries in Europe between the
Fourteenth and Eighteenth
Centuries. Translated by Lydia G.
Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994.
OR
Wall, Geoffrey, translator.
Madame Bovary. By Gustave
Flaubert, Penguin Books, 2003.
If you are discussing a
translated work and your
discussion focuses on the
translator’s choices, you may
place the translator in the
Author element (followed by the
label translator
). If the work has
a primary author, place the
primary author’s name in the
Contributor element preceded
by the label by.
Book with
numbered
edition
Milkis, Sidney M., and Michael
Nelson. T
he American Presidency:
Origins and Development, 1776–
1993. 2nd ed., CQ Press, 1994..
Book that is a
multivolume set
Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of
Langston Hughes. 2nd ed.,
Oxford UP, 2002. 2 vols.
Forthcoming
book
Jespersen, T. Christine, and
David J. Plante. “Critical
Globalization and Political
Economy in Tropic of Orange.”
Approaches to Teaching the
Works of Karen Tei Yamashita,
edited by Ruth Y. Hsu and Pamela
Thoma, Modern Language
Association of America,
forthcoming.
155
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Chapter in an
edited book
Toorn, Penny van, and Daniel
Justice. “Aboriginal Writing.” The
Cambridge Companion to
Canadian Literature, edited by
Eva-Marie Kröller, Cambridge UP,
2017, pp. 26–58.
Journal article
with single
author
Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining
Reading: The Impact of Digital
Communication Media.” PMLA,
vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp.
193–200.
Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.”
Callaloo, vol. 24, no. 2, spring
2001, pp. 620–26.
Journal article
with two
authors
Boggs, Colleen Glenney, and
Serge Bielanko. “Public Reading
and the Civil War Draft Lottery.”
American Periodicals, vol. 26, no.
2, 2016, pp. 149–66.
Kafka, Ben, and Barbara Adams.
“The Demon of Writing:
Paperwork, Public Safety, and the
Reign of Terror.” Representations
,
no. 98, 2007, pp. 1–24.
Belton, John, and Ken Borsuk.
“Painting by the Numbers: The
Digital Intermediate.” Film
Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 3, spring
2008, pp. 58–65.
Journal article
with three or
more authors
Helmling, Steven, et al. “A Martyr
to Happiness: Why Adorno
Matters.” Kenyon Review, vol. 28,
no. 4, 2006, pp. 156–72.
The Modern Language Association
of America. MLA Handbook (p.
414). The Modern Language
Association of America. Kindle
Edition.
156
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal article
with anonymous
author
“Racial Stereotype Busters: Black
Scientists Who Made a
Difference.” Journal of Blacks in
Higher Education, vol. 25, 1999,
pp. 133–34.
Journal: Online
format with DOI
Quirk, Tom. “The Flawed
Greatness of Huckleberry Finn.”
American Literary Realism, vol.
45, no. 1, fall 2012, pp. 38–48.
JSTOR,
https://doi.org/10.5406/amerliter
eal.45.1.0038.
Journal only
available online
Fişek, Emine. “Palimpsests of
Violence: Urban Dispossession
and Political Theatre in Istanbul.”
Comparative Drama, vol. 52, no.
3,
scholarworks.wmich.edu/compdr/
vol52/iss3/7.
Alpert-Abrams, Hannah. “Machine
Reading the Primeros Libros.”
Digital Humanities Quarterly, vol.
10, no. 4, 2016,
www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/v
ol/10/4/000268/000268.html.
Journal article
published in a
database
Originally published online:
Chan, Evans. “Postmodernism
and Hong Kong Cinema.”
Postmodern Culture, vol. 10, no.
3, May 2000. Project Muse,
https://doi.org/10.1353/pmc.200
0.0021.
Originally published in print:
Goldman, Anne. “Questions of
Transport: Reading Primo Levi
Reading Dante.” The Georgia
Review, vol. 64, no. 1, spring
2010, pp. 69–88. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.
157
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Article from a
blog post
Hayes, Terrence. “The Wicked
Candor of Wanda Coleman.” The
Paris Review, 12 June 2020,
www.theparisreview.org/blog/202
0/06/12/the-wicked-candor-of-
wanda-coleman/. The Daily.
Article in a
popular
newspaper or
magazine
Magra, Iliana, and Andrea
Zaratemay. “Hikers’ Love of a
Rarity in the Andes Takes a Toll.”
The New York Times, 3 May
2018, p. A7.
Deresiewicz, William. “The Death
of the Artist—and the Birth of the
Creative Entrepreneur.” The
Atlantic, Jan.-Feb. 2015, pp. 92–
97.
Tribble, Ivan. “Bloggers Need Not
Apply.” The Chronicle of Higher
Education, 8 July 2005,
chronicle.com/article/Bloggers-
Need-Not-Apply/45022.
Riis, Jacob. “Huddled Masses.”
1890. Lapham’s Quarterly, vol.
10, no. 1, winter 2017,
www.laphamsquarterly.org/home
/huddled-masses.
Proceedings
Chang, Steve S., et al., editors.
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth
Annual Meeting of the Berkeley
Linguistics Society, February 12–
15, 1999: General Session and
Parasession on Loan Word
Phenomena. Berkeley Linguistics
Society, 2000.
158
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Social media
post
Chaucer Doth Tweet
[@LeVostreGC]. “A daye wythout
anachronism ys lyke Emily
Dickinson wythout her
lightsaber.” Twitter, 7 Apr. 2018,
twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/9
82829987286827009.
World Wildlife Fund. “Five Things
to Know on Shark Awareness
Day.” Facebook, 14 July 2020,
www.facebook.com/worldwildlifef
und/videos/745925785979440/.
Thomas, Angie. Photo of
The Hate
U Give cover. Instagram, 4 Dec.
2018,
www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKg
qPw/.
Online video
“What Is the MLA International
Bibliography?” Vimeo, uploaded
by MLA International
Bibliography, 14 Oct. 2016,
vimeo.com/187399565.
Work with no
publication date
Beaton, Kate. “The Secret
Garden.” Hark! A Vagrant,
www.harkavagrant.com/index.ph
p?id=350. Accessed 17 Jan.
2017.
Capstone,
thesis, or
dissertation
Njus, Jesse. Performing the
Passion: A Study on the Nature of
Medieval Acting. 2010.
Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.
OR
Njus, Jesse. Performing the
Passion: A Study on the Nature of
Medieval Acting. 2010.
Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.
ProQuest,
search.proquest.com/docview/30
5212264.
159
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Personal
communication
Santiago, Robert. Personal
communication with author. 11
Feb. 2017.
3.3.11 Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal
Authorities (OSCOLA—Footnote Reference Style)
Only law/legal journals opting for footnote reference style can choose OSCOLA for
styling.
When citing any source, either directly (as a quotation) or indirectly (by
paraphrasing or referring to ideas in a source), cite the reference in a footnote.
Indicate footnotes with a superscript number.
For example:
1
Paul Craig, ‘Theory, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law’ [2005] PL
440.
2
Human Rights Act 1998, s 2.
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Journal
Author, | ‘Article Title’ | [year] |
Journal Acronym | first page of
article.
For example:
Paul Craig, ‘Theory, “Pure
Theory” and Values in Public
Law’ [2005] PL 440.
OR
Author, | ‘Article Title’ | [year] |
Volume No. | Journal Acronym |
first page of article.
For example:
160
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Alison L Young, ‘In Defence of
Due Deference’ (2009) 72 MLR
554.
Online journals
Author, | ‘Article Title’ | [year] |
Volume No. (Issue No.) | Journal
Acronym | <web address> |
Date accessed
For example:
Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global
Development of Free Access to
Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1)
EJLT
<http://ejlt.org/article/view/17>
accessed 27 July 2010
Issue No. is optional. If
provided, then retain.
Book
Author, | Book Title | (Additional
information (optional), | Edition
(optional), | Publisher | Year)
For example:
Timothy Endicott, Administrative
Law (OUP 2009).
Gareth Jones, Goff and Jones:
The Law of Restitution (1st
supp, 7th edn, Sweet & Maxwell
2009).
Edited and
translated book
If there is no author, cite the
editor or translator as you would
an author, adding in
parentheses after their name
“(ed)” or “(tr)” or “(eds)” or
“(tr)” if there is more than one.
For example:
Jeremy Horder (ed), Oxford
Essays in Jurisprudence: Fourth
Series (OUP 2000).
161
Type
Example/Style
Exceptions/Remarks
Peter Birks and Grant McLeod
(trs), The Institutes of Justinian
(Duckworth 1987).
Legal cases
When citing cases, give the
name of the case, the neutral
citation (if appropriate), and
volume and first page of the
relevant law report, and where
necessary the court. If the name
of the case is given in the text,
it is not necessary to repeat it in
the footnote.
For example:
If the citation is Phipps v
Boardman,
31
then the reference
is styled as
31
[1967] 2 AC 46 (HL).
Legislation
A citation in a footnote is not
required when citing legislation
if all the information the reader
needs concerning the source is
provided in the text, as in the
following sentence:
This case highlights the far-
reaching judicial role ushered in
by the Human Rights Act 1998.
Where the text does not include
the name of the Act or the
relevant section, this information
should be provided in a
footnote.
For example:
In text: British courts must only
consider Strasbourg
jurisprudence: they are not
bound by it.
1
Reference style:
1
Human Rights Act 1998, s 2.
162
4 Language Editing
A language editor must have good command over the English language with good
knowledge of the scientific content. Scientific content requires very sensitive
treatment, with emphasis on accuracy, precision, and detail. This section covers
basic guidelines on copyediting tasks under language editing such as punctuation,
British and American usage, and more advanced editing such as correcting poor
style. However, editorial discretion must be exercised while editing content and
author’s preference given high precedence, especially when the author is a native
English speaker.
4.1 General Guidelines
• Perform copyediting as per Wiley copyediting specifications.
• Rephrasing and rewriting must be done only when required. A copyeditor
must have the ability to know when to rephrase and rewrite and not make
any unnecessary changes.
• Words or phrases in a manuscript must never be changed due to personal
preference.
• Unless incorrect, use the author’s own words to rephrase and reconstruct a
poor construction.
• Correct poor style only if it hinders comprehension.
• Words or phrases that serve no meaningful purpose in a sentence should be
deleted.
• Author’s preference for passive voice and first person must be kept.
However, overuse and complicated sentences can be simplified, e.g.,
changing “It could be shown by our report that…” to “Our report showed
that…”
• The use of he/she should be avoided. Bring it to the author’s attention rather
than changing the entire text.
• Do not use the adjectival form of a word where a noun form is more suitable.
• Do not delete information that the author has repeated for the sake of
emphasis.
4.2 British and American Usage
• Both American and British spellings are allowed for Wiley articles.
• UK/US usage needs to be consistent within the article or the journal. If a
copyeditor is required to change from one usage to another, the author must
be informed of the same.
• For American spellings, use the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. For
British spellings, the Oxford English Dictionary must be used (for words not
found in Oxford English Dictionary, refer to Collins Dictionary).
163
The following are general spelling differences between UK and US English:
UK -our vs. US -or
UK -re vs. US -er
UK -ae/-oe/-oeu vs.
US -e/-o/-eu
armour
armor
amphitheatre
amphitheater
archaeology
archeology
behaviour
behavior
centimetre
centimeter
gynaecology
gynecology
colour
color
centre
center
leukaemia
leukemia
favourite
favorite
fibre
fiber
manoeuvre
maneuver
flavour
flavor
kilometre
kilometer
mediaeval
medieval
harbour
harbor
litre
liter
mementoes
mementos
honour
honor
lustre
luster
oestrogen
estrogen
humour
humor
louvre
louver
orthopaedic
orthopedic
labour
labor
manoeuvre
maneuver
paediatric
pediatric
neighbour
neighbor
metre
meter
palaeontology
paleontology
rumour
rumor
spectre
specter
toxaemia
toxemia
saviour
savior
theatre
theater
UK -se vs. US -ze*
UK -l vs. US -ll
UK -ogue vs. US -og
analyse
analyze
enrolment
enrollment
analogue
analog
apologise
apologize
fulfil
fulfill
catalogue
catalog
appetiser
appetizer
instalment
installment
dialogue
dialog
catalyse
catalyze
skilful
skillful
monologue
monolog
civilise,
civilisation
civilize,
civilization
colonise,
colonisation
colonize,
colonization
criticise
criticize
emphasise
emphasize
(UK-ll)
counsellor
(US-l)
counselor
defence
#
defense
164
*Additional notes:
· UK English uses both "-ise" and "-ize" forms but tends to prefer -ise (-isation)
form.
· Verbs in UK English that can be spelled with either "-ize" or "-ise" at the end are
always spelled with -ize in US English.
· Verbs in UK English that end in "-yse" (e.g., analyse) are always spelled "-yze" in
US English (analyze).
!Remember: In UK English, verbs that end in -l preceded by a vowel usually double
the final -l when a suffix -ed/-ing is added. In US English, the final -l is doubled
only when the last syllable is stressed.
#
But note: defensive, offensive
UK -dge/-gue vs. US -
dg/-gu
judgement
judgment
arguement
argument
UK -que vs. US -k/–ck
cheque
(money)
check
UK -gramme vs. US -gram
programme (noun)
(TV/radio programme or programme
of events plans, conferences, a
theatre programme etc.)
program
programme (verb) (to instruct)
program
program (programme)
(computer program)
program
gram (gramme)
gram
kilogram (kilogramme)
kilogram
organise
organize
fuelled
fueled
licence
(noun)
license
(verb)
license
(both
noun and
verb)
popularise,
popularisation
popularize,
popularization
travelling
traveling
offence
#
offense
prise
prize
paralleled
paralleled
pretence
pretense
realise
realize
quarrelling
quarreling
recognise
recognize
165
Miscellaneous spelling differences
UK
US
UK
US
ageing
aging
mould
mold
aluminium
aluminum
mum,
mummy
(mom,
mam)
mom, mommy
encyclopaedia
encyclopedia
omelette
omelet
kerb (edge of roadway or
pavement)
curb (verb means
"restrain")
curb (both noun
and verb)
practise
(verb),
practising,
practice
(noun)
practice (both noun
and verb),
practicing
draught (current of air)
draft
pyjamas
pajamas
grey
gray
plough
plow
sulphur
sulfur
tyre
tire
jewellery
jewelry
sceptic
skeptic
marvellous
marvelous
woollen
woolen
4.3 Capitalization
Capitalize:
• Words beginning a sentence.
• The first word after a colon is capitalized when i) it introduces a speech or a
dialogue in an extract, ii) it introduces a direct question, and iii) it is the
beginning of a complete sentence.
• Only the first word and proper nouns in table headings and figure captions.
• References to titles of sections within the same article.
• Proper nouns and adjectives, and words used as proper nouns.
• Names of university departments if they refer to a specific department within
a specific university and complete names of academic courses if they refer to
a specific course.
• Trade and brand names of drugs, equipment, and food.
• Titles of heads of governments (President, Prime Minister, …) when they
precede a name.
• Nouns followed by numerals or letters that denote a specific place in a
numbered series.
For example:
166
On Day 2 of Experiment 4
• Complete titles of published and unpublished texts.
• Names of derived variables within a factor or principal components analysis.
- The words factor and component are not capitalized unless followed by a
number.
For example:
Mealtime Behavior (Factor 4)
Factors 6 and 7
• Abbreviations beginning a sentence.
For example:
p-Endorphins
• Proper nouns and words derived from proper nouns.
• Geographic names for cities, townships, counties, states, countries,
continents, islands, peninsulas, straits, bodies of water, mountain chains,
streets, parks, forests, canyons, dams, specific locations, accepted
designations for regions, and political divisions.
Note: There may be exceptions based on historical, political, and regional contexts,
and author’s preference should be accepted.
• Words denoting political divisions, such as a state, republic, empire, ward, or
precinct, when they are followed by a name or are an accepted part of the
name.
• Proper names of languages, peoples, races (e.g., Black, White, and
Indigenous), political parties, religions, and religious denominations and
sects.
• Names of historical events and periods, special events, awards, treaties, and
official names and specific parts of adopted laws and bills.
• When an eponym is included in the name of a disease, syndrome, sign,
position, or similar designation, capitalize the eponym but not the common
noun.
For example:
Raynaud disease, Babinski sign, Marfan syndrome.
• Trademarks and proprietary names of drugs and brand names of
manufactured products and equipment.
• Phylum, class, order, family, and tribe.
• Formal name of a genus when it is used in the singular, with or without a
species name.
• Designations of specific deities and personifications.
167
• Recognized holiday and calendar events (e.g., Thanksgiving Day, Christmas,
Diwali, and others).
• The exact and complete titles of tests and subscales of tests should be
capitalized. The word test is not usually capitalized except when it is part of
the official name of the test. Always verify exact names of any tests with the
author or with reference sources.
For example:
Goodenough–Harris Drawing Test
• The title of a person when it precedes the person’s name but not when it
follows the name.
For example:
Chair John W. Smith; John W. Smith was named chair.
• Academic degrees when they are abbreviated.
• Official titles of conferences, congresses, postgraduate courses,
organizations, institutions, business firms, and governmental agencies, as
well as their departments and other divisions.
Do Not Capitalize:
• Nouns that denote common parts of books or tables followed by numerals or
letters.
• Names of laws, theories, models, statistical procedures, or hypotheses.
• Nouns that precede a variable.
For example:
trial n and item x
• Shortened, inexact, or generic titles of tests.
For example:
a vocabulary test
• Names of conditions or groups in an experiment.
• Effects or variables unless they appear with multiplication signs.
• Compass points and terms derived from them if they indicate direction or
location, such as in the southwest of Italy, pointing to the south, a north
wind, etc.
• The words grade, phase, and stage.
• When a common noun is capitalized in the singular as part of a proper name
or in a title, it is generally not capitalized in the plural.
For example:
Mississippi and Missouri rivers; Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
168
• Expanded compass directions are not capitalized.
For example:
southern France, northern Illinois
• Nouns and adjectives derived from compass directions should not be
capitalized.
For example:
midwesterner; southern-style cooking
For example:
This article presents the results of a phase 3 trial examining patients with
stage IV melanoma
• English words derived from the taxonomic systems such as feline, astilbe,
hominids, carnivores, etc.
4.4 Punctuation
Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling the reader where to
pause (comma, semicolon, and colon), stop (period and question mark), or take a
detour (dash, parentheses, and brackets).
4.4.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks
Insert one space after
• commas, colons, and semicolons
• periods that separate parts of a reference citation; and
• periods of the initials in personal names (e.g., J. R. Zhang).
Exception:
Do not insert a space after internal periods in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e.,),
including identity-concealing labels for study participants (F.I.M.), or around colons
in ratios.
4.4.2 Period
Use a period to end a complete sentence. Periods are used with abbreviations as
follows:
Use periods with
Do not use periods with
Initials of names (J. R. Smith)
Abbreviations of state names (NY; OH;
Washington, DC) in reference list entries
169
Use periods with
Do not use periods with
or in vendor locations (e.g., for drugs
and apparatus described in the Method
section)
Identity-concealing labels for study
participants (F.I.M.)
Capital letter abbreviations and
acronyms (APA, NDA, NIMH, IQ)
Latin abbreviations (a.m., cf., i.e., vs.)
Abbreviation for United States when it is
used as an adjective (US Navy)
Reference abbreviations (Vol. 1, 2nd ed.,
p. 6, F. Supp.)
Abbreviations for routes of
administration (icv, im, ip, iv, sc)
Metric and nonmetric measurement
abbreviations (cd, cm, ft, h, kg, lb, min,
mL, s)
Exception: The abbreviation for inch (in.) takes a period because without the
period it could be misread.
4.4.3 Comma
Use a comma
Do not use a comma
Between elements (including before and
and or) in a series of three or more
items (only applicable for US English)
Before an essential or restrictive clause
(e.g., The switch that stops the
recording device also controls the light)
To set off a nonessential or
nonrestrictive clause.
For example:
Switch A, which was on a panel,
controlled the recording device.
Between the two parts of a compound
predicate.
Correct:
All subjects completed the first phase of
the experiment and returned the
following week for phase 2.
Incorrect:
All subjects completed the first phase of
the experiment, and returned the
following week for phase 2.
To separate two independent clauses
joined by a conjunction (Cedar shavings
covered the floor, and paper was
available for shredding and nest
building)
To separate groups of three digits in
most figures of 10,000 or more
170
Use a comma
Do not use a comma
After introductory phrases
Between coordinate adjectives modifying
the same noun:
The team was prepared for a long,
engaging training session.
To offset the word respectively:
For example
The peak absorption wavelengths of
samples A and B were 710 and 600 nm,
respectively.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
detector flows were set at 85, 7, and 4
mL/min, respectively.
4.4.4 Semicolon
Use a semicolon:
• To separate two independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunction.
For example:
The participants in the first study were paid; those in the second were
unpaid.
• To separate elements in a series that already contain commas.
For example:
The color order was red, yellow, blue; blue, yellow, red; or yellow, red,
blue (Davis & Hueter, 1994; Pettigrew, 1993).
age, M = 34.5 years, 95% CI [29.4, 39.6]; years of education, M = 10.4
[8.7,12.1]; and weekly income, M = 612 [522, 702]; …
• Certain adverbs, when used to join two independent clauses, should be
preceded by a semicolon rather than a comma. These transitional adverbs
include however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides, therefore, and
sometimes then. A comma usually follows the adverb but may be omitted if
the sentence seems just as effective without it.
For example:
The accuracy of Jesse’s watch was never in question; besides, he was an
expert at intuiting the time of the day from the position of the sun and
stars.
171
Kallista was determined not to miss anything on her voyage; accordingly,
she made an appointment with her ophthalmologist.
4.4.5 Colon
Use a colon
Do not use a colon
Between a grammatically complete
introductory clause and a final phrase or
clause.
For example:
Freud (1930/1961) wrote of
two urges: an urge toward union with
others and an egoistic urge toward
happiness.
They have agreed on the outcome:
Informed participants perform better than
do uninformed participants
After an introduction that is not an
independent clause or complete sentence.
For example:
The formula is ri = ai + e.
The instructions for the task were
Your group’s task is to rank the 15 items
in terms of their importance for the
crew’s survival
To introduce a list of items
For example:
Many fundamentals were covered in the
guideline: grammar, punctuation, style,
and voice.
The following functions need to be
performed:
1. Input data
2. Write reports
3. Complete tax forms
4.4.6 Slash
Use a slash (also called a virgule,
solidus)
Do not use a slash
To clarify a relationship in which a
hyphenated compound is used.
For example:
the classification/similarity-judgment
condition
When a phrase would be clearer.
For example:
Each child handed the ball to her mother
or guardian.
Incorrect: Each child handed the ball to
her mother/guardian.
Raise an author query in case of any
confusion.
172
4.4.7 Quotation Marks
• Use single quotation marks inside double quotation marks (US English).
• Use double quotation marks inside single quotation marks (UK English).
For example:
Miele (1993) found that “the ‘placebo effect’, which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors
were studied in this manner” (p. 276).
Miele (1993) found that ‘the “placebo effect,” which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors
were studied in this manner’ (p. 276).
• In American usage, periods and commas appear before closing quotation
marks.
For example: The character change in a tumor is usually called “tumor
progression.”
• In British usage, periods and commas appear before closing quotation marks
if they are part of the original quotation (e.g., if a complete sentence is being
quoted) and after if they are not.
For example (if the period or comma is part of the original quotation): When
asked about how to characterize such an event, she said, "We have asked
our team to look into it.”
For example (if the period or comma is not part of the original quotation):
She said that the team would “look into it”. Do not use quotation marks to
enclose block quotations. Do use double quotation marks to enclose any
quoted material within a block quotation.
4.4.8 Parentheses, Brackets, and Braces
For text: Use ( ) first, then ([ ]).
Exception:
Do not use brackets if the material can be set off easily with commas
without confounding meaning.
For equations: The order of brackets should be as provided by the author. If any
inconsistency is noticed, raise a query as appropriate.
173
4.5 Italics
Use italics for
Do not use italics for
Genera, species, and varieties
Foreign phrases and abbreviations
common in English
Introduction of a new, technical, or key
term or label
Chemical terms (NaCl, LSD)
A letter, word, or phrase cited as a
linguistic example
Trigonometric terms; Latin terms not
part of species names (e.g., in vitro and
in vivo)
Words that could be misread
Nonstatistical subscripts to statistical
symbols or mathematical expressions
Letters used as statistical symbols or
algebraic variables
Greek letters not used as variables
Some test scores and scales
Mere emphasis. (Italics are acceptable if
emphasis might otherwise be lost; in
general, however, use syntax to provide
emphasis)
Anchors of a scale
4.6 Hyphenation
Compound words take many forms; that is, two words may be written as (a) two
separate words; (b) a hyphenated word; or (c) one unbroken, “solid” word.
Choosing the proper form is sometimes frustrating. For example, is follow up,
follow-up, or followup the form to be used? The dictionary is an excellent guide for
such decisions, especially for nonscientific words (the term is follow-up when
functioning as a noun or adjective but follow up when functioning as a verb). When
a compound can be found in the dictionary, its usage is established and it is known
as a permanent compound (e.g., high school, caregiver, and self-esteem).
However, dictionaries do not always agree on the way a compound should be
written (open, solid, or hyphenated). Compound terms are often introduced into the
language as separate or hyphenated words, and as they become more
commonplace, they tend to fuse into a solid word. For example, the hyphen was
dropped from life-style in the 11th edition of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary, and data base is now database.
There is another kind of compound—the temporary compound—that is made up of
two or more words that occur together, perhaps only in a particular paper, to
express a thought. Because language is constantly expanding, especially in science,
temporary compounds develop that are not yet listed in the dictionary. If a
temporary compound modifies another word, it may or may not be hyphenated,
depending on (a) its position in the sentence and (b) whether the pairing of a
174
compound with another word can cause the reader to misinterpret meaning. The
main rule to remember is that if a temporary compound precedes what it modifies,
it may need to be hyphenated, and if it follows what it modifies, it usually does not.
If a compound is not in the dictionary, follow the general principles of hyphenation
given below.
Note: Exercise caution for scientific terms and terminology and author’s preference
for hyphenation. Double-check against the journal style sheet and with the author.
Follow Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.
Rule
Example
Hyphenate
A compound with a participle when it
precedes the term it modifies
role-playing technique
anxiety-arousing condition
water-deprived animals
A phrase used as an adjective when it
precedes the term it modifies
trial-by-trial analysis
to-be-recalled items
all-or-none questionnaire
An adjective-and-noun compound when
it precedes the term it modifies
high-anxiety group
middle-class families
low-frequency words
A compound with a number as the first
element when the compound precedes
the term it modifies
two-way analysis of variance
six-trial problem
12th-grade students
16-s interval
A fraction used as an adjective
two-thirds majority
With two or more compounds that share
a single base.
low- and high-dose prescriptions
For noun-noun constructs
fire-fly
For adjectival units
4.6-cm-long bar, a 7-kg drone
Do not hyphenate
A compound including an adverb ending
in ly
widely used text
relatively homogeneous sample
randomly assigned participants
A compound including a comparative or
superlative adjective
better written paper
less informed interviewers
higher scoring students
higher order learning
Chemical terms
sodium chloride solution
amino acid compound
175
Rule
Example
Foreign phrases used as adjectives or
adverbs
a posteriori test
post hoc comparisons
fed ad lib [but hyphenate the adjectival
form: ad-lib feeding; see Webster’s
Collegiate]
A modifier including a letter or numeral
as the second element
Group B participants
Type II error
Trial 1 performance
Common fractions used as nouns
one third of the participants
Use en dash for equal weightage (e.g.,
water–oil combination)
4.6.1 Prefixes and Suffixes That Do Not Require Hyphens in
Most Cases
Please consult the recommended dictionary or author’s choice of hyphenation
before making any changes. Also, check for UK/US usage.
Prefix or suffix
Example
Prefix or suffix
Example
able
retrievable
mini
minisession
after
aftereffect
multi
multiphase
anti
antisocial
non
nonsignificant
bi
bilingual
over
overaggressive
cede
intercede
phobia
agoraphobia
co
coworker
post
posttest
counter
counterbalance
pre
preterm
equi
equimax
pro
pro war
extra
extracurricular
pseudo
pseudoscience
gram
cardiogram
quasi
quasiperiodic
infra
infrared
re
recall
inter
interstimulus
semi
semidarkness
intra
intraspecific
socio
socioeconomic
like
wavelike
sub
subtest
176
Prefix or suffix
Example
Prefix or suffix
Example
macro
macrocosm
super
superordinate
mega
megawatt
supra
supraliminal
meta
metacognitive
ultra
ultrahigh
meter
micrometer
un
unbiased
micro
microcosm
under
underdeveloped
mid
midterm
Exception: quasi-experimental
Retain the hyphen in the following instances:
With abbreviations (e.g., anti-IFN)
With proper nouns (e.g., non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
With numerals (e.g., pre-1914)
With double vowels or triple consonants (e.g., pre-existing, meta-analysis, re-
entry, cross-section, and shell-like; exceptions: antiapoptotic, autooxidation,
cooperation, cyclooxygenase, preempt, preeclampsia, and reeducate)
4.6.2 Prefixed Words That Require Hyphens in Most Cases
Please consult the recommended dictionary or author’s choice of hyphenation
before making any changes. Also check for UK/US usage.
Occurrence
Example
Compounds in which the base
word is capitalized, a number, an
abbreviation, or more than one
word
pro-Freudian
post-1970
pre-UCS trial
non-achievement-oriented
students
All self- compounds, whether they
are adjectives or nouns
self-report technique
the test was self-paced
self-esteem
Words that could be
misunderstood
re-pair [pair again]
re-form [form again]
un-ionized
177
4.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
4.7.1 Misplaced Modifiers
You can eliminate misplaced modifiers by placing an adjective or an adverb as close
as possible to the word it modifies.
Correct: These data provide only a partial answer.
Incorrect: These data only provide a partial answer.
4.7.2 Dangling Modifiers
Dangling modifiers have no referent in the sentence. Many of these result from the
use of the passive voice. Dangling modifiers can be avoided by using the active
voice.
Correct: Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that this group performed better, a
result that is congruent with those of other studies. [The result, not Mulholland and
Williams, is congruent.]
Incorrect: Congruent with other studies, Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that
this group performed better.
4.8 Tense
Check for proper tense.
Correct: Sanchez (2000) presented similar results.
Incorrect: Sanchez (2000) presents similar results.
Correct: Since that time, several investigators have used this method.
Incorrect: Since that time, several investigators used this method.
Correct: I found it difficult to accept Dr Smith’s contention in chapter 3 that the
new agonist has superior pharmacokinetics and is therefore more widely used.
Incorrect: I found it difficult to accept Dr Smith’s contention in chapter 3 that the
new agonist has superior pharmacokinetics and was therefore more widely used.
• Double Negatives: Two negatives used together constitute a double
negative.
- Incorrect: I can’t hardly keep penicillin in stock.
• Split Infinitives
178
- Ambiguous: Don vowed to promote exercising vigorously. (Is it the
exercising or the promotion of exercising that is vigorous?)
Clearer: Don vowed to vigorously promote exercising.
4.9 Subject and Verb Agreement
The subject and verb must agree; use a singular subject with a singular verb and a
plural subject with a plural verb.
4.9.1 Intervening Phrase
• Plural nouns take plural verbs and singular nouns take singular verbs, even if
a plural phrase follows the subject.
For example:
A review of all patients with grade 3 tumors was undertaken in the
university hospital. (Remember, the subject in this sentence is review.
Ignore all modifying prepositional phrases that follow a noun when
determining verb agreement.)
• Units of measure are treated as collective singular (not plural) nouns and
require a singular verb.
4.9.2 False Singulars
Singular: Each news medium shapes journalism to its own constraints.
Plural: The media give great attention to the managed care debate. (Here media
refers to television and newspaper coverage.)
4.9.3 False Plurals
Some nouns, by virtue of ending in a “plural” -s form, are mistakenly taken to be
plurals even though they should be treated as singular and take a singular verb
(e.g., measles, mumps, mathematics, genetics).
4.9.4 Collective Nouns
• The couple has a practice in rural Montana. (Couple is considered a unit
here and so takes the singular verb.)
• Twenty percent of her time is spent on administration. (Twenty percent is
thought of as a unit, not as 20 individual units, and so takes the singular
verb.)
• The paramedic crew responds to these emergency calls. (Crew is thought of
as a unit here and so takes the singular verb.)
179
4.9.5 Compound Subject
Both plural: Neither staphylococci nor streptococci were responsible for the
infection.
Both singular: Neither a false-positive test nor a false-negative test is a definitive
result.
Mixed: Neither the hospital nor the physicians were responsible for the loss.
4.9.6 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb
Disagreement
Incorrect: Her tests were run and her chart updated.
Correct: Her tests were run and her chart was updated.
Incorrect: The diagnosis was made and physical therapy sessions begun.
Correct: The diagnosis was made and physical therapy sessions were begun.
4.9.7 Subject and Predicate Nominative Differ in Number
Incorrect: The most significant factor that affected the study results were
interhospital variations in severity of illness.
Correct: The most significant factor that affected the study results was
interhospital variations in severity of illness.
4.9.8 Indefinite Pronouns
Singular referent: Some of my time is spent wisely.
Plural referent: Some of his calculations are difficult to follow.
4.10 Pronouns
Pronouns replace nouns. Each pronoun should refer clearly to its antecedent and
should agree with the antecedent in number and gender. A pronoun must agree in
number (i.e., singular or plural) with the noun it replaces.
Correct: Neither the highest scorer nor the lowest scorer in the group had any
doubt about his or her competence.
Incorrect: Neither the highest scorer nor the lowest scorer in the group had any
doubt about their competence.
Use who for human beings; use that or which for nonhuman animals and for things.
180
Correct: The students who completed the task successfully were rewarded.
Incorrect: The students that completed the task successfully were rewarded.
4.11 Relative Pronouns and Subordinate Conjunctions
Relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which) and subordinate conjunctions (since,
while, although) introduce an element that is subordinate to the main clause of the
sentence and reflect the relationship of the subordinate element to the main clause.
4.11.1 Relative Pronouns
That versus which
That clauses (called restrictive) are essential to the meaning of the sentence:
The materials that worked well in the first experiment were used in the second
experiment.
Which clauses can merely add further information (nonrestrictive) or can be
essential to the meaning (restrictive) of the sentence.
Restrictive: The cards that worked well in the first experiment were not useful in
the second experiment. (Only those cards that worked well in the first experiment
were not useful in the second; prefer that.)
Nonrestrictive: The cards, which worked well in the first experiment, were not
useful in the second experiment. (The second experiment was not appropriate for
the cards.)
As a common practice in British English, which can be substituted for that in a
restrictive clause; however, most authors maintain the difference between that
(restrictive; with no commas) and which (nonrestrictive; with commas).
4.11.2 Subordinate Conjunctions
While versus since
Some authorities accept the use of while and since when they do not refer strictly
to time; however, words like these, with more than one meaning, can cause
confusion.
While versus although, and, or but
Use while to link events occurring simultaneously; otherwise, use although, and, or
but in place of while.
Precise: Although these findings are unusual, they are not unique.
Imprecise: While these findings are unusual, they are not unique.
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Since versus because
Since is more precise when it is used to refer only to time (to mean “after that”);
otherwise, replace it with because.
Precise: Data for two participants were incomplete because these participants did
not report for follow-up testing.
Imprecise: Data for two participants were incomplete since these participants did
not report for follow-up testing.
4.12 Parallel Construction
To enhance the reader’s understanding, present parallel ideas in parallel or
coordinate form. Make certain that all elements of the parallelism are present
before and after the coordinating conjunction (i.e., and, but, or, nor).
Correct: The results show that such changes could be made without affecting error
rate and that latencies continued to decrease over time.
Incorrect: The results show that such changes could be made without affecting
error rate and latencies continued to decrease over time.
Between and and
Correct: We recorded the difference between the performance of subjects who
completed the first task and the performance of those who completed the second
task.
[The difference is between the subjects’ performances, not between the
performance and the task.]
Incorrect: We recorded the difference between the performance of subjects who
completed the first task and the second task.
Both and and
Correct: The names were difficult both to pronounce and to spell.
Incorrect: The names were both difficult to pronounce and spell.
Neither and nor, either and or
Correct: Neither the responses to the auditory stimuli nor the responses to the
tactile stimuli were repeated.
Incorrect: Neither the responses to the auditory stimuli nor to the tactile stimuli
were repeated.
Not only and but also
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Correct: It is surprising not only that pencil-and-paper scores predicted this result
but also that all other predictors were less accurate.
Incorrect: It is not only surprising that pencil-and-paper scores predicted this result
but also that all other predictors were less accurate.
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4.13 Commonly Misused Words and Phrases
Take note of the following misused words and phrases.
abort, terminate
as, because, since
dilate, dilation,
dilatation
accident, injury
assure, ensure, insure
disinterested,
uninterested
acute, chronic
because of, owing to, caused
by, due to
effective, effectiveness
adapt, adopt
calorie, energy
efficacious, efficacy
adverse effect, adverse
event, adverse reaction,
side effect
catatonic, manic, schizophrenic
endemic, epidemic,
hyperendemic,
pandemic
affect, effect
classic, classical
historic, historical
aggravate, irritate
clinician, practitioner
immunity, immunize
although, though
compare to, compare with
inoculate, vaccinate
among, between
compose, comprise
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate, Stedman’s, Dorland’s, and American Heritage
dictionaries are resources for determining the appropriate suffix form for adjectives.
• When numbers of persons, things, or groups are referred to, over and under
should be replaced by more than and less than. Symbols such as < and >
are appropriate to use in tables and figures but not in running text.
• Avoid redundant words.
4.14 Em Dash and En Dash
• Use an em dash (—) to set off a break in a sentence. It can also be used to
replace parenthetical commas for better emphasis.
For example:
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o There has recently been an increase—though opposed fiercely by
many people—in alternative education practices.
o Materialism—always wanting something more, something different—is
good for the economy but bad for the soul.
o The white sand, the warm water, the sparkling sun⁠—this is what
brought them to Fiji.
• Use an en dash (–) in the following instances:
o All Numerical Ranges in Text and Tables
For example:
o The 2005⁠–⁠2007 season was the best of all.
o The objectives have been detailed in Sections 2–⁠7.
Please note that in a span or range with words such as from or between, do
not use the en dash. (e.g., He served as president of the board from 1991 to
2002.)
o Numerical Ranges in Reference Citations
For example:
Xxxxxx [19–21] or Xxxxxx
19–21
.
o In Conflict, Relation, or Connection
For example:
Oil–water platform, He–Ne guided laser, dose–response curve, Bose–
Einstein Theory